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L. Kärkkäinen 2019-12-15 13:44:58 +02:00
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.gitignore vendored
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settings.py
.idea/*
.cache/*
.mypy_cache/
.python-version
docs/_build/
docs/_api/

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.travis.yml
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@ -21,6 +21,12 @@ matrix:
dist: xenial
sudo: true
name: "Python 3.7 without Extensions"
- env: TOX_ENV=type-checking
python: 3.6
name: "Python 3.6 Type checks"
- env: TOX_ENV=type-checking
python: 3.7
name: "Python 3.7 Type checks"
- env: TOX_ENV=lint
python: 3.6
name: "Python 3.6 Linter checks"

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CONTRIBUTING.rst
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Run unittests
-------------
``tox`` environment -> ``[testenv]`
``tox`` environment -> ``[testenv]``
To execute only unittests, run ``tox`` with environment like so:

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Move docs from RST to MD
Moved all docs from markdown to restructured text like the rest of the docs to unify the scheme and make it easier in
the future to update documentation.

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Fix documentation for `get` and `getlist` of the `request.args`
Add additional example for showing the usage of `getlist` and fix the documentation string for `request.args` behavior

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Fix `url_for` behavior with missing SERVER_NAME
If the `SERVER_NAME` was missing in the `app.config` entity, the `url_for` on the `request` and `app` were failing
due to an `AttributeError`. This fix makes the availability of `SERVER_NAME` on our `app.config` an optional behavior.

