Updated README.

2026-09-05 06:00:35 +00:00
8 changed files with 198 additions and 1100 deletions
@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
-# User-Agent Parsing Done Right
+# User-Agent parsed Right
-This module takes a smaller, faster, modern approach to User-Agent parsing. It's a dependency-free pure-Python parser weighing only 25 kB, with strong handling of current browsers and crawlers. Despite its light weight, uarite identifies both browsers and crawlers more accurately than any competing implementation tested here.
+User-Agent parsing in Python has a long lineage. ua-parser is the official Python implementation of the ua-parser project, built around uap-core: the regex database extracted from BrowserScope's original parser and shared by implementations in many languages. user-agents wraps ua-parser with higher-level device and capability detection but its last release was in 2020. user-agent-parser is a separate implementation first released in 2022 and substantially updated in 2026, taking its own approach rather than building on uap-core. None of the three has further dependencies, but the regex databases weigh something: ua-parser and user-agents each install about half a megabyte, while user-agent-parser installs at 166 kB. We are merely 29 kB and yet perform better especially with the new crawlers of the AI boom.
-It returns structured classification, but also the thing most applications eventually need: **a short pretty description**.
+This module is another take on the same problem: a small, dependency-free, compact pure-Python parser. It returns structured classifications, but also the thing most applications eventually need: **a short human-readable pretty description**.
-Add it to your project:
+Add to your project:
 ```sh
 uv add uarite
 ```
 We correctly detect disguised crawlers and distinguish traffic of AI learning from search engines and social media share previews. We handle HarmonyOS and bots without calling them Android, resolve common device model codes to phone models like Galaxy Z Fold8, and fall back to reasonable output even when all else fails.
 ## Usage
 ```python
@@ -21,90 +23,83 @@ r.pretty    # "Chrome/152 Windows"
 r.engine    # "Chromium"
 r.os        # "Windows"
 r.kind      # "browser"
 r.bot       # ""
 r.url       # ""
 r = uaparse("Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; Pixel 7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/134.0.6885.65 Mobile Safari/537.36; compatible; facebookexternalhit/1.1; +http://www.facebook.com/externalhit_uatext.php")
 r.pretty    # "Facebook"
-r.kind      # "social"
+r.kind      # "preview"
-r.provider  # "Meta"
+r.bot       # "Facebook"
 r.url       # "http://www.facebook.com/externalhit_uatext.php"
 ```
 ## Output
-`uaparse(ua)` returns a `UA` dataclass with string fields. Any field may be empty when the information is unavailable.
+`uaparse(ua)` returns a `UA` dataclass with string values:
-| Field    | Content                                          |
+| Field  | Content                                                                                           |
-| -------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
+| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| pretty   | Compact display string; raw UA when unrecognized |
+| pretty | Compact display string (below); empty for empty/missing UAs, the raw UA when unrecognized         |
-| engine   | Chromium, Gecko, Safari, ArkWeb                  |
+| engine | Chromium, Gecko, Safari, ArkWeb (HarmonyOS), or empty                                             |
-| os       | Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, HarmonyOS   |
+| os     | Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, HarmonyOS, or empty                                          |
-| kind     | browser, ai, search, social, analytics, spider   |
+| bot    | Crawler/previewer display name, or empty                                                          |
-| url      | Crawler information URL                          |
+| kind   | browser, ai, search, preview, spider, or empty (scripts/HTTP libraries)                           |
-| provider | Provider of a known crawler family               |
+| url    | The crawler's info URL (the +https://… pointer), or empty; not part of pretty — link it in the UI |
-The pretty field is intended for UIs and logs. The url can be attached to it as a link when available.
+The pretty field is intended to be shown in UI and logging as a conscise description. The url may be included as a link on that text when found, mainly to allow finding out what the bot is used for.
-The engine and os fields are intentionally broad. The kind field distinguishes browsers from AI collectors, search engines, social previews, monitoring tools, generic spiders, and ordinary HTTP clients. Any non-browser kind represents automated traffic.
+The engine and os fields are meant for broad selection of operation, like which OS installer to offer, or which compatibility hacks are needed. Operating System is the major OS only, no version. Every recognized browser is Chromium except Firefox derivatives (Gecko), Safari (macOS, anything on iOS) and Harmony Browser (ArkWeb).
-Detection is necessarily limited by what the User-Agent reveals. Crawlers can masquerade as ordinary browsers or other crawlers, so sites that need stronger identification should use additional methods rather than relying on UA detection alone.
+The kind field describes our detection of visitor type: browser for actual browsers, ai for training data collectors (GPTBot, ClaudeBot, Google-Extended, ...), search for search-engine indexing (Googlebot, Bingbot, ...), preview for social link previews (Facebook, WhatsApp, Slack, ...), spider for generic or unknown crawlers, and empty for scripts and HTTP libraries. Any value other than browser means the visitor is automated.
-## Comparison
+We deliberately ignore masquerading as browser-compatible (common with crawlers) and fake information like the frozen Android 10; K values that appear on all new mobiles, when the UA provides extra hints of it being something else. These are not reported as engine, os etc., and the pretty field aims to accurately explain only what it actually is.
-There are plenty of UA parsers for Python. This comparison includes the ua-parser family — the official port of the large upstream project, benchmarked with all three of its regex backends (Python, RE2, Rust) — plus user-agents, which builds on it with higher-level device detection, and fastuaparser, a single-file heuristic parser in the same weight class as uarite. Among those excluded: user-agent-parser crashes on real-world strings; httpagentparser misidentifies most bots and browser OSes; device-detector has a massive 26 MB install and extremely slow parsing; and crawlerdetect only distinguishes bots from non-bots. The user-agents package has been unmaintained since 2020 but is kept as a reference point.
