Fix undeterministic output bug, clean up workers code, make prettier status messages and refactor cli/workers/stats division.

randquik/__init__.py

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ with support for multi-threaded generation and various I/O modes.
 
 from randquik.crypto import derive_key, generate_random_seed
 from randquik.progress import ProgressDisplay
-from randquik.utils import format_size, format_time, parse_size
+from randquik.stats import format_size, format_time
+from randquik.utils import parse_size
 
 try:
     from randquik._version import __version__

randquik/cli.py

@@ -2,32 +2,20 @@
 
 import argparse
 import gc
-import os
 import sys
-import time
 
 import aeg
 
 from randquik.benchmark import run_benchmark
 from randquik.crypto import derive_key, generate_random_seed
-from randquik.io import open_fd
+from randquik.utils import parse_size
-from randquik.progress import ProgressDisplay
+from randquik.workers import run
-from randquik.utils import (
-    parse_size,
-    print_summary,
-)
-from randquik.workers import (
-    BLOCK_SIZE,
-    FdProducer,
-)
 
 __all__ = ["main"]
 
 # Disable GC for performance
 gc.disable()
 
-ciph: aeg.Cipher = None  # type: ignore (set in main after parsing args)
-
 DEFAULT_ALG = "AEGIS-128X2"
 
 
@@ -56,56 +44,6 @@ def parse_seeks(args):
     return iseek, oseek
 
 
-def singlethreaded(args, total_bytes, oseek, start_time, key, seed_for_display):
-    if args.verbose:
-        mode_desc = "infinite output" if total_bytes is None else "workers=0"
-        print(
-            f"Special mode: {mode_desc} — single-buffer, single-threaded generation",
-            file=sys.stderr,
-        )
-
-    with open_fd(
-        args.output, 0 if total_bytes is None else total_bytes, dry=args.dry, oseek=oseek
-    ) as fd:
-        written = 0
-        buf = bytearray(BLOCK_SIZE)
-        view = memoryview(buf)
-        nonce = bytearray(ciph.NONCEBYTES)
-
-        progress_state = {"written": 0}
-        progress = ProgressDisplay(
-            total_bytes,
-            start_time,
-            progress_state,
-            infinite=total_bytes is None,
-            seed=seed_for_display,
-        )
-        if not args.quiet:
-            progress.start()
-
-        try:
-            while total_bytes is None or written < total_bytes:
-                start = written
-                if total_bytes is None:
-                    size = BLOCK_SIZE
-                else:
-                    end = min(start + BLOCK_SIZE, total_bytes)
-                    size = end - start
-                chunk = view[:size]
-                ciph.stream(key, nonce, size, into=chunk)
-                if not args.dry:
-                    os.write(fd, chunk)
-                ciph.nonce_increment(nonce)
-                written += size
-                progress_state["written"] = written
-        finally:
-            progress.stop()
-            elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start_time
-            action = "generated" if args.dry else "wrote"
-            if not args.quiet and total_bytes is not None:
-                print_summary(written, elapsed, action, seed=seed_for_display)
-
-
 def _main():
     """Internal main function that may raise exceptions."""
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Generate random bytes using AEGIS ciphers")
@@ -169,8 +107,9 @@ def _main():
     parser.add_argument(
         "-v",
         "--verbose",
-        action="store_true",
+        action="count",
-        help="Verbose mode: show I/O mode and timing statistics",
+        default=0,
+        help="Verbose mode: -v for I/O mode, -vv for worker statistics",
     )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
@@ -179,7 +118,6 @@ def _main():
     if args.output == "-":
         args.output = None
 
-    global ciph
     ciph = aeg.cipher(args.alg or DEFAULT_ALG)
 
     # Validate and process args
@@ -187,10 +125,8 @@ def _main():
     key = prepare_key(seed, ciph.KEYBYTES)
     iseek, oseek = parse_seeks(args)
     total_bytes = parse_size(args.len)  # None if not specified, 0 if -l0
-    # Seed hint for generated seeds
+    # Always track the seed for commands, but only show repeat for generated seeds
-    seed_for_display = seed if generated_seed else None
+    seed_for_display = seed
-
-    start_time = time.perf_counter()
 
     if args.benchmark:
         if args.seed is not None:
@@ -200,41 +136,64 @@ def _main():
         run_benchmark(args)
         return
 