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<div class="document">
<div class="section" id="sanic">
<h1>Sanic</h1>
<p>Sanic is a Python 3.6+ web server and web framework that's written to go fast. It allows the usage of the async/await syntax added in Python 3.5, which makes your code non-blocking and speedy.</p>
<p>The goal of the project is to provide a simple way to get up and running a highly performant HTTP server that is easy to build, to expand, and ultimately to scale.</p>
<p>Sanic is developed <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/channelcat/sanic/">on GitHub</a>. Contributions are welcome!</p>
<div class="section" id="sanic-aspires-to-be-simple">
<h2>Sanic aspires to be simple</h2>
<pre class="code python literal-block">
<span class="keyword namespace">from</span> <span class="name namespace">sanic</span> <span class="keyword namespace">import</span> <span class="name">Sanic</span>
<span class="keyword namespace">from</span> <span class="name namespace">sanic.response</span> <span class="keyword namespace">import</span> <span class="name">json</span>
<span class="name">app</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="name">Sanic</span><span class="punctuation">()</span>
<span class="name decorator">&#64;app.route</span><span class="punctuation">(</span><span class="literal string double">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">)</span>
<span class="name">async</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="name function">test</span><span class="punctuation">(</span><span class="name">request</span><span class="punctuation">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="name">json</span><span class="punctuation">({</span><span class="literal string double">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span> <span class="literal string double">&quot;world&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">})</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="name variable magic">__name__</span> <span class="operator">==</span> <span class="literal string double">&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">:</span>
<span class="name">app</span><span class="operator">.</span><span class="name">run</span><span class="punctuation">(</span><span class="name">host</span><span class="operator">=</span><span class="literal string double">&quot;0.0.0.0&quot;</span><span class="punctuation">,</span> <span class="name">port</span><span class="operator">=</span><span class="literal number integer">8000</span><span class="punctuation">)</span>
</pre>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Sanic does not support Python 3.5 from version 19.6 and forward. However, version 18.12LTS is supported thru
December 2020. Official Python support for version 3.5 is set to expire in September 2020.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="guides">
<h1>Guides</h1>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">E:/OneDrive/GitHub/sanic/docs/index.rst</tt>, line 6)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type &quot;toctree&quot;.</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
sanic/getting_started
sanic/config
sanic/logging
sanic/request_data
sanic/response
sanic/cookies
sanic/routing
sanic/blueprints
sanic/static_files
sanic/versioning
sanic/exceptions
sanic/middleware
sanic/websocket
sanic/decorators
sanic/streaming
sanic/class_based_views
sanic/custom_protocol
sanic/sockets
sanic/ssl
sanic/debug_mode
sanic/testing
sanic/deploying
sanic/extensions
sanic/examples
sanic/changelog
sanic/contributing
sanic/api_reference
sanic/asyncio_python37
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="module-documentation">
<h1>Module Documentation</h1>
<div class="system-message">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">E:/OneDrive/GitHub/sanic/docs/index.rst</tt>, line 42)</p>
<p>Unknown directive type &quot;toctree&quot;.</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
.. toctree::
</pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li><p class="first"><a href="#id1"><span class="problematic" id="id2">:ref:`genindex`</span></a></p>
<div class="system-message" id="id1">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">E:/OneDrive/GitHub/sanic/docs/index.rst</tt>, line 44); <em><a href="#id2">backlink</a></em></p>
<p>Unknown interpreted text role &quot;ref&quot;.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id4">:ref:`modindex`</span></a></p>
<div class="system-message" id="id3">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">E:/OneDrive/GitHub/sanic/docs/index.rst</tt>, line 45); <em><a href="#id4">backlink</a></em></p>
<p>Unknown interpreted text role &quot;ref&quot;.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a href="#id5"><span class="problematic" id="id6">:ref:`search`</span></a></p>
<div class="system-message" id="id5">
<p class="system-message-title">System Message: ERROR/3 (<tt class="docutils">E:/OneDrive/GitHub/sanic/docs/index.rst</tt>, line 46); <em><a href="#id6">backlink</a></em></p>
<p>Unknown interpreted text role &quot;ref&quot;.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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# Blueprints
Blueprints are objects that can be used for sub-routing within an application.
Instead of adding routes to the application instance, blueprints define similar
methods for adding routes, which are then registered with the application in a
flexible and pluggable manner.
Blueprints are especially useful for larger applications, where your
application logic can be broken down into several groups or areas of
responsibility.
## My First Blueprint
The following shows a very simple blueprint that registers a handler-function at
the root `/` of your application.
Suppose you save this file as `my_blueprint.py`, which can be imported into your
main application later.
```python
from sanic.response import json
from sanic import Blueprint
bp = Blueprint('my_blueprint')
@bp.route('/')
async def bp_root(request):
return json({'my': 'blueprint'})
```
## Registering blueprints
Blueprints must be registered with the application.
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from my_blueprint import bp
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.blueprint(bp)
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8000, debug=True)
```
This will add the blueprint to the application and register any routes defined
by that blueprint. In this example, the registered routes in the `app.router`
will look like:
```python
[Route(handler=<function bp_root at 0x7f908382f9d8>, methods=frozenset({'GET'}), pattern=re.compile('^/$'), parameters=[], name='my_blueprint.bp_root', uri='/')]
```
## Blueprint groups and nesting
Blueprints may also be registered as part of a list or tuple, where the registrar will recursively cycle through any sub-sequences of blueprints and register them accordingly. The `Blueprint.group` method is provided to simplify this process, allowing a 'mock' backend directory structure mimicking what's seen from the front end. Consider this (quite contrived) example:
```
api/
├──content/
│ ├──authors.py
│ ├──static.py
│ └──__init__.py
├──info.py
└──__init__.py
app.py
```
Initialization of this app's blueprint hierarchy could go as follows:
```python
# api/content/authors.py
from sanic import Blueprint
authors = Blueprint('content_authors', url_prefix='/authors')
```
```python
# api/content/static.py
from sanic import Blueprint
static = Blueprint('content_static', url_prefix='/static')
```
```python
# api/content/__init__.py
from sanic import Blueprint
from .static import static
from .authors import authors
content = Blueprint.group(static, authors, url_prefix='/content')
```
```python
# api/info.py
from sanic import Blueprint
info = Blueprint('info', url_prefix='/info')
```
```python
# api/__init__.py
from sanic import Blueprint
from .content import content
from .info import info
api = Blueprint.group(content, info, url_prefix='/api')
```
And registering these blueprints in `app.py` can now be done like so:
```python
# app.py
from sanic import Sanic
from .api import api
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.blueprint(api)
```
## Using Blueprints
Blueprints have almost the same functionality as an application instance.
### WebSocket routes
WebSocket handlers can be registered on a blueprint using the `@bp.websocket`
decorator or `bp.add_websocket_route` method.
### Blueprint Middleware
Using blueprints allows you to also register middleware globally.
```python
@bp.middleware
async def print_on_request(request):
print("I am a spy")
@bp.middleware('request')
async def halt_request(request):
return text('I halted the request')
@bp.middleware('response')
async def halt_response(request, response):
return text('I halted the response')
```
### Blueprint Group Middleware
Using this middleware will ensure that you can apply a common middleware to all the blueprints that form the
current blueprint group under consideration.
```python
bp1 = Blueprint('bp1', url_prefix='/bp1')
bp2 = Blueprint('bp2', url_prefix='/bp2')
@bp1.middleware('request')
async def bp1_only_middleware(request):
print('applied on Blueprint : bp1 Only')
@bp1.route('/')
async def bp1_route(request):
return text('bp1')
@bp2.route('/<param>')
async def bp2_route(request, param):
return text(param)
group = Blueprint.group(bp1, bp2)
@group.middleware('request')
async def group_middleware(request):
print('common middleware applied for both bp1 and bp2')
# Register Blueprint group under the app
app.blueprint(group)
```
### Exceptions
Exceptions can be applied exclusively to blueprints globally.
```python
@bp.exception(NotFound)
def ignore_404s(request, exception):
return text("Yep, I totally found the page: {}".format(request.url))
```
### Static files
Static files can be served globally, under the blueprint prefix.
```python
# suppose bp.name == 'bp'
bp.static('/web/path', '/folder/to/serve')
# also you can pass name parameter to it for url_for
bp.static('/web/path', '/folder/to/server', name='uploads')
app.url_for('static', name='bp.uploads', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/web/path/file.txt'
```
## Start and stop
Blueprints can run functions during the start and stop process of the server.
If running in multiprocessor mode (more than 1 worker), these are triggered
after the workers fork.
Available events are:
- `before_server_start`: Executed before the server begins to accept connections
- `after_server_start`: Executed after the server begins to accept connections
- `before_server_stop`: Executed before the server stops accepting connections
- `after_server_stop`: Executed after the server is stopped and all requests are complete
```python
bp = Blueprint('my_blueprint')
@bp.listener('before_server_start')
async def setup_connection(app, loop):
global database
database = mysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1'...)
@bp.listener('after_server_stop')
async def close_connection(app, loop):
await database.close()
```
## Use-case: API versioning
Blueprints can be very useful for API versioning, where one blueprint may point
at `/v1/<routes>`, and another pointing at `/v2/<routes>`.
When a blueprint is initialised, it can take an optional `version` argument,
which will be prepended to all routes defined on the blueprint. This feature
can be used to implement our API versioning scheme.
```python
# blueprints.py
from sanic.response import text
from sanic import Blueprint
blueprint_v1 = Blueprint('v1', url_prefix='/api', version="v1")
blueprint_v2 = Blueprint('v2', url_prefix='/api', version="v2")
@blueprint_v1.route('/')
async def api_v1_root(request):
return text('Welcome to version 1 of our documentation')
@blueprint_v2.route('/')
async def api_v2_root(request):
return text('Welcome to version 2 of our documentation')
```
When we register our blueprints on the app, the routes `/v1/api` and `/v2/api` will now
point to the individual blueprints, which allows the creation of *sub-sites*
for each API version.
```python
# main.py
from sanic import Sanic
from blueprints import blueprint_v1, blueprint_v2
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.blueprint(blueprint_v1)
app.blueprint(blueprint_v2)
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8000, debug=True)
```
## URL Building with `url_for`
If you wish to generate a URL for a route inside of a blueprint, remember that the endpoint name
takes the format `<blueprint_name>.<handler_name>`. For example:
```python
@blueprint_v1.route('/')
async def root(request):
url = request.app.url_for('v1.post_handler', post_id=5) # --> '/v1/api/post/5'
return redirect(url)
@blueprint_v1.route('/post/<post_id>')
async def post_handler(request, post_id):
return text('Post {} in Blueprint V1'.format(post_id))
```

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Blueprints
==========
Blueprints are objects that can be used for sub-routing within an application.
Instead of adding routes to the application instance, blueprints define similar
methods for adding routes, which are then registered with the application in a
flexible and pluggable manner.
Blueprints are especially useful for larger applications, where your
application logic can be broken down into several groups or areas of
responsibility.
My First Blueprint
------------------
The following shows a very simple blueprint that registers a handler-function at
the root `/` of your application.
Suppose you save this file as `my_blueprint.py`, which can be imported into your
main application later.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import json
from sanic import Blueprint
bp = Blueprint('my_blueprint')
@bp.route('/')
async def bp_root(request):
return json({'my': 'blueprint'})
Registering blueprints
----------------------
Blueprints must be registered with the application.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from my_blueprint import bp
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.blueprint(bp)
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8000, debug=True)
This will add the blueprint to the application and register any routes defined
by that blueprint. In this example, the registered routes in the `app.router`
will look like:
.. code-block:: python
[Route(handler=<function bp_root at 0x7f908382f9d8>, methods=frozenset({'GET'}), pattern=re.compile('^/$'), parameters=[], name='my_blueprint.bp_root', uri='/')]
Blueprint groups and nesting
----------------------------
Blueprints may also be registered as part of a list or tuple, where the registrar will recursively cycle through any sub-sequences of blueprints and register them accordingly. The `Blueprint.group` method is provided to simplify this process, allowing a 'mock' backend directory structure mimicking what's seen from the front end. Consider this (quite contrived) example:
| api/
| ├──content/
| │ ├──authors.py
| │ ├──static.py
| │ └──__init__.py
| ├──info.py
| └──__init__.py
| app.py
Initialization of this app's blueprint hierarchy could go as follows:
.. code-block:: python
# api/content/authors.py
from sanic import Blueprint
authors = Blueprint('content_authors', url_prefix='/authors')
.. code-block:: python
# api/content/static.py
from sanic import Blueprint
static = Blueprint('content_static', url_prefix='/static')
.. code-block:: python
# api/content/__init__.py
from sanic import Blueprint
from .static import static
from .authors import authors
content = Blueprint.group(static, authors, url_prefix='/content')
.. code-block:: python
# api/info.py
from sanic import Blueprint
info = Blueprint('info', url_prefix='/info')
.. code-block:: python
# api/__init__.py
from sanic import Blueprint
from .content import content
from .info import info
api = Blueprint.group(content, info, url_prefix='/api')
And registering these blueprints in `app.py` can now be done like so:
.. code-block:: python
# app.py
from sanic import Sanic
from .api import api
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.blueprint(api)
Using Blueprints
----------------
Blueprints have almost the same functionality as an application instance.
WebSocket routes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
WebSocket handlers can be registered on a blueprint using the `@bp.websocket`
decorator or `bp.add_websocket_route` method.
Blueprint Middleware
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Using blueprints allows you to also register middleware globally.
.. code-block:: python
@bp.middleware
async def print_on_request(request):
print("I am a spy")
@bp.middleware('request')
async def halt_request(request):
return text('I halted the request')
@bp.middleware('response')
async def halt_response(request, response):
return text('I halted the response')
Blueprint Group Middleware
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Using this middleware will ensure that you can apply a common middleware to all the blueprints that form the
current blueprint group under consideration.
.. code-block:: python
bp1 = Blueprint('bp1', url_prefix='/bp1')
bp2 = Blueprint('bp2', url_prefix='/bp2')
@bp1.middleware('request')
async def bp1_only_middleware(request):
print('applied on Blueprint : bp1 Only')
@bp1.route('/')
async def bp1_route(request):
return text('bp1')
@bp2.route('/<param>')
async def bp2_route(request, param):
return text(param)
group = Blueprint.group(bp1, bp2)
@group.middleware('request')
async def group_middleware(request):
print('common middleware applied for both bp1 and bp2')
# Register Blueprint group under the app
app.blueprint(group)
Exceptions
~~~~~~~~~~
Exceptions can be applied exclusively to blueprints globally.
.. code-block:: python
@bp.exception(NotFound)
def ignore_404s(request, exception):
return text("Yep, I totally found the page: {}".format(request.url))
Static files
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Static files can be served globally, under the blueprint prefix.
.. code-block:: python
# suppose bp.name == 'bp'
bp.static('/web/path', '/folder/to/serve')
# also you can pass name parameter to it for url_for
bp.static('/web/path', '/folder/to/server', name='uploads')
app.url_for('static', name='bp.uploads', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/web/path/file.txt'
Start and stop
--------------
Blueprints can run functions during the start and stop process of the server.
If running in multiprocessor mode (more than 1 worker), these are triggered
after the workers fork.
Available events are:
- `before_server_start`: Executed before the server begins to accept connections
- `after_server_start`: Executed after the server begins to accept connections
- `before_server_stop`: Executed before the server stops accepting connections
- `after_server_stop`: Executed after the server is stopped and all requests are complete
.. code-block:: python
bp = Blueprint('my_blueprint')
@bp.listener('before_server_start')
async def setup_connection(app, loop):
global database
database = mysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1'...)
@bp.listener('after_server_stop')
async def close_connection(app, loop):
await database.close()
Use-case: API versioning
------------------------
Blueprints can be very useful for API versioning, where one blueprint may point
at `/v1/<routes>`, and another pointing at `/v2/<routes>`.
When a blueprint is initialised, it can take an optional `version` argument,
which will be prepended to all routes defined on the blueprint. This feature
can be used to implement our API versioning scheme.
.. code-block:: python
# blueprints.py
from sanic.response import text
from sanic import Blueprint
blueprint_v1 = Blueprint('v1', url_prefix='/api', version="v1")
blueprint_v2 = Blueprint('v2', url_prefix='/api', version="v2")
@blueprint_v1.route('/')
async def api_v1_root(request):
return text('Welcome to version 1 of our documentation')
@blueprint_v2.route('/')
async def api_v2_root(request):
return text('Welcome to version 2 of our documentation')
When we register our blueprints on the app, the routes `/v1/api` and `/v2/api` will now
point to the individual blueprints, which allows the creation of *sub-sites*
for each API version.
.. code-block:: python
# main.py
from sanic import Sanic
from blueprints import blueprint_v1, blueprint_v2
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.blueprint(blueprint_v1)
app.blueprint(blueprint_v2)
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8000, debug=True)
URL Building with `url_for`
---------------------------
If you wish to generate a URL for a route inside of a blueprint, remember that the endpoint name
takes the format `<blueprint_name>.<handler_name>`. For example:
.. code-block:: python
@blueprint_v1.route('/')
async def root(request):
url = request.app.url_for('v1.post_handler', post_id=5) # --> '/v1/api/post/5'
return redirect(url)
@blueprint_v1.route('/post/<post_id>')
async def post_handler(request, post_id):
return text('Post {} in Blueprint V1'.format(post_id))