+Obviously all information is limited to that of the User-Agent string given. There are crawlers that masquerade using exact browser strings, or even strings indicating other crawlers than what they actually are, to bypass website protections (e.g. Google bots can often avoid paywalls given to ordinary browsers). You will require other methods to detect them because UA based detection is impossible.
-Installed size tracks the design. The minimal heuristic parsers are tiny: fastuaparser installs in 15 kB, uarite in 30 kB. Everything built on ua-parser's regex database starts around half a megabyte, and its accelerated backends add several megabytes of native code.
+## Accuracy
-The benchmark and test scripts are available in the repository's scripts folder.
+The table below compares various representative User-Agent formats with the two main contenders. We note that user-agents produces virtually identical results to ua-parser and is thus left out from the comparison, like other worse performing parsers.
-### Accuracy
+| Case                         | uarite¹                   | ua-parser²                                    |
 | ---------------------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
 | Chrome, Windows              | Chrome/152 Windows        | Chrome/152 Windows                            |
 | Safari, macOS                | Safari/18 macOS           | Safari/18 Mac OS X Mac                        |
 | Opera, Linux                 | Opera/106 Linux           | Opera/106 Linux                               |
 | Chrome, Android (no model)   | Chrome/152 Android        | Chrome Mobile/152 Android K❌                 |
 | Chrome, Android (Pixel)      | Chrome/118 Pixel 6        | Chrome Mobile/118 Android Pixel 6             |
 | Edge, Android (model code)   | Edge/110 Galaxy S7        | Edge Mobile/110 Android Samsung SM-G930P      |
 | Firefox, Android             | Firefox/154 Android 15    | Firefox Mobile/154 Android Generic Smartphone |
 | Safari, iPhone               | iPhone iOS 17             | Mobile Safari/17 iOS iPhone                   |
 | Huawei HarmonyOS phone       | HuaweiBrowser/6 HarmonyOS | Huawei Browser/6 Android❌ Huawei Browser     |
 | GPTBot                       | GPTBot (AI)               | GPTBot/1 Spider                               |
 | Googlebot (disguised)        | Googlebot (search)        | Googlebot/2 Android❌ Spider                  |
 | Facebook preview (disguised) | Facebook                  | FacebookBot/1 Android Pixel 7 ❌              |
 | Meta crawler (disguised)     | Meta                      | Chrome/145 Windows ❌                         |
 | WhatsApp preview             | WhatsApp                  | WhatsApp/10 Spider                            |
 | Bytespider                   | Bytespider                | Bytespider/ Android❌ Generic Smartphone      |
 | BingPreview                  | BingPreview (preview)     | BingPreview/1 Windows❌ Spider                |
 | AhrefsBot                    | AhrefsBot                 | AhrefsBot/7 Spider                            |
 | python-requests              | python-requests/2.32.5    | Python Requests/2                             |
-The table below compares representative User-Agent formats with fastuaparser and ua-parser. The user-agents wrapper produces nearly identical results to ua-parser and is left out.
+- ❌ marks an incorrect browser, OS, or device interpretation.
 - ¹ r.pretty shown as is
 - ² {user_agent.family}/{user_agent.major} {os.family} {device.family}
-| Case                         | uarite¹                   | fastuaparser²             | ua-parser³                                    |
+Measured on modern browser UAs, **uarite resolves family, version and OS at 100%**. ua-parser and user-agents land at 80%, while user-agent-parser does slightly better at 92%.
 | ---------------------------- | ------------------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |
 | Chrome, Windows              | Chrome/152 Windows        | Chrome - Windows          | Chrome/152 Windows                            |
 | Safari, macOS                | Safari/18 macOS           | Safari - Mac OS X         | Safari/18 Mac OS X Mac                        |
 | Opera, Linux                 | Opera/106 Linux           | Opera - Linux             | Opera/106 Linux                               |
 | Chrome, Android (no model)   | Chrome/152 Android        | Chrome - Android Mobile   | Chrome Mobile/152 Android K❌                 |
 | Chrome, Android (Pixel)      | Chrome/118 Pixel 6        | Chrome - Android Mobile   | Chrome Mobile/118 Android Pixel 6             |
 | Edge, Android (model code)   | Edge/110 Galaxy S7        | Edge - Android Mobile     | Edge Mobile/110 Android Samsung SM-G930P      |
 | Firefox, Android             | Firefox/154 Android 15    | Firefox - Android Mobile  | Firefox Mobile/154 Android Generic Smartphone |
 | Safari, iPhone               | iPhone iOS 17             | Safari - iOS Mobile       | Mobile Safari/17 iOS iPhone                   |
 | Huawei HarmonyOS phone       | HuaweiBrowser/6 HarmonyOS | Chrome - Android Mobile❌ | Huawei Browser/6 Android❌ Huawei Browser     |
 | GPTBot                       | GPTBot (AI)               | Bot                       | GPTBot/1 Spider                               |
 | Googlebot (disguised)        | Googlebot (search)        | Bot                       | Googlebot/2 Android❌ Spider                  |
 | Facebook preview (disguised) | Facebook                  | Chrome - Android Mobile❌ | FacebookBot/1 Android Pixel 7 ❌              |
 | Meta crawler (disguised)     | Meta-ExternalAgent (AI)   | Bot                       | Chrome/145 Windows ❌                         |
 | WhatsApp preview             | WhatsApp                  | Browser - Other❌         | WhatsApp/10 Spider                            |
 | Bytespider                   | Bytespider                | Bot                       | Bytespider/ Android❌ Generic Smartphone      |
 | BingPreview                  | BingPreview               | Browser - Windows❌       | BingPreview/1 Windows❌ Spider                |
 | AhrefsBot                    | AhrefsBot                 | Bot                       | AhrefsBot/7 Spider                            |
 | python-requests              | python-requests/2.32.5    | Other                     | Python Requests/2                             |
- ❌ marks incorrect data such as an OS from disguise, Android 10; K (compat) on modern devices, or a missed identity
+Crawler detection was also tested against real-world crawler UAs from [monperrus/crawler-user-agents](https://github.com/monperrus/crawler-user-agents). Here user-agent-parser got only 32% right and worse, crashed on 5 UAs. A slight difference was found with the other contenders, user-agents coming at 60% and ua-parser at 64% correct. Our module **uarite scores 95%**, and could detect _which_ crawler it is for 80% (bot field set).