-    # Single-threaded mode (workers == 0)
+    # Build continue command for interruption
-    if args.threads == 0:
+    action = "generated" if args.dry else "wrote"
-        return singlethreaded(args, total_bytes, oseek, start_time, key, seed_for_display)
+    continue_cmd = None
+    repeat_cmd = None
+    if args.output and seed_for_display:
+        # Will be updated with actual written bytes after run
+        continue_cmd = f"randquik -s {seed_for_display} --seek {{seek}} -o {args.output}"
+        if args.len:
+            continue_cmd += f" -l {args.len}"
+    # Build repeat command for randomly generated seeds (so user can reproduce)
+    if generated_seed and not args.quiet:
+        repeat_cmd = f"randquik -s {seed_for_display}"
+        if args.len:
+            repeat_cmd += f" -l {args.len}"
+        if args.output:
+            repeat_cmd += f" -o {args.output}"
 
+    # Run generation
     workers = args.threads if args.threads is not None else 1
-
+    result = run(
-    # File mode with ring buffers
+        output=args.output,
-    with open_fd(args.output, total_bytes, dry=args.dry, oseek=oseek) as fd:
+        total_bytes=total_bytes,
-        producer = FdProducer(
+        iseek=iseek,
-            workers, key, ciph, total_bytes, fd, dry=args.dry, iseek=iseek, profile=args.verbose
+        oseek=oseek,
+        key=key,
+        ciph=ciph,
+        workers=workers,
+        dry=args.dry,
+        quiet=args.quiet,
+        seed_for_display=seed_for_display,
+        action=action,
     )
 
-        if args.verbose:
+    # Set repeat command for generated seeds
-            dry_str = " (dry run)" if args.dry else ""
+    result.repeat_cmd = repeat_cmd
-            print(
+
-                f"I/O mode: {workers} workers, {producer.num_slots} buffers, sequential writes{dry_str}",
+    # Update continue command with actual written bytes
-                file=sys.stderr,
+    if result.interrupted and result.written > 0 and args.output:
+        new_iseek = iseek + result.written
+        new_oseek = oseek + result.written
+        if new_iseek == new_oseek:
+            result.continue_cmd = (
+                f"randquik -s {seed_for_display} --seek {new_iseek} -o {args.output}"
             )
+        else:
+            result.continue_cmd = f"randquik -s {seed_for_display} --iseek {new_iseek} --oseek {new_oseek} -o {args.output}"
+        if args.len:
+            result.continue_cmd += f" -l {args.len}"
 
-        progress_state = {"written": 0}
+    # Print summary
-        progress = ProgressDisplay(total_bytes, start_time, progress_state, seed=seed_for_display)
+    show_summary = not args.quiet or args.verbose >= 1 or result.interrupted
-        if not args.quiet:
+    if show_summary and (total_bytes is not None or result.interrupted):
-            progress.start()
+        result.print_summary(verbose=args.verbose)
+    if args.verbose >= 2:
+        result.print_detailed_stats()
 
-        try:
+    if result.interrupted:
-            producer.start()
+        sys.exit(1)
-            producer.run(progress_state)
-        finally:
-            producer.stop()
-            progress.stop()
-            elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start_time
-            if not args.quiet:
-                print_summary(producer.written, elapsed, "wrote", seed=seed_for_display)
-            if args.verbose:
-                print(producer.format_stats_report(), file=sys.stderr)
 
 
 def main():

randquik/progress.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import sys
 import threading
 import time
 