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# Class-Based Views
Class-based views are simply classes which implement response behaviour to
requests. They provide a way to compartmentalise handling of different HTTP
request types at the same endpoint. Rather than defining and decorating three
different handler functions, one for each of an endpoint's supported request
type, the endpoint can be assigned a class-based view.
## Defining views
A class-based view should subclass `HTTPMethodView`. You can then implement
class methods for every HTTP request type you want to support. If a request is
received that has no defined method, a `405: Method not allowed` response will
be generated.
To register a class-based view on an endpoint, the `app.add_route` method is
used. The first argument should be the defined class with the method `as_view`
invoked, and the second should be the URL endpoint.
The available methods are `get`, `post`, `put`, `patch`, and `delete`. A class
using all these methods would look like the following.
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic('some_name')
class SimpleView(HTTPMethodView):
def get(self, request):
return text('I am get method')
def post(self, request):
return text('I am post method')
def put(self, request):
return text('I am put method')
def patch(self, request):
return text('I am patch method')
def delete(self, request):
return text('I am delete method')
app.add_route(SimpleView.as_view(), '/')
```
You can also use `async` syntax.
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic('some_name')
class SimpleAsyncView(HTTPMethodView):
async def get(self, request):
return text('I am async get method')
app.add_route(SimpleAsyncView.as_view(), '/')
```
## URL parameters
If you need any URL parameters, as discussed in the routing guide, include them
in the method definition.
```python
class NameView(HTTPMethodView):
def get(self, request, name):
return text('Hello {}'.format(name))
app.add_route(NameView.as_view(), '/<name>')
```
## Decorators
If you want to add any decorators to the class, you can set the `decorators`
class variable. These will be applied to the class when `as_view` is called.
```python
class ViewWithDecorator(HTTPMethodView):
decorators = [some_decorator_here]
def get(self, request, name):
return text('Hello I have a decorator')
def post(self, request, name):
return text("Hello I also have a decorator")
app.add_route(ViewWithDecorator.as_view(), '/url')
```
But if you just want to decorate some functions and not all functions, you can do as follows:
```python
class ViewWithSomeDecorator(HTTPMethodView):
@staticmethod
@some_decorator_here
def get(request, name):
return text("Hello I have a decorator")
def post(self, request, name):
return text("Hello I don't have any decorators")
```
## URL Building
If you wish to build a URL for an HTTPMethodView, remember that the class name will be the endpoint
that you will pass into `url_for`. For example:
```python
@app.route('/')
def index(request):
url = app.url_for('SpecialClassView')
return redirect(url)
class SpecialClassView(HTTPMethodView):
def get(self, request):
return text('Hello from the Special Class View!')
app.add_route(SpecialClassView.as_view(), '/special_class_view')
```
## Using CompositionView
As an alternative to the `HTTPMethodView`, you can use `CompositionView` to
move handler functions outside of the view class.
Handler functions for each supported HTTP method are defined elsewhere in the
source, and then added to the view using the `CompositionView.add` method. The
first parameter is a list of HTTP methods to handle (e.g. `['GET', 'POST']`),
and the second is the handler function. The following example shows
`CompositionView` usage with both an external handler function and an inline
lambda:
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.views import CompositionView
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic(__name__)
def get_handler(request):
return text('I am a get method')
view = CompositionView()
view.add(['GET'], get_handler)
view.add(['POST', 'PUT'], lambda request: text('I am a post/put method'))
# Use the new view to handle requests to the base URL
app.add_route(view, '/')
```
Note: currently you cannot build a URL for a CompositionView using `url_for`.

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Class-Based Views
=================
Class-based views are simply classes which implement response behaviour to
requests. They provide a way to compartmentalise handling of different HTTP
request types at the same endpoint. Rather than defining and decorating three
different handler functions, one for each of an endpoint's supported request
type, the endpoint can be assigned a class-based view.
Defining views
--------------
A class-based view should subclass `HTTPMethodView`. You can then implement
class methods for every HTTP request type you want to support. If a request is
received that has no defined method, a `405: Method not allowed` response will
be generated.
To register a class-based view on an endpoint, the `app.add_route` method is
used. The first argument should be the defined class with the method `as_view`
invoked, and the second should be the URL endpoint.
The available methods are `get`, `post`, `put`, `patch`, and `delete`. A class
using all these methods would look like the following.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic('some_name')
class SimpleView(HTTPMethodView):
def get(self, request):
return text('I am get method')
def post(self, request):
return text('I am post method')
def put(self, request):
return text('I am put method')
def patch(self, request):
return text('I am patch method')
def delete(self, request):
return text('I am delete method')
app.add_route(SimpleView.as_view(), '/')
You can also use `async` syntax.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic('some_name')
class SimpleAsyncView(HTTPMethodView):
async def get(self, request):
return text('I am async get method')
app.add_route(SimpleAsyncView.as_view(), '/')
URL parameters
--------------
If you need any URL parameters, as discussed in the routing guide, include them
in the method definition.
.. code-block:: python
class NameView(HTTPMethodView):
def get(self, request, name):
return text('Hello {}'.format(name))
app.add_route(NameView.as_view(), '/<name>')
Decorators
----------
If you want to add any decorators to the class, you can set the `decorators`
class variable. These will be applied to the class when `as_view` is called.
.. code-block:: python
class ViewWithDecorator(HTTPMethodView):
decorators = [some_decorator_here]
def get(self, request, name):
return text('Hello I have a decorator')
def post(self, request, name):
return text("Hello I also have a decorator")
app.add_route(ViewWithDecorator.as_view(), '/url')
But if you just want to decorate some functions and not all functions, you can do as follows:
.. code-block:: python
class ViewWithSomeDecorator(HTTPMethodView):
@staticmethod
@some_decorator_here
def get(request, name):
return text("Hello I have a decorator")
def post(self, request, name):
return text("Hello I don't have any decorators")
URL Building
------------
If you wish to build a URL for an HTTPMethodView, remember that the class name will be the endpoint
that you will pass into `url_for`. For example:
.. code-block:: python
@app.route('/')
def index(request):
url = app.url_for('SpecialClassView')
return redirect(url)
class SpecialClassView(HTTPMethodView):
def get(self, request):
return text('Hello from the Special Class View!')
app.add_route(SpecialClassView.as_view(), '/special_class_view')
Using CompositionView
---------------------
As an alternative to the `HTTPMethodView`, you can use `CompositionView` to
move handler functions outside of the view class.
Handler functions for each supported HTTP method are defined elsewhere in the
source, and then added to the view using the `CompositionView.add` method. The
first parameter is a list of HTTP methods to handle (e.g. `['GET', 'POST']`),
and the second is the handler function. The following example shows
`CompositionView` usage with both an external handler function and an inline
lambda:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.views import CompositionView
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic(__name__)
def get_handler(request):
return text('I am a get method')
view = CompositionView()
view.add(['GET'], get_handler)
view.add(['POST', 'PUT'], lambda request: text('I am a post/put method'))
# Use the new view to handle requests to the base URL
app.add_route(view, '/')
Note: currently you cannot build a URL for a CompositionView using `url_for`.

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# Configuration
Any reasonably complex application will need configuration that is not baked into the actual code. Settings might be different for different environments or installations.
## Basics
Sanic holds the configuration in the `config` attribute of the application object. The configuration object is merely an object that can be modified either using dot-notation or like a dictionary:
```
app = Sanic('myapp')
app.config.DB_NAME = 'appdb'
app.config.DB_USER = 'appuser'
```
Since the config object actually is a dictionary, you can use its `update` method in order to set several values at once:
```
db_settings = {
'DB_HOST': 'localhost',
'DB_NAME': 'appdb',
'DB_USER': 'appuser'
}
app.config.update(db_settings)
```
In general the convention is to only have UPPERCASE configuration parameters. The methods described below for loading configuration only look for such uppercase parameters.
## Loading Configuration
There are several ways how to load configuration.
### From Environment Variables
Any variables defined with the `SANIC_` prefix will be applied to the sanic config. For example, setting `SANIC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT` will be loaded by the application automatically and fed into the `REQUEST_TIMEOUT` config variable. You can pass a different prefix to Sanic:
```python
app = Sanic(load_env='MYAPP_')
```
Then the above variable would be `MYAPP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT`. If you want to disable loading from environment variables you can set it to `False` instead:
```python
app = Sanic(load_env=False)
```
### From an Object
If there are a lot of configuration values and they have sensible defaults it might be helpful to put them into a module:
```
import myapp.default_settings
app = Sanic('myapp')
app.config.from_object(myapp.default_settings)
```
or also by path to config:
```
app = Sanic('myapp')
app.config.from_object('config.path.config.Class')
```
You could use a class or any other object as well.
### From a File
Usually you will want to load configuration from a file that is not part of the distributed application. You can load configuration from a file using `from_pyfile(/path/to/config_file)`. However, that requires the program to know the path to the config file. So instead you can specify the location of the config file in an environment variable and tell Sanic to use that to find the config file:
```
app = Sanic('myapp')
app.config.from_envvar('MYAPP_SETTINGS')
```
Then you can run your application with the `MYAPP_SETTINGS` environment variable set:
```
$ MYAPP_SETTINGS=/path/to/config_file python3 myapp.py
INFO: Goin' Fast @ http://0.0.0.0:8000
```
The config files are regular Python files which are executed in order to load them. This allows you to use arbitrary logic for constructing the right configuration. Only uppercase variables are added to the configuration. Most commonly the configuration consists of simple key value pairs:
```
# config_file
DB_HOST = 'localhost'
DB_NAME = 'appdb'
DB_USER = 'appuser'
```
## Builtin Configuration Values
Out of the box there are just a few predefined values which can be overwritten when creating the application.
| Variable | Default | Description |
| ------------------------- | ----------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| REQUEST_MAX_SIZE | 100000000 | How big a request may be (bytes) |
| REQUEST_BUFFER_QUEUE_SIZE | 100 | Request streaming buffer queue size |
| REQUEST_TIMEOUT | 60 | How long a request can take to arrive (sec) |
| RESPONSE_TIMEOUT | 60 | How long a response can take to process (sec) |
| KEEP_ALIVE | True | Disables keep-alive when False |
| KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT | 5 | How long to hold a TCP connection open (sec) |
| GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT | 15.0 | How long to wait to force close non-idle connection (sec) |
| ACCESS_LOG | True | Disable or enable access log |
| PROXIES_COUNT | -1 | The number of proxy servers in front of the app (e.g. nginx; see below) |
| FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER | "X-Forwarded-For" | The name of "X-Forwarded-For" HTTP header that contains client and proxy ip |
| REAL_IP_HEADER | "X-Real-IP" | The name of "X-Real-IP" HTTP header that contains real client ip |
### The different Timeout variables:
#### `REQUEST_TIMEOUT`
A request timeout measures the duration of time between the instant when a new open TCP connection is passed to the
Sanic backend server, and the instant when the whole HTTP request is received. If the time taken exceeds the
`REQUEST_TIMEOUT` value (in seconds), this is considered a Client Error so Sanic generates an `HTTP 408` response
and sends that to the client. Set this parameter's value higher if your clients routinely pass very large request payloads
or upload requests very slowly.
#### `RESPONSE_TIMEOUT`
A response timeout measures the duration of time between the instant the Sanic server passes the HTTP request to the
Sanic App, and the instant a HTTP response is sent to the client. If the time taken exceeds the `RESPONSE_TIMEOUT`
value (in seconds), this is considered a Server Error so Sanic generates an `HTTP 503` response and sends that to the
client. Set this parameter's value higher if your application is likely to have long-running process that delay the
generation of a response.
#### `KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT`
##### What is Keep Alive? And what does the Keep Alive Timeout value do?
`Keep-Alive` is a HTTP feature introduced in `HTTP 1.1`. When sending a HTTP request, the client (usually a web browser application)
can set a `Keep-Alive` header to indicate the http server (Sanic) to not close the TCP connection after it has send the response.
This allows the client to reuse the existing TCP connection to send subsequent HTTP requests, and ensures more efficient
network traffic for both the client and the server.
The `KEEP_ALIVE` config variable is set to `True` in Sanic by default. If you don't need this feature in your application,
set it to `False` to cause all client connections to close immediately after a response is sent, regardless of
the `Keep-Alive` header on the request.
The amount of time the server holds the TCP connection open is decided by the server itself.
In Sanic, that value is configured using the `KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT` value. By default, it is set to 5 seconds.
This is the same default setting as the Apache HTTP server and is a good balance between allowing enough time for
the client to send a new request, and not holding open too many connections at once. Do not exceed 75 seconds unless