 - ¹ `r.pretty` shown as is
 - ² `parse_ua(ua)` shown as is
 - ³ `{r.user_agent.family}/{r.user_agent.major} {r.os.family} {r.device.family}`
-On our modern-browser test set, scoring only fully correct results (family, version, and OS all right): **uarite 100%**, ua-parser and user-agents 79%. The fastuaparser heuristic resolves the family and OS in 91% of cases, but reports no version numbers at all, so it cannot be scored on the full criterion.
+## Performance
-Crawler detection was tested against [real world UAs](https://github.com/monperrus/crawler-user-agents): **uarite 97%**, fastuaparser 84%, ua-parser 64%, user-agents 60%.
+All compared parsers cache repeated User-Agents, making cache hits effectively free. The useful difference is therefore the first parse of a new string.
-### Performance
+In our benchmarks, uncached uarite parses take roughly **3–7 µs**. user-agent-parser is in the same general range at **~7 µs**, while the pure-Python ua-parser/user-agents path takes roughly **130–250 µs**, which can be a considerable slowdown.
-Import and first parse takes about **10 ms** for uarite and effectively nothing for fastuaparser, compared with 50–90 ms for ua-parser depending on backend.
+## Design
-![uarite 56 thousand, ua-parser native code variants Rust 26 thousand, RE2 14 thousand, and finally plain Python ua-parser and user-agents 3 thousand](https://git.zi.fi/LeoVasanko/uarite/raw/branch/main/docs/bench-speed.svg)
+Rather than a large regex database trying to match any possible UA to given fields, we actually parse the modern forms of UA strings, and take the most specific interpretation of them to avoid the mess of compatibility tags they usually contain. This is built against modern traffic, including the AI crawlers that make up a large part of today's traffic, and for modern browsers — purposefully ignoring the decades of history other UA parser frameworks carry.
 _User-Agents parsed per second per CPU core, first parse of unseen strings, with equal shares of browser and crawler UAs. One-off setup costs excluded. Cached results and fastuaparser (1 million) are left out of the graph._
-On raw speed fastuaparser wins: a few string searches per UA, no cache needed. The trade-off shows in the accuracy table above — no versions, no crawler names. All other parsers cache results. With cache hits, **uarite reaches about 36 million lookups per second**, compared with about 5 million for ua-parser and 600 000 for user-agents.
+The most important feature, absent from others, are the built-in pretty UA strings suitable for user interfaces and logging. Hopefully you will find use for that. And in case something could be better, please report an issue.
-## Why yet another UA parser
+Until now I had been using those other modules, building my own pretty UA formatting on top of them. Where the modules had misdetections, I have tried reporting bugs but the upstream didn't have any interest in fixing their database. Therefore, I found it easier to write my own completely from a modern starting point, and uarite is that thing, done right, as I think. Hopefully this helps you too.
 Rather than relying on a large historical regex database, the parser focuses on modern UA formats and parses them directly, choosing the most specific interpretation available. This keeps the implementation small while handling today's browsers and crawler traffic well. Until now, I had been using those other modules and building my own pretty-UA formatting on top of them, fixing by post processing issues the upstream didn't care of.
 Eventually it became easier to start over with a parser designed around modern traffic. The result is uarite.
 Hopefully it helps you too. Star my [GitHub](https://github.com/leovasanko/uarite) if it did.
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@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ benchmark-only dependencies, pulled ad hoc via `uv run --with`.
 - `prettytable.py` — prints the accuracy-comparison markdown table:
  ```
-  uv run --with ua-parser --with fastuaparser python scripts/prettytable.py
+  uv run --with ua-parser --with user-agents python scripts/prettytable.py
  ```
 - `bench.py` — prints browser-accuracy counts, crawler-detection rates,
@@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ benchmark-only dependencies, pulled ad hoc via `uv run --with`.
  mix, bot storm) with cache statistics:
  ```
-  uv run --with ua-parser --with user-agents --with fastuaparser \
+  uv run --with ua-parser --with user-agents --with user-agent-parser \
      python scripts/bench.py
  ```
@@ -1,25 +1,14 @@
-# /// script
+"""Benchmark uarite vs ua-parser vs user-agents vs user-agent-parser.
 # requires-python = ">=3.14"
 # dependencies = [
 #     "fastuaparser>=0.1.4",
 #     "ua-parser[re2,regex]>=1.0.2",
 #     "uarite",
 #     "user-agents>=2.2.0",
 # ]
 #
 # [tool.uv.sources]
 # uarite = { path = "..", editable = true }
 # ///
 """Benchmark uarite vs ua-parser vs user-agents vs fastuaparser.
 Reproduces the README's numbers: browser accuracy on 100 modern UAs,
 crawler detection on 2163 real-world crawler UAs, and timing (unique UAs,
 a realistic repeat/unique mix, a pure bot storm) with cache introspection.