-from randquik.utils import format_time
+from randquik.stats import format_time
 
 __all__ = ["ProgressDisplay"]
 

randquik/stats.py

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+"""Statistics collection and formatting for workers."""
+
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ConsumerStats",
+    "RunResult",
+    "SingleThreadedStats",
+    "WorkerStats",
+    "format_size",
+    "format_time",
+    "format_worker_stats_report",
+    "stopwatch",
+]
+
+
+def stopwatch():
+    """Generator that yields elapsed time since last yield."""
+    t = time.perf_counter()
+    while True:
+        now = time.perf_counter()
+        yield now - t
+        t = now
+
+
+def format_size(size: float) -> str:
+    """Format bytes as human-readable size."""
+    for unit in ["B", "kB", "MB", "GB", "TB"]:
+        if abs(size) < 1000:
+            return f"{size:.0f}{unit}"
+        size /= 1000
+    return f"{size:.0f}PB"
+
+
+def format_time(seconds: float) -> str:
+    """Format seconds as human-readable time."""
+    if seconds < 0:
+        return "--"
+    if seconds < 1:
+        return f"{seconds * 1000:.0f}ms"
+    if seconds < 90:
+        return f"{seconds:.0f}s"
+    elif seconds < 5400:  # 90 minutes
+        m = int(seconds / 60)
+        return f"{m}m"
+    elif seconds < 172800:  # 48 hours
+        h = int(seconds / 3600)
+        return f"{h}h"
+    else:
+        d = int(seconds / 86400)
+        return f"{d}d"
+
+
+@dataclass
+class WorkerStats:
+    """Timing statistics for a worker thread."""
+
+    worker_id: int = -1
+    # Lock timing breakdown
+    lock_acquire_time: float = 0.0  # Time to acquire the lock (contention)
+    lock_wait_space_time: float = 0.0  # Time waiting for has_space condition
+    lock_claim_time: float = 0.0  # Time inside lock claiming block number
+    lock_notify_time: float = 0.0  # Time inside lock marking ready + notify
+    # Work timing
+    crypto_time: float = 0.0
+    # Counters
+    blocks_processed: int = 0
+    bytes_generated: int = 0
+    wait_cycles: int = 0  # How many times we had to wait for space
+
+    def total_time(self) -> float:
+        """Total measured time."""
+        return (
+            self.lock_acquire_time
+            + self.lock_wait_space_time
+            + self.lock_claim_time
+            + self.lock_notify_time
+            + self.crypto_time
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ConsumerStats:
+    """Timing statistics for the consumer thread."""
+
+    wait_time: float = 0.0
+    write_time: float = 0.0
+
+    def total_time(self) -> float:
+        return self.wait_time + self.write_time
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SingleThreadedStats:
+    """Timing statistics for single-threaded mode."""
+
+    crypto_time: float = 0.0
+    write_time: float = 0.0
+
+    def total_time(self) -> float:
+        return self.crypto_time + self.write_time
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RunResult:
+    """Result from running a worker."""
+
+    written: int
+    elapsed: float
+    interrupted: bool
+    action: str = "wrote"
+    # Raw stats objects (optional, for verbose output)
+    consumer_stats: ConsumerStats | None = None
+    singlethreaded_stats: SingleThreadedStats | None = None
+    worker_stats: list[WorkerStats] = field(default_factory=list)
+    # For continue command on interrupt
+    continue_cmd: str | None = None
+    # For repeat command (when seed was randomly generated)
+    repeat_cmd: str | None = None
+
+    def _format_io_stats(self) -> str | None:
+        """Format I/O timing stats for the summary line."""
+        if self.singlethreaded_stats is not None:
+            st = self.singlethreaded_stats
+            tt = st.total_time()
+            if tt <= 0:
+                return None
+            return f"crypto {st.crypto_time / tt:.0%} — write {st.write_time / tt:.0%}"
+        elif self.consumer_stats is not None:
+            cs = self.consumer_stats
+            tt = cs.total_time()
+            if tt <= 0:
+                return None
+            return f"wait {cs.wait_time / tt:.0%} — write {cs.write_time / tt:.0%}"
+        return None
+
+    def print_summary(self, verbose: int = 0):
+        """Print a nice one-liner summary with optional colors."""
+        speed_gbs = (self.written / 1_000_000_000) / self.elapsed if self.elapsed > 0 else 0
+        size_str = format_size(self.written)
+        time_str = format_time(self.elapsed)
+
+        # I/O stats for verbose mode
+        io_stats = self._format_io_stats() if verbose >= 1 else None
+        stats_fmt = f"\033[0;32m • {io_stats}" if io_stats else ""
+        status_fmt = " \033[31m(interrupted)\033[0m" if self.interrupted else ""
+
+        # Continue or repeat command
+        cmd_line = ""
+        if self.interrupted and self.continue_cmd:
+            cmd_line = f"\n\033[2mContinue >>>\033[0;34m {self.continue_cmd}\033[0m"
+        elif not self.interrupted and self.repeat_cmd:
+            cmd_line = f"\n\033[2mRepeat >>>\033[0;34m {self.repeat_cmd}\033[0m"
+
+        msg = (
+            f"\n\033[36m[RandQuik]\033[32m {self.action} \033[1m{size_str}\033[0;32m in "
+            f"\033[1m{time_str}\033[0;32m @ \033[1;32m{speed_gbs:.2f}GB/s{stats_fmt}\033[0m"
+            f"{status_fmt}\033[1m{cmd_line}\n"
+        )
+
+        if not sys.stderr.isatty():
+            msg = re.sub(r"\033\[[0-9;]*m", "", msg)
+
+        sys.stderr.write(msg)
+
+    def print_detailed_stats(self):
+        """Print detailed worker statistics table (for -vv)."""
+        if self.worker_stats and self.consumer_stats:
+            report = format_worker_stats_report(self.worker_stats, self.consumer_stats)
+            sys.stderr.write(report + "\n")
+
+
+def format_worker_stats_report(
+    worker_stats: list[WorkerStats], consumer_stats: ConsumerStats
+) -> str:
+    """Format a complete stats report for all workers as a table."""
+    if not worker_stats:
+        return "No worker stats available"
+
+    def ms(val: float) -> str:
+        return f"{val * 1000:.0f}"
+
+    # Column width for worker data
+    col_w = 8
+    pct_w = 6  # Width for percentage column
+
+    # Total time across all workers for percentage calculation
+    total_all = sum(s.total_time() for s in worker_stats)
+
+    def pct(val: float) -> str:
+        return f"{100 * val / total_all:.0f}%" if total_all > 0 else "--"
+
+    # Header row with worker numbers
+    header = (
+        "Worker stats"
+        + f"{'%':>{pct_w}}"
+        + "".join(f"{'W' + str(s.worker_id):>{col_w}}" for s in worker_stats)
+    )
+    sep = "-" * len(header)
+
+    # Non-timing rows (counters)
+    total_blocks = sum(s.blocks_processed for s in worker_stats)
+    total_cycles = sum(s.wait_cycles for s in worker_stats)
+
+    def cycles_pct() -> str:
+        return f"{100 * total_cycles / total_blocks:.0f}%" if total_blocks > 0 else "--"
+
+    counter_rows = [
+        ("1MiB blocks", "", [str(s.blocks_processed) for s in worker_stats]),
+        ("wait_cycles", cycles_pct(), [str(s.wait_cycles) for s in worker_stats]),
+    ]
+
+    # Timing rows with summed values for percentage
+    timing_rows = [
+        (
+            "crypto ms",
+            sum(s.crypto_time for s in worker_stats),
+            [ms(s.crypto_time) for s in worker_stats],
+        ),
+        (
+            "lock_acq ms",
+            sum(s.lock_acquire_time for s in worker_stats),
+            [ms(s.lock_acquire_time) for s in worker_stats],
+        ),
+        (
+            "wait_sp ms",
+            sum(s.lock_wait_space_time for s in worker_stats),
+            [ms(s.lock_wait_space_time) for s in worker_stats],
+        ),
+        (
+            "claim ms",
+            sum(s.lock_claim_time for s in worker_stats),
+            [ms(s.lock_claim_time) for s in worker_stats],
+        ),
+        (
+            "notify ms",
+            sum(s.lock_notify_time for s in worker_stats),
+            [ms(s.lock_notify_time) for s in worker_stats],
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    timing_rows.append(("total ms", total_all, [ms(s.total_time()) for s in worker_stats]))
+
+    lines = [header, sep]
+    for label, pct_val, values in counter_rows:
+        row = f"{label:<12}" + f"{pct_val:>{pct_w}}" + "".join(f"{v:>{col_w}}" for v in values)
+        lines.append(row)
+    lines.append(sep)
+    for label, total_val, values in timing_rows:
+        row = (
+            f"{label:<12}" + f"{pct(total_val):>{pct_w}}" + "".join(f"{v:>{col_w}}" for v in values)
+        )
+        lines.append(row)
+
+    # Consumer stats
+    lines.append(sep)
+    return "\n".join(lines)