you know your clients are using a browser which supports TCP connections held open for that long.
For reference:
```
Apache httpd server default keepalive timeout = 5 seconds
Nginx server default keepalive timeout = 75 seconds
Nginx performance tuning guidelines uses keepalive = 15 seconds
IE (5-9) client hard keepalive limit = 60 seconds
Firefox client hard keepalive limit = 115 seconds
Opera 11 client hard keepalive limit = 120 seconds
Chrome 13+ client keepalive limit > 300+ seconds
```
### Proxy configuration
When you use a reverse proxy server (e.g. nginx), the value of `request.ip` will contain ip of a proxy, typically `127.0.0.1`. Sanic may be configured to use proxy headers for determining the true client IP, available as `request.remote_addr`. The full external URL is also constructed from header fields if available.
Without proper precautions, a malicious client may use proxy headers to spoof its own IP. To avoid such issues, Sanic does not use any proxy headers unless explicitly enabled.
Services behind reverse proxies must configure `FORWARDED_SECRET`, `REAL_IP_HEADER` and/or `PROXIES_COUNT`.
#### Forwarded header
```
Forwarded: for="1.2.3.4"; proto="https"; host="yoursite.com"; secret="Pr0xy",
for="10.0.0.1"; proto="http"; host="proxy.internal"; by="_1234proxy"
```
* Set `FORWARDED_SECRET` to an identifier used by the proxy of interest.
The secret is used to securely identify a specific proxy server. Given the above header, secret `Pr0xy` would use the information on the first line and secret `_1234proxy` would use the second line. The secret must exactly match the value of `secret` or `by`. A secret in `by` must begin with an underscore and use only characters specified in [RFC 7239 section 6.3](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7239#section-6.3), while `secret` has no such restrictions.
Sanic ignores any elements without the secret key, and will not even parse the header if no secret is set.
All other proxy headers are ignored once a trusted forwarded element is found, as it already carries complete information about the client.
#### Traditional proxy headers
```
X-Real-IP: 1.2.3.4
X-Forwarded-For: 1.2.3.4, 10.0.0.1
X-Forwarded-Proto: https
X-Forwarded-Host: yoursite.com
```
* Set `REAL_IP_HEADER` to `x-real-ip`, `true-client-ip`, `cf-connecting-ip` or other name of such header.
* Set `PROXIES_COUNT` to the number of entries expected in `x-forwarded-for` (name configurable via `FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER`).
If client IP is found by one of these methods, Sanic uses the following headers for URL parts:
* `x-forwarded-proto`, `x-forwarded-host`, `x-forwarded-port`, `x-forwarded-path` and if necessary, `x-scheme`.
#### Proxy config if using ...
* a proxy that supports `forwarded`: set `FORWARDED_SECRET` to the value that the proxy inserts in the header
* Apache Traffic Server: `CONFIG proxy.config.http.insert_forwarded STRING for|proto|host|by=_secret`
* NGHTTPX: `nghttpx --add-forwarded=for,proto,host,by --forwarded-for=ip --forwarded-by=_secret`
* NGINX: after [the official instructions](https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/examples/forwarded/), add anywhere in your config:
proxy_set_header Forwarded "$proxy_add_forwarded;by=\"_$server_name\";proto=$scheme;host=\"$http_host\";path=\"$request_uri\";secret=_secret";
* a custom header with client IP: set `REAL_IP_HEADER` to the name of that header
* `x-forwarded-for`: set `PROXIES_COUNT` to `1` for a single proxy, or a greater number to allow Sanic to select the correct IP
* no proxies: no configuration required!
#### Changes in Sanic 19.9
Earlier Sanic versions had unsafe default settings. From 19.9 onwards proxy settings must be set manually, and support for negative PROXIES_COUNT has been removed.

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Configuration
=============
Any reasonably complex application will need configuration that is not baked into the actual code. Settings might be different for different environments or installations.
Basics
------
Sanic holds the configuration in the `config` attribute of the application object. The configuration object is merely an object that can be modified either using dot-notation or like a dictionary:
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic('myapp')
app.config.DB_NAME = 'appdb'
app.config.DB_USER = 'appuser'
Since the config object actually is a dictionary, you can use its `update` method in order to set several values at once:
.. code-block:: python
db_settings = {
'DB_HOST': 'localhost',
'DB_NAME': 'appdb',
'DB_USER': 'appuser'
}
app.config.update(db_settings)
In general the convention is to only have UPPERCASE configuration parameters. The methods described below for loading configuration only look for such uppercase parameters.
Loading Configuration
---------------------
There are several ways how to load configuration.
From Environment Variables
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Any variables defined with the `SANIC_` prefix will be applied to the sanic config. For example, setting `SANIC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT` will be loaded by the application automatically and fed into the `REQUEST_TIMEOUT` config variable. You can pass a different prefix to Sanic:
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic(load_env='MYAPP_')
Then the above variable would be `MYAPP_REQUEST_TIMEOUT`. If you want to disable loading from environment variables you can set it to `False` instead:
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic(load_env=False)
From an Object
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If there are a lot of configuration values and they have sensible defaults it might be helpful to put them into a module:
.. code-block:: python
import myapp.default_settings
app = Sanic('myapp')
app.config.from_object(myapp.default_settings)
or also by path to config:
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic('myapp')
app.config.from_object('config.path.config.Class')
You could use a class or any other object as well.
From a File
~~~~~~~~~~~
Usually you will want to load configuration from a file that is not part of the distributed application. You can load configuration from a file using `from_pyfile(/path/to/config_file)`. However, that requires the program to know the path to the config file. So instead you can specify the location of the config file in an environment variable and tell Sanic to use that to find the config file:
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic('myapp')
app.config.from_envvar('MYAPP_SETTINGS')
Then you can run your application with the `MYAPP_SETTINGS` environment variable set:
.. code-block:: python
#$ MYAPP_SETTINGS=/path/to/config_file python3 myapp.py
#INFO: Goin' Fast @ http://0.0.0.0:8000
The config files are regular Python files which are executed in order to load them. This allows you to use arbitrary logic for constructing the right configuration. Only uppercase variables are added to the configuration. Most commonly the configuration consists of simple key value pairs:
.. code-block:: python
# config_file
DB_HOST = 'localhost'
DB_NAME = 'appdb'
DB_USER = 'appuser'
Builtin Configuration Values
----------------------------
Out of the box there are just a few predefined values which can be overwritten when creating the application.
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable | Default | Description |
+===========================+===================+=============================================================================+
| REQUEST_MAX_SIZE | 100000000 | How big a request may be (bytes) |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| REQUEST_BUFFER_QUEUE_SIZE | 100 | Request streaming buffer queue size |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| REQUEST_TIMEOUT | 60 | How long a request can take to arrive (sec) |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| RESPONSE_TIMEOUT | 60 | How long a response can take to process (sec) |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| KEEP_ALIVE | True | Disables keep-alive when False |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT | 5 | How long to hold a TCP connection open (sec) |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT | 15.0 | How long to wait to force close non-idle connection (sec) |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ACCESS_LOG | True | Disable or enable access log |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| PROXIES_COUNT | -1 | The number of proxy servers in front of the app (e.g. nginx; see below) |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER | "X-Forwarded-For" | The name of "X-Forwarded-For" HTTP header that contains client and proxy ip |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| REAL_IP_HEADER | "X-Real-IP" | The name of "X-Real-IP" HTTP header that contains real client ip |
+---------------------------+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
The different Timeout variables:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
`REQUEST_TIMEOUT`
#################
A request timeout measures the duration of time between the instant when a new open TCP connection is passed to the
Sanic backend server, and the instant when the whole HTTP request is received. If the time taken exceeds the
`REQUEST_TIMEOUT` value (in seconds), this is considered a Client Error so Sanic generates an `HTTP 408` response
and sends that to the client. Set this parameter's value higher if your clients routinely pass very large request payloads
or upload requests very slowly.
`RESPONSE_TIMEOUT`
##################
A response timeout measures the duration of time between the instant the Sanic server passes the HTTP request to the
Sanic App, and the instant a HTTP response is sent to the client. If the time taken exceeds the `RESPONSE_TIMEOUT`
value (in seconds), this is considered a Server Error so Sanic generates an `HTTP 503` response and sends that to the
client. Set this parameter's value higher if your application is likely to have long-running process that delay the
generation of a response.
`KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT`
####################
What is Keep Alive? And what does the Keep Alive Timeout value do?
******************************************************************
`Keep-Alive` is a HTTP feature introduced in `HTTP 1.1`. When sending a HTTP request, the client (usually a web browser application)
can set a `Keep-Alive` header to indicate the http server (Sanic) to not close the TCP connection after it has send the response.
This allows the client to reuse the existing TCP connection to send subsequent HTTP requests, and ensures more efficient
network traffic for both the client and the server.
The `KEEP_ALIVE` config variable is set to `True` in Sanic by default. If you don't need this feature in your application,
set it to `False` to cause all client connections to close immediately after a response is sent, regardless of
the `Keep-Alive` header on the request.
The amount of time the server holds the TCP connection open is decided by the server itself.
In Sanic, that value is configured using the `KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT` value. By default, it is set to 5 seconds.
This is the same default setting as the Apache HTTP server and is a good balance between allowing enough time for
the client to send a new request, and not holding open too many connections at once. Do not exceed 75 seconds unless
you know your clients are using a browser which supports TCP connections held open for that long.
For reference:
* Apache httpd server default keepalive timeout = 5 seconds
* Nginx server default keepalive timeout = 75 seconds
* Nginx performance tuning guidelines uses keepalive = 15 seconds
* IE (5-9) client hard keepalive limit = 60 seconds
* Firefox client hard keepalive limit = 115 seconds
* Opera 11 client hard keepalive limit = 120 seconds
* Chrome 13+ client keepalive limit > 300+ seconds
Proxy configuration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When you use a reverse proxy server (e.g. nginx), the value of `request.ip` will contain ip of a proxy,
typically `127.0.0.1`. Sanic may be configured to use proxy headers for determining the true client IP,
available as `request.remote_addr`. The full external URL is also constructed from header fields if available.
Without proper precautions, a malicious client may use proxy headers to spoof its own IP. To avoid such issues, Sanic does not use any proxy headers unless explicitly enabled.
Services behind reverse proxies must configure `FORWARDED_SECRET`, `REAL_IP_HEADER` and/or `PROXIES_COUNT`.
Forwarded header
################
.. Forwarded: for="1.2.3.4"; proto="https"; host="yoursite.com"; secret="Pr0xy", for="10.0.0.1"; proto="http"; host="proxy.internal"; by="_1234proxy"
* Set `FORWARDED_SECRET` to an identifier used by the proxy of interest.
The secret is used to securely identify a specific proxy server. Given the above header, secret `Pr0xy` would use the
information on the first line and secret `_1234proxy` would use the second line. The secret must exactly match the value
of `secret` or `by`. A secret in `by` must begin with an underscore and use only characters specified in
`RFC 7239 section 6.3 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7239#section-6.3>`_, while `secret` has no such restrictions.
Sanic ignores any elements without the secret key, and will not even parse the header if no secret is set.
All other proxy headers are ignored once a trusted forwarded element is found, as it already carries complete information about the client.
Traditional proxy headers
#########################
.. X-Real-IP: 1.2.3.4
X-Forwarded-For: 1.2.3.4, 10.0.0.1
X-Forwarded-Proto: https
X-Forwarded-Host: yoursite.com
* Set `REAL_IP_HEADER` to `x-real-ip`, `true-client-ip`, `cf-connecting-ip` or other name of such header.
* Set `PROXIES_COUNT` to the number of entries expected in `x-forwarded-for` (name configurable via `FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER`).
If client IP is found by one of these methods, Sanic uses the following headers for URL parts:
* `x-forwarded-proto`, `x-forwarded-host`, `x-forwarded-port`, `x-forwarded-path` and if necessary, `x-scheme`.
Proxy config if using ...
#########################
* a proxy that supports `forwarded`: set `FORWARDED_SECRET` to the value that the proxy inserts in the header
* Apache Traffic Server: `CONFIG proxy.config.http.insert_forwarded STRING for|proto|host|by=_secret`
* NGHTTPX: `nghttpx --add-forwarded=for,proto,host,by --forwarded-for=ip --forwarded-by=_secret`
* NGINX: after `the official instructions <https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/examples/forwarded/>`_, add anywhere in your config:
.. proxy_set_header Forwarded "$proxy_add_forwarded;by=\"_$server_name\";proto=$scheme;host=\"$http_host\";path=\"$request_uri\";secret=_secret";
* a custom header with client IP: set `REAL_IP_HEADER` to the name of that header
* `x-forwarded-for`: set `PROXIES_COUNT` to `1` for a single proxy, or a greater number to allow Sanic to select the correct IP
* no proxies: no configuration required!
Changes in Sanic 19.9
#####################
Earlier Sanic versions had unsafe default settings. From 19.9 onwards proxy settings must be set manually, and support for negative PROXIES_COUNT has been removed.