-Data lives in scripts/data (see download_data.py).  All dependencies,
+Data lives in scripts/data (see download_data.py).  Requires uarite
-including uarite itself (editable), are declared inline:
+(installed) plus the benchmark-only reference parsers:
-    uv run scripts/bench.py
+    uv run --with ua-parser --with user-agents --with user-agent-parser \
        python scripts/bench.py
 """
 import json
@@ -28,56 +17,17 @@ import re
 import timeit
 from pathlib import Path
 import ua_parser
 from fastuaparser import parse_ua as fua_parse
 from ua_parser import parse as ua_parse
 from user_agent_parser import parse as uap_parse
 from user_agents import parse as uas_parse
 from uarite import uaparse
-
+from uarite.core import _parse_client
 ALL_DOMAINS = (
    ua_parser.Domain.USER_AGENT | ua_parser.Domain.OS | ua_parser.Domain.DEVICE
 )
 _VARIANTS = {}
 def ua_variant(name):
    """ua-parser with a specific resolver backend (pure/re2/rust), lazily
    built so its one-time database load lands in the untimed warm-up call.
    The default parse() picks whichever native backend is installed, so
    backends must be forced explicitly to benchmark them separately."""
    if name not in _VARIANTS:
        ctor = {
            "pure": ua_parser.BasicResolver,
            "re2": ua_parser.Re2Resolver,
            "rust": ua_parser.RegexResolver,
        }[name]
        parser = ua_parser.Parser(
            ua_parser.CachingResolver(
                ctor(ua_parser.load_builtins()), ua_parser.Cache(2000)
            )
        )
        _VARIANTS[name] = lambda ua: parser(ua, ALL_DOMAINS)
    return _VARIANTS[name]
 def uap_pure(ua):
    return ua_variant("pure")(ua)
 def uap_re2(ua):
    return ua_variant("re2")(ua)
 def uap_rust(ua):
    return ua_variant("rust")(ua)
 DATA = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 BROWSERS = json.loads((DATA / "top-user-agents.json").read_text())
 CRAWLERS = json.loads((DATA / "crawler-user-agents.json").read_text())
 OWN = (DATA / "ua.txt").read_text().splitlines()
 CRAWLER_UAS = [ua for c in CRAWLERS for ua in (c.get("instances") or [c["pattern"]])]
@@ -126,6 +76,7 @@ def score_browsers():
    for name, fn in (
        ("ua-parser", ua_parse),
        ("user-agents", uas_parse),
        ("user-agent-parser", uap_parse),
    ):
        fam_ok = ver_ok = os_ok = 0
        for ua in BROWSERS:
@@ -135,6 +86,10 @@ def score_browsers():
                fam = r.user_agent.family or ""
                maj = r.user_agent.major or ""
                osf = r.os.family or ""
            elif name == "user-agent-parser":
                fam = r[0] or ""
                maj = (r[1] or "").split(".")[0]
                osf = r[2] or ""
            else:
                fam = r.browser.family or ""
                maj = str(r.browser.version[0]) if r.browser.version else ""
@@ -144,29 +99,6 @@ def score_browsers():
            ver_ok += emaj == maj
            os_ok += eos == norm_os(osf)
        res[name] = (fam_ok, ver_ok, os_ok)
    # fastuaparser returns one pretty string ("Chrome - Windows") and no
    # version numbers, so score it on the substrings it does produce.
    fam_ok = ver_ok = os_ok = 0
    for ua in BROWSERS:
        efam, emaj, eos = expected(ua)
        pretty = fua_parse(ua)
        fam_ok += efam.split()[0].lower() in pretty.lower()
        ver_ok += bool(emaj) and emaj in pretty
        os_ok += bool(
            re.search(
                {
                    "ios": r"iOS|iPhone|iPad",
                    "macos": r"Mac",
                    "windows": r"Windows",
                    "linux": r"Linux",
                    "android": r"Android",
                }[eos],
                pretty,
            )
            if eos
            else True
        )
    res["fastuaparser"] = (fam_ok, ver_ok, os_ok)
    fam_ok = ver_ok = os_ok = 0
    for ua in BROWSERS:
        efam, emaj, eos = expected(ua)
@@ -202,7 +134,7 @@ def score_browsers():
 def score_crawlers():
    out = {}
    crashes = 0
-    for name in ("ua-parser", "user-agents", "fastuaparser", "uarite"):
+    for name in ("ua-parser", "user-agents", "user-agent-parser", "uarite"):
        det = 0
        for ua in CRAWLER_UAS:
            try:
@@ -214,16 +146,12 @@ def score_crawlers():
                    )
                elif name == "user-agents":
                    bot = uas_parse(ua).is_bot
-                elif name == "fastuaparser":
+                elif name == "user-agent-parser":
-                    # "Bot" is a real verdict; "Other" is a non-browser
+                    bot = uap_parse(ua)[4] == "Bot"
                    # client (wget etc.), which is automated traffic too.
                    bot = fua_parse(ua).split(" - ")[0] in ("Bot", "Other")
                else:
-                    # Anything not recognized as a real browser is automated:
+                    bot = bool(uaparse(ua).bot)