randquik/utils.py

@@ -3,58 +3,15 @@
 import pathlib
 import re
 import sys
-import time
 
 __all__ = [
-    "format_size",
-    "format_time",
     "get_output_size",
     "get_sector_size",
     "parse_size",
-    "print_summary",
+    "sparse_range",
 ]
 
 
-def format_size(size: float) -> str:
-    """Format bytes as human-readable size."""
-    for unit in ["B", "kB", "MB", "GB", "TB"]:
-        if abs(size) < 1000:
-            return f"{size:.0f}{unit}"
-        size /= 1000
-    return f"{size:.0f}PB"
-
-
-def format_time(seconds: float) -> str:
-    """Format seconds as human-readable time."""
-    if seconds < 0:
-        return "--"
-    if seconds < 1:
-        return f"{seconds * 1000:.0f}ms"
-    if seconds < 90:
-        return f"{seconds:.0f}s"
-    elif seconds < 5400:  # 90 minutes
-        m = int(seconds / 60)
-        return f"{m}m"
-    elif seconds < 172800:  # 48 hours
-        h = int(seconds / 3600)
-        return f"{h}h"
-    else:
-        d = int(seconds / 86400)
-        return f"{d}d"
-
-
-def print_summary(written: int, elapsed: float, action: str = "wrote", seed: str | None = None):
-    """Print a nice one-liner summary."""
-    speed_gbs = (written / 1_000_000_000) / elapsed if elapsed > 0 else 0
-    size_str = format_size(written)
-    time_str = format_time(elapsed)
-    seed_hint = f" [-s {seed}]" if seed else ""
-    print(
-        f"RandQuik {action} {size_str} in {time_str} ({speed_gbs:.2f} GB/s){seed_hint}",
-        file=sys.stderr,
-    )
-
-
 # Cache for sector size lookup (path -> size)
 _sector_size_cache: dict[str, int] = {}
 
@@ -223,15 +180,3 @@ def sparse_range(n: int, max_items: int = 9) -> list[int]:
         out[-1] = n
 
     return out
-
-
-def stopwatch():
-    t = time.perf_counter()
-
-    def _generator():
-        nonlocal t
-        while True:
-            t, t0 = time.perf_counter(), t
-            yield t - t0
-
-    return _generator()

randquik/workers.py

@@ -1,94 +1,37 @@
 """Worker threads and ring buffer management for parallel generation."""
 