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ and by default will enable the Auto Reload feature.
Setting the debug mode
----------------------
By setting the ``debug`` mode a more verbose output from Sanic will be outputed
By setting the ``debug`` mode a more verbose output from Sanic will be output
and the Automatic Reloader will be activated.
.. code-block:: python
@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ the ``auto_reload`` argument will activate or deactivate the Automatic Reloader.
return json({"hello": "world"})
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, auto_reload=True)
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, auto_reload=True)

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@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
# Handler Decorators
Since Sanic handlers are simple Python functions, you can apply decorators to them in a similar manner to Flask. A typical use case is when you want some code to run before a handler's code is executed.
## Authorization Decorator
Let's say you want to check that a user is authorized to access a particular endpoint. You can create a decorator that wraps a handler function, checks a request if the client is authorized to access a resource, and sends the appropriate response.
```python
from functools import wraps
from sanic.response import json
def authorized():
def decorator(f):
@wraps(f)
async def decorated_function(request, *args, **kwargs):
# run some method that checks the request
# for the client's authorization status
is_authorized = check_request_for_authorization_status(request)
if is_authorized:
# the user is authorized.
# run the handler method and return the response
response = await f(request, *args, **kwargs)
return response
else:
# the user is not authorized.
return json({'status': 'not_authorized'}, 403)
return decorated_function
return decorator
@app.route("/")
@authorized()
async def test(request):
return json({'status': 'authorized'})
```

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@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
Handler Decorators
==================
Since Sanic handlers are simple Python functions, you can apply decorators to them in a similar manner to Flask. A typical use case is when you want some code to run before a handler's code is executed.
Authorization Decorator
-----------------------
Let's say you want to check that a user is authorized to access a particular endpoint. You can create a decorator that wraps a handler function, checks a request if the client is authorized to access a resource, and sends the appropriate response.
.. code-block:: python
from functools import wraps
from sanic.response import json
def authorized():
def decorator(f):
@wraps(f)
async def decorated_function(request, *args, **kwargs):
# run some method that checks the request
# for the client's authorization status
is_authorized = check_request_for_authorization_status(request)
if is_authorized:
# the user is authorized.
# run the handler method and return the response
response = await f(request, *args, **kwargs)
return response
else:
# the user is not authorized.
return json({'status': 'not_authorized'}, 403)
return decorated_function
return decorator
@app.route("/")
@authorized()
async def test(request):
return json({'status': 'authorized'})