                    # known bots, generic spiders, clients, spoofed claims.
                    bot = uaparse(ua).kind != "browser"
            except Exception:
-                crashes += name == "fastuaparser"
+                crashes += name == "user-agent-parser"
                continue
            det += bot
        out[name] = det
@@ -265,11 +193,9 @@ def bench_realistic():
        f" with 2000 mostly-unique bots)"
    )
    for name, fn in (
-        ("ua-parser", uap_pure),
+        ("ua-parser", ua_parse),
        ("ua-parser (re2)", uap_re2),
        ("ua-parser (rust)", uap_rust),
        ("user-agents", uas_parse),
-        ("fastuaparser", fua_parse),
+        ("user-agent-parser", uap_parse),
        ("uarite", uaparse),
    ):
        fn = safe(fn)
@@ -278,11 +204,9 @@ def bench_realistic():
        print(f"{name:20} {t / len(mix) * 1e6:7.1f} µs/UA   cache: {info}")
    print(f"\n## pure bot storm ({len(storm)} unique UAs, zero cache value)")
    for name, fn in (
-        ("ua-parser", uap_pure),
+        ("ua-parser", ua_parse),
        ("ua-parser (re2)", uap_re2),
        ("ua-parser (rust)", uap_rust),
        ("user-agents", uas_parse),
-        ("fastuaparser", fua_parse),
+        ("user-agent-parser", uap_parse),
        ("uarite", uaparse),
    ):
        fn = safe(fn)
@@ -304,64 +228,56 @@ def safe(fn):
 def cache_info(name):
    if name == "uarite":
-        i = uaparse.cache_info()
+        i = _parse_client.cache_info()
-        return f"{i.hits} hits / {i.misses} misses (cap 1024)"
+        return f"{i.hits} hits / {i.misses} misses (cap 1024, browsers only)"
-    if name == "fastuaparser":
+    if name == "user-agent-parser":
-        return "none (branch parser, ~1 µs flat)"
+        from user_agent_parser.parser import _cached_parse_user_agent
        i = _cached_parse_user_agent.cache_info()
        return f"{i.hits} hits / {i.misses} misses (cap 512 LRU)"
    if name == "user-agents":
        from ua_parser.user_agent_parser import _PARSE_CACHE
        return f"{len(_PARSE_CACHE)} entries (cap 200, CLEARS when full)"
-    if name.startswith("ua-parser"):
+    if name == "ua-parser":
        return "cap 2000 S3-FIFO (scan-resistant)"
    return ""
 def bench():
-    """Cold-cache speed: a single pass over previously unseen UAs, with
+    alluas = BROWSERS + CRAWLER_UAS + OWN
-    equal shares of realistic browser and crawler strings since they take
+    n = 3
    different parse paths.  Runs before the accuracy passes, which would
    otherwise warm every parser's cache with these very strings.
    Each parser first parses one dummy UA (untimed) so that lazy regex
    compilation and database loading do not land on the first real item —
    ua-parser's first parse alone costs ~59 ms loading its database.  The
    cache gains nothing from it since all timed UAs are unique."""
    rng = random.Random(7)
    work = BROWSERS + rng.sample(CRAWLER_UAS, len(BROWSERS))
    rng.shuffle(work)
    res = {}
    for name, fn in (
-        ("ua-parser", uap_pure),
+        ("ua-parser", ua_parse),
        ("ua-parser (re2)", uap_re2),
        ("ua-parser (rust)", uap_rust),
        ("user-agents", uas_parse),
-        ("fastuaparser", fua_parse),
+        ("user-agent-parser", uap_parse),
        ("uarite", uaparse),
    ):
        fn = safe(fn)
-        fn("Warmup/1.0 (+https://example.com/warmup)")
+        t = timeit.timeit(lambda: [fn(u) for u in alluas], number=n)
-        uaparse.cache_clear()
+        res[name] = t / n / len(alluas) * 1e6
-        t = timeit.timeit(lambda: [fn(u) for u in work], number=1)
+    # warm cache: repeat a small realistic working set many times
-        res[name] = t / len(work) * 1e6
+    working = (BROWSERS + OWN[:50]) * 10
-    return res, len(work)
+    t = timeit.timeit(lambda: [uaparse(u) for u in working], number=n)
    res["uarite (warm cache)"] = t / n / len(working) * 1e6
    return res
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    res, nwork = bench()
+    print(f"## browser accuracy (n={len(BROWSERS)}): family / version / OS correct")
    print(
        f"## speed (µs per cold parse, {nwork} unique UAs,"
        " half browsers / half crawlers)"
    )
    for k, v in res.items():
        print(f"{k:20} {v:8.1f}")
    print(f"\n## browser accuracy (n={len(BROWSERS)}): family / version / OS correct")
    for k, (f, v, o) in score_browsers().items():
        print(f"{k:14} {f:3}/100   {v:3}/100   {o:3}/100")
    det, url_have, url_got, crashes = score_crawlers()
    print(f"\n## crawler detection (n={len(CRAWLER_UAS)})")
    for k, v in det.items():
        print(f"{k:18} {v:5}  ({v / len(CRAWLER_UAS):.1%})")
-    print(f"fastuaparser crashed on {crashes} UAs")
+    print(f"user-agent-parser crashed on {crashes} UAs")
    print(f"\nuarite URL extraction: {url_got}/{url_have} of instances carrying a URL")
    print(
        "\n## speed (µs per parse, mixed set of %d UAs)"
        % (len(BROWSERS) + len(CRAWLER_UAS) + len(OWN))
    )
    for k, v in bench().items():
        print(f"{k:20} {v:8.1f}")
    bench_realistic()
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 """Print the README's accuracy-comparison table as markdown.
-uarite's and fastuaparser's columns are simply their pretty-string output.
+uarite's column is simply `r.pretty`.  The reference modules have no
-ua-parser has no display format; its column uses one plain format string
+display format; their columns use one plain format string each on their
-on the structured output (footnotes ¹² in the README).  Requires uarite
+structured output (footnotes ²³ in the README).  Requires uarite (installed)
-(installed) plus the benchmark-only reference parsers:
+plus the benchmark-only reference parsers:
-    uv run --with ua-parser --with fastuaparser python scripts/prettytable.py
+    uv run --with ua-parser --with user-agents python scripts/prettytable.py
 """
 from fastuaparser import parse_ua as fua_parse
 from ua_parser import parse as ua_parse
 from user_agents import parse as uas_parse
 from uarite import uaparse
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ CASES = [
        "Googlebot (disguised)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.84 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)",
    ),
    (
        "Claude-SearchBot (disguised)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; Pixel 7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/148.0.3245.171 Mobile Safari/537.36; compatible; Claude-SearchBot/1.0; +https://www.anthropic.com/claude-searchbot",
    ),
    (
        "Facebook preview (disguised)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 13; Pixel 7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/134.0.6885.65 Mobile Safari/537.36; compatible; facebookexternalhit/1.1; +http://www.facebook.com/externalhit_uatext.php",
@@ -86,8 +90,15 @@ def imitate_uaparser(ua):
    return f"{fam}/{maj} {osf} {dev}"
-print("| Case | uarite¹ | fastuaparser² | ua-parser³ |")
+def imitate_useragents(ua):
    r = uas_parse(ua)
    fam = r.browser.family or ""
    maj = str(r.browser.version[0]) if r.browser.version else ""
    return f"{fam}/{maj} {r.os.family or ''} {r.device.family or ''}"
 print("| Case | uarite¹ | ua-parser² | user-agents³ |")
 print("|---|---|---|---|")
 for name, ua in CASES:
    ours = uaparse(ua).pretty or "—"
-    print(f"| {name} | {ours} | {fua_parse(ua)} | {imitate_uaparser(ua)} |")
+    print(f"| {name} | {ours} | {imitate_uaparser(ua)} | {imitate_useragents(ua)} |")
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
 # /// script
 # requires-python = ">=3.14"
 # dependencies = ["matplotlib"]
 # ///
 """Bar chart of cold-parse throughput for the README's Performance section.