-import logging
 import os
+import sys
 import threading
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+import time
 
-from randquik.utils import stopwatch
+from randquik.io import open_fd
+from randquik.progress import ProgressDisplay
+from randquik.stats import (
+    ConsumerStats,
+    RunResult,
+    SingleThreadedStats,
+    WorkerStats,
+    stopwatch,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "BLOCK_SIZE",
-    "FdProducer",
+    "RunResult",
-    "WorkerStats",
+    "run",
 ]
 
 
-@dataclass
-class WorkerStats:
-    """Timing statistics for a worker thread."""
-
-    worker_id: int = -1
-    # Lock timing breakdown
-    lock_acquire_time: float = 0.0  # Time to acquire the lock (contention)
-    lock_wait_space_time: float = 0.0  # Time waiting for has_space condition
-    lock_claim_time: float = 0.0  # Time inside lock claiming block number
-    lock_notify_time: float = 0.0  # Time inside lock marking ready + notify
-    # Work timing
-    crypto_time: float = 0.0
-    madvise_time: float = 0.0
-    # Counters
-    blocks_processed: int = 0
-    bytes_generated: int = 0
-    wait_cycles: int = 0  # How many times we had to wait for space
-
-    def total_time(self) -> float:
-        """Total measured time."""
-        return (
-            self.lock_acquire_time
-            + self.lock_wait_space_time
-            + self.lock_claim_time
-            + self.lock_notify_time
-            + self.crypto_time
-            + self.madvise_time
-        )
-
-    def format_report(self, label: str | None = None) -> str:
-        """Format a human-readable report."""
-        total = self.total_time()
-        if total == 0:
-            return f"Worker {self.worker_id}: no data"
-
-        if label is None:
-            label = f"Worker {self.worker_id}"
-
-        def pct(val: float) -> str:
-            return f"{100 * val / total:.1f}%" if total > 0 else "--"
-
-        def ms(val: float) -> str:
-            return f"{val * 1000:.1f}ms"
-
-        lock_total = (
-            self.lock_acquire_time
-            + self.lock_wait_space_time
-            + self.lock_claim_time
-            + self.lock_notify_time
-        )
-
-        lines = [
-            f"{label} ({self.blocks_processed} blocks, {self.bytes_generated / 1e6:.1f} MB):",
-            f"  crypto:       {ms(self.crypto_time):>10} ({pct(self.crypto_time)})",
-            f"  lock total:   {ms(lock_total):>10} ({pct(lock_total)})",
-            f"    acquire:    {ms(self.lock_acquire_time):>10} ({pct(self.lock_acquire_time)})",
-            f"    wait space: {ms(self.lock_wait_space_time):>10} ({pct(self.lock_wait_space_time)}) [{self.wait_cycles} cycles]",
-            f"    claim:      {ms(self.lock_claim_time):>10} ({pct(self.lock_claim_time)})",
-            f"    notify:     {ms(self.lock_notify_time):>10} ({pct(self.lock_notify_time)})",
-        ]
-        if self.madvise_time > 0:
-            lines.append(f"  madvise:      {ms(self.madvise_time):>10} ({pct(self.madvise_time)})")
-        lines.append(f"  total:        {ms(total):>10}")
-        return "\n".join(lines)
-
-
 BLOCK_SIZE = 1 << 20
 
 
-class FdProducer:
+class _FdProducer:
     """Multi-threaded producer with ring buffer for sequential file output.
 
     Uses efficient synchronization:
     - Single lock with two conditions (has_data, has_space)
-    - Workers wait on has_space, consumer waits on has_data
+    - Workers wait on has_space, notify has_data when block is ready
+    - Consumer waits on has_data, notifies has_space when block is consumed
     - Crypto runs outside the lock
     """
 
@@ -102,7 +45,6 @@ class FdProducer:
         dry: bool = False,
         iseek: int = 0,
         block_size: int = BLOCK_SIZE,
-        profile: bool = False,
     ):
         self.workers = workers
         self.key = key
@@ -112,189 +54,149 @@ class FdProducer:
         self.dry = dry
         self.iseek = iseek
         self.block_size = block_size
-        self.profile = profile
 