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@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
# Deploying
Deploying Sanic is very simple using one of three options: the inbuilt webserver,
an [ASGI webserver](https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/implementations.html), or `gunicorn`.
It is also very common to place Sanic behind a reverse proxy, like `nginx`.
## Running via Sanic webserver
After defining an instance of `sanic.Sanic`, we can call the `run` method with the following
keyword arguments:
- `host` *(default `"127.0.0.1"`)*: Address to host the server on.
- `port` *(default `8000`)*: Port to host the server on.
- `debug` *(default `False`)*: Enables debug output (slows server).
- `ssl` *(default `None`)*: `SSLContext` for SSL encryption of worker(s).
- `sock` *(default `None`)*: Socket for the server to accept connections from.
- `workers` *(default `1`)*: Number of worker processes to spawn.
- `loop` *(default `None`)*: An `asyncio`-compatible event loop. If none is
specified, Sanic creates its own event loop.
- `protocol` *(default `HttpProtocol`)*: Subclass
of
[asyncio.protocol](https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-protocol.html#protocol-classes).
- `access_log` *(default `True`)*: Enables log on handling requests (significantly slows server).
```python
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1337, access_log=False)
```
In the above example, we decided to turn off the access log in order to increase performance.
### Workers
By default, Sanic listens in the main process using only one CPU core. To crank
up the juice, just specify the number of workers in the `run` arguments.
```python
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1337, workers=4)
```
Sanic will automatically spin up multiple processes and route traffic between
them. We recommend as many workers as you have available cores.
### Running via command
If you like using command line arguments, you can launch a Sanic webserver by
executing the module. For example, if you initialized Sanic as `app` in a file
named `server.py`, you could run the server like so:
`python -m sanic server.app --host=0.0.0.0 --port=1337 --workers=4`
With this way of running sanic, it is not necessary to invoke `app.run` in your
Python file. If you do, make sure you wrap it so that it only executes when
directly run by the interpreter.
```python
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1337, workers=4)
```
## Running via ASGI
Sanic is also ASGI-compliant. This means you can use your preferred ASGI webserver
to run Sanic. The three main implementations of ASGI are
[Daphne](http://github.com/django/daphne), [Uvicorn](https://www.uvicorn.org/),
and [Hypercorn](https://pgjones.gitlab.io/hypercorn/index.html).
Follow their documentation for the proper way to run them, but it should look
something like:
```
daphne myapp:app
uvicorn myapp:app
hypercorn myapp:app
```
A couple things to note when using ASGI:
1. When using the Sanic webserver, websockets will run using the [`websockets`](https://websockets.readthedocs.io/) package. In ASGI mode, there is no need for this package since websockets are managed in the ASGI server.
1. The ASGI [lifespan protocol](https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/specs/lifespan.html) supports
only two server events: startup and shutdown. Sanic has four: before startup, after startup,
before shutdown, and after shutdown. Therefore, in ASGI mode, the startup and shutdown events will
run consecutively and not actually around the server process beginning and ending (since that
is now controlled by the ASGI server). Therefore, it is best to use `after_server_start` and
`before_server_stop`.
1. ASGI mode is still in "beta" as of Sanic v19.6.
## Running via Gunicorn
[Gunicorn](http://gunicorn.org/) ‘Green Unicorn’ is a WSGI HTTP Server for UNIX.
It’s a pre-fork worker model ported from Ruby’s Unicorn project.
In order to run Sanic application with Gunicorn, you need to use the special `sanic.worker.GunicornWorker`
for Gunicorn `worker-class` argument:
```
gunicorn myapp:app --bind 0.0.0.0:1337 --worker-class sanic.worker.GunicornWorker
```
If your application suffers from memory leaks, you can configure Gunicorn to gracefully restart a worker
after it has processed a given number of requests. This can be a convenient way to help limit the effects
of the memory leak.
See the [Gunicorn Docs](http://docs.gunicorn.org/en/latest/settings.html#max-requests) for more information.
## Other deployment considerations
### Running behind a reverse proxy
Sanic can be used with a reverse proxy (e.g. nginx). There's a simple example of nginx configuration:
```
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.org;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
}
```
If you want to get real client ip, you should configure `X-Real-IP` and `X-Forwarded-For` HTTP headers and set `app.config.PROXIES_COUNT` to `1`; see the configuration page for more information.
### Disable debug logging for performance
To improve the performance add `debug=False` and `access_log=False` in the `run` arguments.
```python
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1337, workers=4, debug=False, access_log=False)
```
Running via Gunicorn you can set Environment variable `SANIC_ACCESS_LOG="False"`
```
env SANIC_ACCESS_LOG="False" gunicorn myapp:app --bind 0.0.0.0:1337 --worker-class sanic.worker.GunicornWorker --log-level warning
```
Or you can rewrite app config directly
```python
app.config.ACCESS_LOG = False
```
### Asynchronous support and sharing the loop
This is suitable if you *need* to share the Sanic process with other applications, in particular the `loop`.
However, be advised that this method does not support using multiple processes, and is not the preferred way
to run the app in general.
Here is an incomplete example (please see `run_async.py` in examples for something more practical):
```python
server = app.create_server(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, return_asyncio_server=True)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
task = asyncio.ensure_future(server)
loop.run_forever()
```

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Deploying
=========
Deploying Sanic is very simple using one of three options: the inbuilt webserver,
an `ASGI webserver <https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/implementations.html>`_, or `gunicorn`.
It is also very common to place Sanic behind a reverse proxy, like `nginx`.
Running via Sanic webserver
---------------------------
After defining an instance of `sanic.Sanic`, we can call the `run` method with the following
keyword arguments:
- `host` *(default `"127.0.0.1"`)*: Address to host the server on.
- `port` *(default `8000`)*: Port to host the server on.
- `debug` *(default `False`)*: Enables debug output (slows server).
- `ssl` *(default `None`)*: `SSLContext` for SSL encryption of worker(s).
- `sock` *(default `None`)*: Socket for the server to accept connections from.
- `workers` *(default `1`)*: Number of worker processes to spawn.
- `loop` *(default `None`)*: An `asyncio`-compatible event loop. If none is specified, Sanic creates its own event loop.
- `protocol` *(default `HttpProtocol`)*: Subclass of `asyncio.protocol <https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-protocol.html#protocol-classes>`_.
- `access_log` *(default `True`)*: Enables log on handling requests (significantly slows server).
.. code-block:: python
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1337, access_log=False)
In the above example, we decided to turn off the access log in order to increase performance.
Workers
~~~~~~~
By default, Sanic listens in the main process using only one CPU core. To crank
up the juice, just specify the number of workers in the `run` arguments.
.. code-block:: python
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1337, workers=4)
Sanic will automatically spin up multiple processes and route traffic between
them. We recommend as many workers as you have available cores.
Running via command
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If you like using command line arguments, you can launch a Sanic webserver by
executing the module. For example, if you initialized Sanic as `app` in a file
named `server.py`, you could run the server like so:
.. python -m sanic server.app --host=0.0.0.0 --port=1337 --workers=4
With this way of running sanic, it is not necessary to invoke `app.run` in your
Python file. If you do, make sure you wrap it so that it only executes when
directly run by the interpreter.
.. code-block:: python
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1337, workers=4)
Running via ASGI
----------------
Sanic is also ASGI-compliant. This means you can use your preferred ASGI webserver
to run Sanic. The three main implementations of ASGI are
`Daphne <http://github.com/django/daphne>`_, `Uvicorn <https://www.uvicorn.org/>`_,
and `Hypercorn <https://pgjones.gitlab.io/hypercorn/index.html>`_.
Follow their documentation for the proper way to run them, but it should look
something like:
::
daphne myapp:app
uvicorn myapp:app
hypercorn myapp:app
A couple things to note when using ASGI:
1. When using the Sanic webserver, websockets will run using the `websockets <https://websockets.readthedocs.io/>`_ package.
In ASGI mode, there is no need for this package since websockets are managed in the ASGI server.
2. The ASGI `lifespan protocol <https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/specs/lifespan.html>`, supports
only two server events: startup and shutdown. Sanic has four: before startup, after startup,
before shutdown, and after shutdown. Therefore, in ASGI mode, the startup and shutdown events will
run consecutively and not actually around the server process beginning and ending (since that
is now controlled by the ASGI server). Therefore, it is best to use `after_server_start` and
`before_server_stop`.
3. ASGI mode is still in "beta" as of Sanic v19.6.
Running via Gunicorn
--------------------
`Gunicorn <http://gunicorn.org/>`_ ‘Green Unicorn’ is a WSGI HTTP Server for UNIX.
It’s a pre-fork worker model ported from Ruby’s Unicorn project.
In order to run Sanic application with Gunicorn, you need to use the special `sanic.worker.GunicornWorker`
for Gunicorn `worker-class` argument:
::
gunicorn myapp:app --bind 0.0.0.0:1337 --worker-class sanic.worker.GunicornWorker
If your application suffers from memory leaks, you can configure Gunicorn to gracefully restart a worker
after it has processed a given number of requests. This can be a convenient way to help limit the effects
of the memory leak.
See the `Gunicorn Docs <http://docs.gunicorn.org/en/latest/settings.html#max-requests>`_ for more information.
Other deployment considerations
-------------------------------
Running behind a reverse proxy
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sanic can be used with a reverse proxy (e.g. nginx). There's a simple example of nginx configuration:
::
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.org;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
}
If you want to get real client ip, you should configure `X-Real-IP` and `X-Forwarded-For` HTTP headers and set `app.config.PROXIES_COUNT` to `1`; see the configuration page for more information.
Disable debug logging for performance
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To improve the performance add `debug=False` and `access_log=False` in the `run` arguments.
.. code-block:: python
app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=1337, workers=4, debug=False, access_log=False)
Running via Gunicorn you can set Environment variable `SANIC_ACCESS_LOG="False"`
::
env SANIC_ACCESS_LOG="False" gunicorn myapp:app --bind 0.0.0.0:1337 --worker-class sanic.worker.GunicornWorker --log-level warning
Or you can rewrite app config directly
.. code-block:: python
app.config.ACCESS_LOG = False
Asynchronous support and sharing the loop
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This is suitable if you *need* to share the Sanic process with other applications, in particular the `loop`.
However, be advised that this method does not support using multiple processes, and is not the preferred way
to run the app in general.
Here is an incomplete example (please see `run_async.py` in examples for something more practical):
.. code-block:: python
server = app.create_server(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, return_asyncio_server=True)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
task = asyncio.ensure_future(server)
loop.run_forever()
Caveat: using this method, calling `app.create_server()` will trigger "before_server_start" server events, but not
"after_server_start", "before_server_stop", or "after_server_stop" server events.
For more advanced use-cases, you can trigger these events using the AsyncioServer object, returned by awaiting
the server task.
Here is an incomplete example (please see `run_async_advanced.py` in examples for something more complete):
.. code-block:: python
serv_coro = app.create_server(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, return_asyncio_server=True)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
serv_task = asyncio.ensure_future(serv_coro, loop=loop)
server = loop.run_until_complete(serv_task)
server.after_start()
try:
loop.run_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt as e:
loop.stop()
finally:
server.before_stop()
# Wait for server to close
close_task = server.close()
loop.run_until_complete(close_task)
# Complete all tasks on the loop
for connection in server.connections:
connection.close_if_idle()
server.after_stop()

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# Exceptions
Exceptions can be thrown from within request handlers and will automatically be
handled by Sanic. Exceptions take a message as their first argument, and can
also take a status code to be passed back in the HTTP response.
## Throwing an exception
To throw an exception, simply `raise` the relevant exception from the
`sanic.exceptions` module.
```python
from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
@app.route('/killme')
async def i_am_ready_to_die(request):
raise ServerError("Something bad happened", status_code=500)
```
You can also use the `abort` function with the appropriate status code:
```python
from sanic.exceptions import abort
from sanic.response import text
@app.route('/youshallnotpass')
async def no_no(request):
abort(401)
# this won't happen
text("OK")
```
## Handling exceptions
To override Sanic's default handling of an exception, the `@app.exception`
decorator is used. The decorator expects a list of exceptions to handle as
arguments. You can pass `SanicException` to catch them all! The decorated
exception handler function must take a `Request` and `Exception` object as
arguments.
```python
from sanic.response import text
from sanic.exceptions import NotFound
@app.exception(NotFound)
async def ignore_404s(request, exception):
return text("Yep, I totally found the page: {}".format(request.url))
```
You can also add an exception handler as such:
```python
from sanic import Sanic
async def server_error_handler(request, exception):
return text("Oops, server error", status=500)
app = Sanic()
app.error_handler.add(Exception, server_error_handler)
```
In some cases, you might want to add some more error handling
functionality to what is provided by default. In that case, you
can subclass Sanic's default error handler as such:
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
class CustomErrorHandler(ErrorHandler):
def default(self, request, exception):
''' handles errors that have no error handlers assigned '''
# You custom error handling logic...
return super().default(request, exception)
app = Sanic()
app.error_handler = CustomErrorHandler()
```
## Useful exceptions
Some of the most useful exceptions are presented below:
- `NotFound`: called when a suitable route for the request isn't found.
- `ServerError`: called when something goes wrong inside the server. This
usually occurs if there is an exception raised in user code.
See the `sanic.exceptions` module for the full list of exceptions to throw.