 Numbers are pasted from `uv run scripts/bench.py` (the cold 50/50
 browser/crawler mix, µs per parse) and shown as parses per second.
 Transparent SVG, text baked to paths, neutral grays: renders the same
 on light and dark themes.  All labels sit on the bars themselves.
 Very wide aspect ratio: forges render images at full content width,
 so height alone controls how tall it appears.
    uv run scripts/speedplot.py
 """
 from pathlib import Path
 import matplotlib
 matplotlib.use("Agg")
 matplotlib.rcParams["svg.fonttype"] = "path"  # text as paths: renders anywhere
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt  # noqa: E402
 # µs per cold parse, from scripts/bench.py.
 # fastuaparser (~1 µs, 1M parses/s) and cached results are too far off
 # this scale to draw meaningfully and are only mentioned in the README.
 US = {
    "uarite": 18.0,
    "ua-parser (Rust)": 38.1,
    "ua-parser (RE2)": 71.7,
    "ua-parser": 304.7,
    "user-agents": 324.6,
 }
 #: Readable on both white and dark backgrounds.
 OUTSIDE = "#767676"
 data = sorted(((n, 1e6 / us) for n, us in US.items()), key=lambda t: -t[1])
 names = [n for n, _ in data][::-1]
 values = [v for _, v in data][::-1]
 colors = ["#6e6e6e"] * len(data)
 colors[names.index("uarite")] = "#2b6cb0"
 fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12, 1.5), dpi=100)
 bars = ax.barh(names, values, color=colors, height=0.82)
 xmax = max(values)
 ax.set_xlim(0, xmax)
 ax.axis("off")
 for bar, name, v in zip(bars, names, values):
    # Round to two significant digits: 121951 -> "120 000".
    rounded = round(v, 1 - int(f"{v:.0e}".split("e")[1]))
    label = f"{rounded:,.0f}  {name}".replace(",", " ")
    # va="center" centers the font bbox incl. descender space, which leaves
    # the glyphs slightly high; nudge down to optically center on the bar.
    y = bar.get_y() + bar.get_height() / 2 - 0.09
    # All labels after the bar: theme-neutral gray, number before name.
    # The longest bar's label overflows the axes; bbox_inches="tight"
    # below expands the canvas to include it, so no dead space remains.
    ax.text(bar.get_width() + xmax * 0.012, y, label,
            va="center", color=OUTSIDE, fontsize=11)
 out = Path("docs/bench-speed.svg")
 out.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
 fig.savefig(out, transparent=True, bbox_inches="tight", pad_inches=0.02)
 print("wrote", out)
@@ -1,24 +1,19 @@
-"""Crawler and link-unfurler tables."""
+"""Crawler and link-preview tables."""
 #: Lowercase UA substring to (display name, kind).  Ordered: first match
 #: wins, so overlapping names go from most to least specific.
 BOTS = {
    # Qualys SSL Labs scanner: frozen on this exact Firefox/45 string since
    # ~2016; the pinned Gecko date makes the substring distinctive.
    "mozilla/5.0 (x11; linux x86_64; rv:45.0) gecko/20100101 firefox/45.0": (
        "Qualys SSL Labs",
        "spider",
    ),
    "feedfetcher-google": ("Feedfetcher-Google", "search"),
    "google-inspectiontool": ("Google-InspectionTool", "search"),
-    "google-read-aloud": ("Google-Read-Aloud", "ai"),
+    "google-read-aloud": ("Google-Read-Aloud", "search"),
-    "mediapartners-google": ("Mediapartners-Google", "analytics"),
+    "mediapartners-google": ("Mediapartners-Google", "spider"),
-    "adsbot-google": ("AdsBot-Google", "analytics"),
+    "adsbot-google": ("AdsBot-Google", "spider"),
    "apis-google": ("APIs-Google", "spider"),
-    "storebot-google": ("Storebot-Google", "search"),
+    "storebot-google": ("Storebot-Google", "spider"),
    "duplexweb-google": ("DuplexWeb-Google", "spider"),
    "google-extended": ("Google-Extended", "ai"),
    "googlebot": ("Googlebot", "search"),
-    "googleother": ("GoogleOther", "ai"),
+    "googleother": ("GoogleOther", "spider"),
    "bingbot": ("Bingbot", "search"),
    "applebot": ("Applebot", "search"),
    "gptbot": ("GPTBot", "ai"),
@@ -34,39 +29,34 @@ BOTS = {
    "reflectionbot": ("Reflectionbot", "ai"),
    "amzn-searchbot": ("Amzn-SearchBot", "search"),
    "amazonbot": ("Amazonbot", "search"),
-    "ahrefsbot": ("AhrefsBot", "search"),
+    "ahrefsbot": ("AhrefsBot", "spider"),
-    "mj12bot": ("MJ12bot", "analytics"),
+    "mj12bot": ("MJ12bot", "spider"),
-    "facebookexternalhit": ("Facebook", "social"),
+    "facebookexternalhit": ("Facebook", "preview"),
-    "meta-externalagent": ("Meta-ExternalAgent", "ai"),
+    "meta-externalagent": ("Meta", "preview"),
-    "meta-externalfetcher": ("Meta-ExternalFetcher", "ai"),
+    "skypeuripreview": ("Skype", "preview"),
-    "meta-webindexer": ("Meta-WebIndexer", "search"),
+    "bingpreview": ("BingPreview", "preview"),
-    "bingpreview": ("BingPreview", "search"),