         # iseek handling: which block to start at, and offset within first block
         self.start_block = iseek // block_size
         self.start_offset = iseek % block_size
 
-        # Ring buffer state - more slots reduce wait time
+        self.num_slots = workers + 2  # Tested optimal (+1 for I/O and +1 to avoid congestion)
-        # With N workers, we want enough buffers so workers rarely wait
-        self.num_slots = workers * 4
         self._buf = bytearray(self.num_slots * block_size)
 
-        # Single lock with conditions (simpler, faster than semaphore + events)
+        # Separate conditions for producers and consumer
         self._lock = threading.Lock()
-        self._has_data = threading.Condition(self._lock)
+        self.has_data = threading.Condition(self._lock)  # Consumer waits, workers notify
-        self._has_space = threading.Condition(self._lock)
+        self.has_space = threading.Condition(self._lock)  # Workers wait, consumer notifies
+        self.lock_blkno = threading.Lock()
+        self.blkno = self.start_block  # next block to generate
+        self.ready = [False] * self.num_slots  # which block number is there ready
+        self.quit = False
 
-        self._genpos = 0  # next block to generate
+        self.threads: list[threading.Thread] = []
-        self._conpos = 0  # next block to consume
-        self._ready = [False] * self.num_slots  # which slots have data
-        self._quit = False
-
-        self._threads: list[threading.Thread] = []
         self.written = 0
-        self.wait_time = 0.0
+        self.consumer_stats = ConsumerStats()
-        self.write_time = 0.0
 
         # Per-worker stats, collected after threads finish
         self._worker_stats: list[WorkerStats] = []
         self._stats_lock = threading.Lock()
 
     def start(self):
-        """Start worker threads."""
+        self.threads = [
-        for i in range(self.workers):
+            threading.Thread(target=self.worker, args=(i,)) for i in range(self.workers)
-            t = threading.Thread(target=self._worker, args=(i,), daemon=True)
+        ]
-            self._threads.append(t)
+        for t in self.threads:
             t.start()
 
-    def _worker_fast(self, view):
+    def worker(self, worker_id: int):
-        """Fast worker loop without profiling."""
+        assert self.num_slots >= self.workers, "Ring buffer quarantee broken"
-        while True:
+        view = memoryview(self._buf)
-            with self._lock:
+        slots = [
-                # Wait for a slot
+            view[i * self.block_size : (i + 1) * self.block_size] for i in range(self.num_slots)
-                while self._genpos - self._conpos >= self.num_slots:
+        ]
-                    if self._quit:
-                        return
-                    self._has_space.wait()
-                if self._quit:
-                    return
-                block_num = self._genpos
-                self._genpos += 1
 
-            # Generate outside lock
+        # Profiling setup
-            slot = block_num % self.num_slots
+        stats = WorkerStats(worker_id=worker_id)
-            buf = view[slot * self.block_size : (slot + 1) * self.block_size]
+        timer = stopwatch()
-            actual_block = self.start_block + block_num
-            self.ciph.stream(
-                self.key, actual_block.to_bytes(self.ciph.NONCEBYTES, "little"), into=buf
-            )
-
-            # Mark ready
-            with self._lock:
-                self._ready[slot] = True
-                self._has_data.notify()
-
-    def _worker_profile(self, worker_id: int, view, stats: WorkerStats, timer):
-        """Worker loop with detailed profiling."""
-        stats.worker_id = worker_id
-        while True:
-            # Measure lock acquisition (contention)
-            next(timer)
-            self._lock.acquire()
-            stats.lock_acquire_time += next(timer)
 
         try:
-                # Measure time waiting for space
+            slot = -1  # No slot to commit on first iteration
-                while self._genpos - self._conpos >= self.num_slots:
+            while True:
-                    if self._quit:
+                # Claim next block number
-                        self._lock.release()
+                with self.lock_blkno:
-                        return
+                    blkno = self.blkno
-                    next(timer)
+                    self.blkno += 1
-                    self._has_space.wait()
-                    stats.lock_wait_space_time += next(timer)
-                    stats.wait_cycles += 1
-
-                if self._quit:
-                    self._lock.release()
-                    return
-
-                # Measure claiming block number
-                next(timer)
-                block_num = self._genpos
-                self._genpos += 1
                 stats.lock_claim_time += next(timer)
-            finally:
-                self._lock.release()
 