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Exceptions
==========
Exceptions can be thrown from within request handlers and will automatically be
handled by Sanic. Exceptions take a message as their first argument, and can
also take a status code to be passed back in the HTTP response.
Throwing an exception
---------------------
To throw an exception, simply `raise` the relevant exception from the
`sanic.exceptions` module.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
@app.route('/killme')
async def i_am_ready_to_die(request):
raise ServerError("Something bad happened", status_code=500)
You can also use the `abort` function with the appropriate status code:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.exceptions import abort
from sanic.response import text
@app.route('/youshallnotpass')
async def no_no(request):
abort(401)
# this won't happen
text("OK")
Handling exceptions
-------------------
To override Sanic's default handling of an exception, the `@app.exception`
decorator is used. The decorator expects a list of exceptions to handle as
arguments. You can pass `SanicException` to catch them all! The decorated
exception handler function must take a `Request` and `Exception` object as
arguments.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import text
from sanic.exceptions import NotFound
@app.exception(NotFound)
async def ignore_404s(request, exception):
return text("Yep, I totally found the page: {}".format(request.url))
You can also add an exception handler as such:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
async def server_error_handler(request, exception):
return text("Oops, server error", status=500)
app = Sanic()
app.error_handler.add(Exception, server_error_handler)
In some cases, you might want to add some more error handling
functionality to what is provided by default. In that case, you
can subclass Sanic's default error handler as such:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
class CustomErrorHandler(ErrorHandler):
def default(self, request, exception):
''' handles errors that have no error handlers assigned '''
# You custom error handling logic...
return super().default(request, exception)
app = Sanic()
app.error_handler = CustomErrorHandler()
Useful exceptions
-----------------
Some of the most useful exceptions are presented below:
- `NotFound`: called when a suitable route for the request isn't found.
- `ServerError`: called when something goes wrong inside the server. This
usually occurs if there is an exception raised in user code.
See the `sanic.exceptions` module for the full list of exceptions to throw.

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@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
# Extensions
Moved to the [awesome-sanic](https://github.com/mekicha/awesome-sanic) list.

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@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
Extensions
==========
Moved to the `awesome-sanic <https://github.com/mekicha/awesome-sanic>`_ list.

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# Getting Started
Make sure you have both [pip](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/) and at
least version 3.6 of Python before starting. Sanic uses the new `async`/`await`
syntax, so earlier versions of python won't work.
## 1. Install Sanic
> If you are running on a clean install of Fedora 28 or above, please make sure you have the ``redhat-rpm-config`` package installed in case if you want to use ``sanic`` with ``ujson`` dependency.
```bash
pip3 install sanic
```
To install sanic without `uvloop` or `ujson` using bash, you can provide either or both of these environmental variables
using any truthy string like `'y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'` and setting the `SANIC_NO_X` (`X` = `UVLOOP`/`UJSON`)
to true will stop that features installation.
```bash
SANIC_NO_UVLOOP=true SANIC_NO_UJSON=true pip3 install sanic
```
You can also install Sanic from [`conda-forge`](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/sanic)
```bash
conda config --add channels conda-forge
conda install sanic
```
## 2. Create a file called `main.py`
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.response import json
app = Sanic()
@app.route("/")
async def test(request):
return json({"hello": "world"})
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)
```
## 3. Run the server
```
python3 main.py
```
## 4. Check your browser
Open the address `http://0.0.0.0:8000` in your web browser. You should see
the message *Hello world!*.
You now have a working Sanic server!

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Getting Started
===============
Make sure you have both `pip <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/>`_ and at
least version 3.6 of Python before starting. Sanic uses the new `async`/`await`
syntax, so earlier versions of python won't work.
1. Install Sanic
----------------
> If you are running on a clean install of Fedora 28 or above, please make sure you have the ``redhat-rpm-config`` package installed in case if you want to use ``sanic`` with ``ujson`` dependency.
.. code-block:: bash
pip3 install sanic
To install sanic without `uvloop` or `ujson` using bash, you can provide either or both of these environmental variables
using any truthy string like `'y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', '1'` and setting the `SANIC_NO_X` (`X` = `UVLOOP`/`UJSON`)
to true will stop that features installation.
.. code-block:: bash
SANIC_NO_UVLOOP=true SANIC_NO_UJSON=true pip3 install sanic
You can also install Sanic from `conda-forge <https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/sanic>`_
.. code-block:: bash
conda config --add channels conda-forge
conda install sanic
2. Create a file called `main.py`
---------------------------------
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.response import json
app = Sanic()
@app.route("/")
async def test(request):
return json({"hello": "world"})
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)
3. Run the server
-----------------
.. code-block:: bash
python3 main.py
4. Check your browser
---------------------
Open the address `http://0.0.0.0:8000 <http://0.0.0.0:8000>`_ in your web browser. You should see
the message *Hello world!*.
You now have a working Sanic server!

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@ -26,4 +26,5 @@ Sanic aspires to be simple
.. note::
Sanic does not support Python 3.5 from version 19.6 and forward. However, version 18.12LTS is supported thru December 2020. Official Python support for version 3.5 is set to expire in September 2020.
Sanic does not support Python 3.5 from version 19.6 and forward. However, version 18.12LTS is supported thru
December 2020. Official Python support for version 3.5 is set to expire in September 2020.

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# Middleware And Listeners
Middleware are functions which are executed before or after requests to the
server. They can be used to modify the *request to* or *response from*
user-defined handler functions.
Additionally, Sanic provides listeners which allow you to run code at various points of your application's lifecycle.
## Middleware
There are two types of middleware: request and response. Both are declared
using the `@app.middleware` decorator, with the decorator's parameter being a
string representing its type: `'request'` or `'response'`.
* Request middleware receives only the `request` as argument.
* Response middleware receives both the `request` and `response`.
The simplest middleware doesn't modify the request or response at all:
```
@app.middleware('request')
async def print_on_request(request):
print("I print when a request is received by the server")
@app.middleware('response')
async def print_on_response(request, response):
print("I print when a response is returned by the server")
```
## Modifying the request or response
Middleware can modify the request or response parameter it is given, *as long
as it does not return it*. The following example shows a practical use-case for
this.
```
app = Sanic(__name__)
@app.middleware('request')
async def add_key(request):
# Add a key to request object like dict object
request['foo'] = 'bar'
@app.middleware('response')
async def custom_banner(request, response):
response.headers["Server"] = "Fake-Server"
@app.middleware('response')
async def prevent_xss(request, response):
response.headers["x-xss-protection"] = "1; mode=block"
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)
```
The above code will apply the three middleware in order. The first middleware
**add_key** will add a new key `foo` into `request` object. This worked because
`request` object can be manipulated like `dict` object. Then, the second middleware
**custom_banner** will change the HTTP response header *Server* to
*Fake-Server*, and the last middleware **prevent_xss** will add the HTTP
header for preventing Cross-Site-Scripting (XSS) attacks. These two functions
are invoked *after* a user function returns a response.
## Responding early
If middleware returns a `HTTPResponse` object, the request will stop processing
and the response will be returned. If this occurs to a request before the
relevant user route handler is reached, the handler will never be called.
Returning a response will also prevent any further middleware from running.
```
@app.middleware('request')
async def halt_request(request):
return text('I halted the request')
@app.middleware('response')
async def halt_response(request, response):
return text('I halted the response')
```
## Listeners
If you want to execute startup/teardown code as your server starts or closes, you can use the following listeners:
- `before_server_start`
- `after_server_start`
- `before_server_stop`
- `after_server_stop`
These listeners are implemented as decorators on functions which accept the app object as well as the asyncio loop.
For example:
```
@app.listener('before_server_start')
async def setup_db(app, loop):
app.db = await db_setup()
@app.listener('after_server_start')
async def notify_server_started(app, loop):
print('Server successfully started!')
@app.listener('before_server_stop')
async def notify_server_stopping(app, loop):
print('Server shutting down!')
@app.listener('after_server_stop')
async def close_db(app, loop):
await app.db.close()
```
It's also possible to register a listener using the `register_listener` method.
This may be useful if you define your listeners in another module besides
the one you instantiate your app in.
```
app = Sanic()
async def setup_db(app, loop):
app.db = await db_setup()
app.register_listener(setup_db, 'before_server_start')
```
If you want to schedule a background task to run after the loop has started,
Sanic provides the `add_task` method to easily do so.
```
async def notify_server_started_after_five_seconds():
await asyncio.sleep(5)
print('Server successfully started!')
app.add_task(notify_server_started_after_five_seconds())
```
Sanic will attempt to automatically inject the app, passing it as an argument to the task:
```
async def notify_server_started_after_five_seconds(app):
await asyncio.sleep(5)
print(app.name)
app.add_task(notify_server_started_after_five_seconds)
```
Or you can pass the app explicitly for the same effect:
```
async def notify_server_started_after_five_seconds(app):
await asyncio.sleep(5)
print(app.name)
app.add_task(notify_server_started_after_five_seconds(app))
`