+    "pinterest": ("Pinterest", "preview"),
-    "pinterest": ("Pinterest", "social"),
+    "embedly": ("Embedly", "preview"),
-    "embedly": ("Embedly", "social"),
+    "iframely": ("Iframely", "preview"),
-    "iframely": ("Iframely", "social"),
+    "discordbot": ("Discord", "preview"),
-    "discordbot": ("Discord", "social"),
+    "slackbot": ("Slack", "preview"),
-    "slackbot": ("Slack", "social"),
+    "telegrambot": ("Telegram", "preview"),
-    "telegrambot": ("Telegram", "social"),
+    "twitterbot": ("Twitter", "preview"),
-    "twitterbot": ("Twitter", "social"),
+    "linkedinbot": ("LinkedIn", "preview"),
-    "linkedinbot": ("LinkedIn", "social"),
+    "whatsapp": ("WhatsApp", "preview"),
    "whatsapp": ("WhatsApp", "social"),
    "headlesschrome": ("HeadlessChrome", "spider"),
-    "uptimerobot": ("UptimeRobot", "analytics"),
+    "phantomjs": ("PhantomJS", "spider"),
-    "pingdom": ("Pingdom", "analytics"),
+    "uptimerobot": ("UptimeRobot", "spider"),
    "pingdom": ("Pingdom", "spider"),
 }
 #: Pretty suffixes for the kinds more precise than a generic spider.
-KIND_LABEL = {
+KIND_LABEL = {"ai": "AI", "search": "search", "preview": "preview"}
    "ai": "AI",
    "search": "search",
    "social": "social",
    "analytics": "analytics",
 }
-#: Crawler product families: provider -> the display names of its bots.
+#: Providers with more than one crawler product; the kind label is kept
-#: The kind label is kept only where it distinguishes siblings within a family.
+#: only where it distinguishes siblings within the group.
-PROVIDERS = {
+PROVIDERS = [
-    "Google": frozenset({
+    (
        "Googlebot",
        "Google-Extended",
        "GoogleOther",
@@ -77,47 +67,19 @@ PROVIDERS = {
        "AdsBot-Google",
        "APIs-Google",
        "Storebot-Google",
-    }),
+        "DuplexWeb-Google",
-    "Anthropic": frozenset({"ClaudeBot", "Claude-User", "Claude-SearchBot"}),
+    ),
-    "OpenAI": frozenset({"GPTBot", "OAI-SearchBot", "ChatGPT-User"}),
+    ("ClaudeBot", "Claude-User", "Claude-SearchBot"),
-    "Perplexity": frozenset({"PerplexityBot", "Perplexity-User"}),
+    ("GPTBot", "OAI-SearchBot", "ChatGPT-User"),
-    "Amazon": frozenset({"Amazonbot", "Amzn-SearchBot"}),
+    ("PerplexityBot", "Perplexity-User"),
-    "Microsoft": frozenset({"Bingbot", "BingPreview"}),
+    ("Amazonbot", "Amzn-SearchBot"),
-    "Meta": frozenset({
+    ("Bingbot", "BingPreview"),
-        "Facebook",
+]
        "Meta-ExternalAgent",
        "Meta-ExternalFetcher",
        "Meta-WebIndexer",
    }),
 }
-#: Reverse lookup: bot display name -> provider.
+#: Bot names whose kind label is displayed, computed from the groups.
 PROVIDER_OF = {
    name: provider for provider, names in PROVIDERS.items() for name in names
 }
 #: Per-bot pretty overrides: the full display string, replacing the
 #: name-plus-kind-label composition entirely.
 PRETTY_OVERRIDE = {
    "Facebook": "Facebook",
    "Feedfetcher-Google": "Google Feedfetcher (search)",
    "Google-InspectionTool": "Google InspectionTool (search)",
    "Google-Read-Aloud": "Google Read-Aloud (AI)",
    "Mediapartners-Google": "Google Mediapartners (analytics)",
    "AdsBot-Google": "Google AdsBot (analytics)",
    "APIs-Google": "Google APIs",
    "Storebot-Google": "Google Storebot (search)",
    "Google-Extended": "Google Extended (AI)",
    "GoogleOther": "Google Other (AI)",
 }
 #: Reverse lookup: bot display name -> kind.
 NAME_KIND = {name: kind for name, kind in BOTS.values()}
 #: Bot names whose kind label is displayed: those in families with mixed kinds.
 LABELED = {
    name
-    for names in PROVIDERS.values()
+    for group in PROVIDERS
-    if len({NAME_KIND[name] for name in names}) > 1
+    if len({kind for n, kind in BOTS.values() if n in group}) > 1
-    for name in names
+    for name in group
 }
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@ import re
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from functools import lru_cache
-from .bots import BOTS, KIND_LABEL, LABELED, PRETTY_OVERRIDE, PROVIDER_OF
+from .bots import BOTS, KIND_LABEL, LABELED
 from .clients import BROWSERS, SAMSUNG, SAMSUNG_SERIES
@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class UA:
-    pretty: str = ""
+    pretty: str
-    engine: str = ""
+    engine: str
-    os: str = ""
+    os: str
-    kind: str = ""
+    bot: str
-    url: str = ""
+    kind: str
-    provider: str = ""
+    url: str
 #: Fallback for unknown crawlers: a product token whose name says so.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def url(ua: str) -> str:
 def bot(ua: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
-    """(display name, kind) of the crawler/unfurler the UA claims."""