-            slot = block_num % self.num_slots
+                with self._lock:
-            buf = view[slot * self.block_size : (slot + 1) * self.block_size]
+                    stats.lock_acquire_time += next(timer)
-            actual_block = self.start_block + block_num
+                    # Commit previous block (mark ready + notify consumer)
+                    if slot >= 0:
+                        self.ready[slot] = True
+                        self.has_data.notify()
+                    stats.lock_notify_time += next(timer)
+                    # Wait for the NEXT slot to be free
+                    slot = blkno % self.num_slots
+                    while self.ready[slot] and not self.quit:
+                        stats.wait_cycles += 1
+                        self.has_space.wait()
+                    stats.lock_wait_space_time += next(timer)
+                    if self.quit:
+                        return
 
-            # Measure crypto
+                # Generate block
-            next(timer)
                 self.ciph.stream(
-                self.key, actual_block.to_bytes(self.ciph.NONCEBYTES, "little"), into=buf
+                    self.key,
+                    blkno.to_bytes(self.ciph.NONCEBYTES, "little"),
+                    into=slots[slot],
                 )
                 stats.crypto_time += next(timer)
                 stats.blocks_processed += 1
                 stats.bytes_generated += self.block_size
 
-            # Measure notify (lock acquire + mark ready + notify)
-            next(timer)
-            with self._lock:
-                self._ready[slot] = True
-                self._has_data.notify()
-            stats.lock_notify_time += next(timer)
-
-    def _worker(self, worker_id: int):
-        view = memoryview(self._buf)
-        stats = WorkerStats(worker_id=worker_id) if self.profile else None
-        try:
-            if self.profile:
-                timer = stopwatch()
-                self._worker_profile(worker_id, view, stats, timer)
-            else:
-                self._worker_fast(view)
-        except BaseException as e:
-            logging.exception("Worker thread exception: %s", e)
         finally:
             view.release()
-            if stats:
             with self._stats_lock:
                 self._worker_stats.append(stats)
-            with self._lock:
-                self._quit = True
-                self._has_data.notify_all()
 
-    def run(self, progress_state: dict | None = None):
+    def consumer(self, progress_state: dict | None = None):
         """Consume blocks and write to fd. Call start() first."""
         view = memoryview(self._buf)
-        timer = stopwatch()
-        is_first_block = True
         try:
-            while self.total_bytes is None or self.written < self.total_bytes:
+            slots = [
-                with self._lock:
+                view[i * self.block_size : (i + 1) * self.block_size] for i in range(self.num_slots)
-                    slot = self._conpos % self.num_slots
+            ]
-                    while not self._ready[slot]:
+            blkno = self.start_block
-                        if self._quit:
+            slot = blkno % self.num_slots
+            total = sys.maxsize if self.total_bytes is None else self.total_bytes
+            # Handle the first block: skip start_offset bytes (note: this is purposefully left out of stats)
+            with self.has_data:
+                while not self.ready[slot] and not self.quit:
+                    self.has_data.wait()
+                if self.quit:
                     return
-                        self._has_data.wait()
-                    self._ready[slot] = False
-                    self._conpos += 1
-                    self._has_space.notify()
 
-                self.wait_time += next(timer)
+                buf = slots[slot][self.start_offset : self.start_offset + total]
-                buf = view[slot * self.block_size : (slot + 1) * self.block_size]
-                # Handle first block: skip start_offset bytes
-                if is_first_block and self.start_offset > 0:
-                    buf_start = self.start_offset
-                    is_first_block = False
-                else:
-                    buf_start = 0
-
-                to_write = min(
-                    self.block_size - buf_start,
-                    self.total_bytes - self.written
-                    if self.total_bytes is not None
-                    else self.block_size - buf_start,
-                )
                 if not self.dry:
-                    os.write(self.fd, buf[buf_start : buf_start + to_write])
+                    os.write(self.fd, buf)
-                self.write_time += next(timer)
+                self.written += len(buf)
-                self.written += to_write
+            # Other blocks
+            timer = stopwatch()
+            while self.written < total:
+                # Take/wait for expected slot
+                with self._lock:
+                    # Release previous slot and notify workers
+                    self.ready[slot] = False
+                    self.has_space.notify_all()
+                    # Wait for the next buffer to be ready
+                    blkno += 1
+                    slot = blkno % self.num_slots
+                    while not self.ready[slot] and not self.quit:
+                        self.has_data.wait()
+                    if self.quit:
+                        return
+                self.consumer_stats.wait_time += next(timer)
+                buf = slots[slot]
+                # Last block? Trim to remaining size
+                if self.written + len(buf) > total:
+                    buf = buf[: total - self.written]
+                if not self.dry:
+                    os.write(self.fd, buf)
+
+                self.consumer_stats.write_time += next(timer)
+                self.written += len(buf)
                 if progress_state is not None:
                     progress_state["written"] = self.written
+
         finally:
+            self.stop()
             view.release()
 
     def stop(self):
         """Signal workers to stop and wait for them."""
         with self._lock:
-            self._quit = True
+            self.quit = True
-            self._has_space.notify_all()
+            self.has_data.notify_all()
-        for t in self._threads:
+            self.has_space.notify_all()
+        for t in self.threads:
             t.join()
 
     def get_worker_stats(self) -> list[WorkerStats]:
@@ -303,21 +205,129 @@ class FdProducer:
             # Sort by worker_id for consistent output
             return sorted(self._worker_stats, key=lambda s: s.worker_id)
 