+    """(display name, kind) of the crawler/previewer the UA claims."""
    low = ua.lower()
    m = BOTS_RE.search(low)
    if m:
@@ -98,19 +98,6 @@ def browser(ua: str) -> str:
 #: Engines that differ from the Chromium default for recognized browsers.
 ENGINES = {"Firefox": "Gecko", "LibreWolf": "Gecko", "Safari": "Safari"}
 #: Oldest plausible major versions (≈2023 releases).  These browsers
 #: auto-update, so anything older is a scanner's frozen string, not a real
 #: installation.  Safari is OS-tied and exempt; old Macs genuinely run it.
 #: Bump the floors every few years.
 ANCIENT = {"Firefox": 108, "Chrome": 108, "Edge": 108, "Opera": 95}
 def spoofed(b: str) -> bool:
    """True when a ``Browser/major`` claims an impossibly old version."""
    name, _, ver = b.partition("/")
    floor = ANCIENT.get(name)
    return floor is not None and ver.isdigit() and int(ver) < floor
 def engine(b: str) -> str:
    """Engine for a ``Browser/major`` result; Chromium is the modern default."""
@@ -153,45 +140,31 @@ def model_name(model: str) -> str:
    return model
-@lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+def uaparse(ua: str) -> UA:
 def uaparse(ua: str | None) -> UA:
    """Parse a User-Agent string into a compact ``UA`` record.
    ``pretty`` is "" for empty/missing UAs and the original string when
    nothing is recognized.
-    Everything is cached: a dict lookup on the full UA string is far
+    Only the browser path is cached: real visitors repeat (cache hits),
-    cheaper than re-parsing, and the frozen ``UA`` is shared safely.
+    while crawlers and scripts are mostly one-hit wonders whose entries
    would just flush the cache.
    """
    if not ua or not ua.strip() or ua in ("-", "null"):
-        return UA()
+        return UA("", "", "", "", "", "")
    name, kind = bot(ua)
    if name:
        # The browser/OS in crawler UAs is a disguise; the bot identity is
        # the relevant information, so ``engine`` and ``os`` are left empty.
-        pretty = PRETTY_OVERRIDE.get(name)
+        label = KIND_LABEL.get(kind, "") if name in LABELED else ""
-        if pretty is None:
+        pretty = f"{name} ({label})" if label else name
-            label = KIND_LABEL.get(kind, "") if name in LABELED else ""
+        return UA(pretty, "", "", name, kind, url(ua))
            pretty = f"{name} ({label})" if label else name
        return UA(
            pretty=pretty, kind=kind, url=url(ua),
            provider=PROVIDER_OF.get(name, ""),
        )
    return _parse_client(ua)
@lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
 def _parse_client(ua: str) -> UA:
-    """Browser/client parsing; ``uaparse`` filters bots out."""
+    """Browser/client parsing behind the cache; ``uaparse`` filters bots out."""
    r = _client(ua)
    # Frozen ancient browser strings are scanners/scripts, not users: show
    # the claimed browser, but mark it and drop the fake engine/os/kind.
    if r.kind == "browser" and spoofed(browser(ua)):
        return UA(pretty=f"{r.pretty} (spoofed)")
    return r
 def _client(ua: str) -> UA:
    """Browser/client parsing; spoof marking is done by the caller."""
    # Non-browser HTTP clients ("python-requests/2.32.5", "curl/8.0",
    # "pip/24.3.1 {json…}"): the first product token, plus the OS when
@@ -202,22 +175,22 @@ def _client(ua: str) -> UA:
        os_name = os(ua)
        if os_name and os_name not in pretty:
            pretty = f"{pretty} {os_name}"
-        return UA(pretty=pretty, os=os_name)
+        return UA(pretty, "", os_name, "", "", "")
    # HarmonyOS carries an "Android" compatibility token, so it must be
    # detected before Android.
    if "OpenHarmony" in ua or "HarmonyOS" in ua or "ArkWeb" in ua:
        b = browser(ua)
        return UA(
-            pretty=f"{b} HarmonyOS" if b else "HarmonyOS",
+            f"{b} HarmonyOS" if b else "HarmonyOS", "ArkWeb", "HarmonyOS",
-            engine="ArkWeb", os="HarmonyOS", kind="browser",
+            "", "browser", "",
        )
    if "iPhone" in ua or "iPad" in ua:
        device = "iPhone" if "iPhone" in ua else "iPad"
        m = re.search(r"OS (\d+)", ua)
        pretty = f"{device} iOS {m.group(1)}" if m else device
-        return UA(pretty=pretty, engine="Safari", os="iOS", kind="browser")
+        return UA(pretty, "Safari", "iOS", "", "browser", "")
    m = re.search(r"Android ([\d.]+)", ua)
    if m:
@@ -235,12 +208,14 @@ def _client(ua: str) -> UA:
            if token and token not in ("wv", "Mobile", "Tablet"):
                model = model_name(token)
            parts = [p for p in (b, model or f"Android {m.group(1)}") if p]
-        return UA(
+        return UA(" ".join(parts), engine(b), "Android", "", "browser", "")
            pretty=" ".join(parts), engine=engine(b), os="Android",
            kind="browser",
        )
    b = browser(ua)
    os_name = os(ua)
    pretty = f"{b} {os_name}".strip()
-    return UA(pretty=pretty or ua, engine=engine(b), os=os_name, kind="browser")
+    return UA(pretty or ua, engine(b), os_name, "", "browser", "")
 def is_bot(ua: str) -> bool:
    """True when the UA claims a crawler or link-preview identity."""
    return bool(uaparse(ua).bot)