-    def format_stats_report(self) -> str:
+    def run(self, progress_state: dict | None = None):
-        """Format a complete stats report for all workers."""
+        """Run multi-threaded generation."""
-        lines = []
+        self.start()
-        stats_list = self.get_worker_stats()
+        try:
+            self.consumer(progress_state)
+        finally:
+            self.stop()
 
-        if not stats_list:
-            return "No worker stats available"
 
-        # Per-worker stats
+class _SingleThreadedProducer:
-        for stats in stats_list:
+    """Single-threaded producer for infinite output or workers=0 mode."""
-            lines.append(stats.format_report())
 
-        # Consumer stats
+    def __init__(
-        lines.append("Consumer:")
+        self,
-        lines.append(f"  wait time:  {self.wait_time * 1000:.1f}ms")
+        key: bytes,
-        lines.append(f"  write time: {self.write_time * 1000:.1f}ms")
+        ciph,
+        total_bytes: int | None,
+        fd: int,
+        dry: bool = False,
+        block_size: int = BLOCK_SIZE,
+    ):
+        self.key = key
+        self.ciph = ciph
+        self.total_bytes = total_bytes
+        self.fd = fd
+        self.dry = dry
+        self.block_size = block_size
 
-        return "\n".join(lines)
+        self.written = 0
+        self.stats = SingleThreadedStats()
+
+    def run(self, progress_state: dict | None = None):
+        """Generate and write blocks sequentially."""
+        buf = bytearray(self.block_size)
+        view = memoryview(buf)
+        nonce = bytearray(self.ciph.NONCEBYTES)
+        total = sys.maxsize if self.total_bytes is None else self.total_bytes
+        timer = stopwatch()
+
+        try:
+            while self.written < total:
+                size = min(self.block_size, total - self.written)
+                chunk = view[:size]
+                self.ciph.stream(self.key, nonce, size, into=chunk)
+                self.stats.crypto_time += next(timer)
+                if not self.dry:
+                    os.write(self.fd, chunk)
+                self.stats.write_time += next(timer)
+                self.ciph.nonce_increment(nonce)
+                self.written += size
+                if progress_state is not None:
+                    progress_state["written"] = self.written
+        finally:
+            view.release()
+
+
+def run(
+    output: str | None,
+    total_bytes: int | None,
+    iseek: int,
+    oseek: int,
+    key: bytes,
+    ciph,
+    workers: int = 1,
+    dry: bool = False,
+    quiet: bool = False,
+    seed_for_display: str | None = None,
+    action: str = "wrote",
+    continue_cmd: str | None = None,
+) -> RunResult:
+    """Run random generation with specified number of workers. Returns RunResult.
+
+    Args:
+        workers: Number of worker threads. 0 for single-threaded mode.
+    """
+    start_time = time.perf_counter()
+    infinite = total_bytes is None
+    fd_size = 0 if infinite else total_bytes
+
+    with open_fd(output, fd_size, dry=dry, oseek=oseek) as fd:
+        if workers == 0:
+            producer = _SingleThreadedProducer(key, ciph, total_bytes, fd, dry=dry)
+        else:
+            producer = _FdProducer(workers, key, ciph, total_bytes, fd, dry=dry, iseek=iseek)
+
+        progress_state = {"written": 0}
+        progress = ProgressDisplay(
+            total_bytes,
+            start_time,
+            progress_state,
+            infinite=infinite,
+            seed=seed_for_display,
+        )
+        if not quiet:
+            progress.start()
+
+        interrupted = False
+        try:
+            producer.run(progress_state)
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, BrokenPipeError):
+            interrupted = True
+        finally:
+            progress.stop()
+
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start_time
+
+        # Build result with raw stats
+        if workers == 0:
+            return RunResult(
+                written=producer.written,
+                elapsed=elapsed,
+                interrupted=interrupted,
+                action=action,
+                singlethreaded_stats=producer.stats,
+                continue_cmd=continue_cmd,
+            )
+        else:
+            return RunResult(
+                written=producer.written,
+                elapsed=elapsed,
+                interrupted=interrupted,
+                action=action,
+                consumer_stats=producer.consumer_stats,
+                worker_stats=producer.get_worker_stats(),
+                continue_cmd=continue_cmd,
+            )