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@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
Middleware And Listeners
========================
Middleware are functions which are executed before or after requests to the
server. They can be used to modify the *request to* or *response from*
user-defined handler functions.
Additionally, Sanic provides listeners which allow you to run code at various points of your application's lifecycle.
Middleware
----------
There are two types of middleware: request and response. Both are declared
using the `@app.middleware` decorator, with the decorator's parameter being a
string representing its type: `'request'` or `'response'`.
* Request middleware receives only the `request` as argument.
* Response middleware receives both the `request` and `response`.
The simplest middleware doesn't modify the request or response at all:
.. code-block:: python
@app.middleware('request')
async def print_on_request(request):
print("I print when a request is received by the server")
@app.middleware('response')
async def print_on_response(request, response):
print("I print when a response is returned by the server")
Modifying the request or response
---------------------------------
Middleware can modify the request or response parameter it is given, *as long
as it does not return it*. The following example shows a practical use-case for
this.
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic(__name__)
@app.middleware('request')
async def add_key(request):
# Arbitrary data may be stored in request context:
request.ctx.foo = 'bar'
@app.middleware('response')
async def custom_banner(request, response):
response.headers["Server"] = "Fake-Server"
@app.middleware('response')
async def prevent_xss(request, response):
response.headers["x-xss-protection"] = "1; mode=block"
@app.get("/")
async def index(request):
return sanic.response.text(request.ctx.foo)
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)
The three middlewares are executed in order:
1. The first request middleware **add_key** adds a new key `foo` into request context.
2. Request is routed to handler **index**, which gets the key from context and returns a text response.
3. The first response middleware **custom_banner** changes the HTTP response header *Server* to say *Fake-Server*
4. The second response middleware **prevent_xss** adds the HTTP header for preventing Cross-Site-Scripting (XSS) attacks.
Responding early
----------------
If middleware returns a `HTTPResponse` object, the request will stop processing
and the response will be returned. If this occurs to a request before the
relevant user route handler is reached, the handler will never be called.
Returning a response will also prevent any further middleware from running.
.. code-block:: python
@app.middleware('request')
async def halt_request(request):
return text('I halted the request')
@app.middleware('response')
async def halt_response(request, response):
return text('I halted the response')
Custom context
--------------
Arbitrary data may be stored in `request.ctx`. A typical use case
would be to store the user object acquired from database in an authentication
middleware. Keys added are accessible to all later middleware as well as
the handler over the duration of the request.
Custom context is reserved for applications and extensions. Sanic itself makes
no use of it.
Listeners
---------
If you want to execute startup/teardown code as your server starts or closes, you can use the following listeners:
- `before_server_start`
- `after_server_start`
- `before_server_stop`
- `after_server_stop`
These listeners are implemented as decorators on functions which accept the app object as well as the asyncio loop.
For example:
.. code-block:: python
@app.listener('before_server_start')
async def setup_db(app, loop):
app.db = await db_setup()
@app.listener('after_server_start')
async def notify_server_started(app, loop):
print('Server successfully started!')
@app.listener('before_server_stop')
async def notify_server_stopping(app, loop):
print('Server shutting down!')
@app.listener('after_server_stop')
async def close_db(app, loop):
await app.db.close()
It's also possible to register a listener using the `register_listener` method.
This may be useful if you define your listeners in another module besides
the one you instantiate your app in.
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic()
async def setup_db(app, loop):
app.db = await db_setup()
app.register_listener(setup_db, 'before_server_start')
If you want to schedule a background task to run after the loop has started,
Sanic provides the `add_task` method to easily do so.
.. code-block:: python
async def notify_server_started_after_five_seconds():
await asyncio.sleep(5)
print('Server successfully started!')
app.add_task(notify_server_started_after_five_seconds())
Sanic will attempt to automatically inject the app, passing it as an argument to the task:
.. code-block:: python
async def notify_server_started_after_five_seconds(app):
await asyncio.sleep(5)
print(app.name)
app.add_task(notify_server_started_after_five_seconds)
Or you can pass the app explicitly for the same effect:
.. code-block:: python
async def notify_server_started_after_five_seconds(app):
await asyncio.sleep(5)
print(app.name)
app.add_task(notify_server_started_after_five_seconds(app))

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@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
# Request Data
Request Data
============
When an endpoint receives a HTTP request, the route function is passed a
`Request` object.
@ -7,50 +8,49 @@ The following variables are accessible as properties on `Request` objects:
- `json` (any) - JSON body
```python
from sanic.response import json
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/json")
def post_json(request):
from sanic.response import json
@app.route("/json")
def post_json(request):
return json({ "received": True, "message": request.json })
```
- `args` (dict) - Query string variables. A query string is the section of a
URL that resembles `?key1=value1&key2=value2`. If that URL were to be parsed,
the `args` dictionary would look like `{'key1': ['value1'], 'key2': ['value2']}`.
The request's `query_string` variable holds the unparsed string value.
Property is providing the default parsing strategy. If you would like to change it look to the section below
(`Changing the default parsing rules of the queryset`).
URL that resembles ``?key1=value1&key2=value2``.
If that URL were to be parsed, the `args` dictionary would look like `{'key1': ['value1'], 'key2': ['value2']}`.
The request's `query_string` variable holds the unparsed string value. Property is providing the default parsing
strategy. If you would like to change it look to the section below (`Changing the default parsing rules of the queryset`).
```python
from sanic.response import json
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/query_string")
def query_string(request):
from sanic.response import json
@app.route("/query_string")
def query_string(request):
return json({ "parsed": True, "args": request.args, "url": request.url, "query_string": request.query_string })
```
- `query_args` (list) - On many cases you would need to access the url arguments in
a less packed form. `query_args` is the list of `(key, value)` tuples.
Property is providing the default parsing strategy. If you would like to change it look to the section below
(`Changing the default parsing rules of the queryset`).
For the same previous URL queryset `?key1=value1&key2=value2`, the
`query_args` list would look like `[('key1', 'value1'), ('key2', 'value2')]`.
And in case of the multiple params with the same key like `?key1=value1&key2=value2&key1=value3`
the `query_args` list would look like `[('key1', 'value1'), ('key2', 'value2'), ('key1', 'value3')]`.
Property is providing the default parsing strategy. If you would like to change it look to the section below
(`Changing the default parsing rules of the queryset`). For the same previous URL queryset `?key1=value1&key2=value2`,
the `query_args` list would look like `[('key1', 'value1'), ('key2', 'value2')]`. And in case of the multiple params
with the same key like `?key1=value1&key2=value2&key1=value3` the `query_args` list would look like
`[('key1', 'value1'), ('key2', 'value2'), ('key1', 'value3')]`.
The difference between Request.args and Request.query_args
for the queryset `?key1=value1&key2=value2&key1=value3`
The difference between Request.args and Request.query_args for the queryset `?key1=value1&key2=value2&key1=value3`
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.response import json
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic(__name__)
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.response import json
app = Sanic(__name__)
@app.route("/test_request_args")
async def test_request_args(request):
@app.route("/test_request_args")
async def test_request_args(request):
return json({
"parsed": True,
"url": request.url,
@ -60,32 +60,32 @@ The following variables are accessible as properties on `Request` objects:
"query_args": request.query_args,
})
if __name__ == '__main__':
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)
```
Output
```
{
"parsed":true,
"url":"http:\/\/0.0.0.0:8000\/test_request_args?key1=value1&key2=value2&key1=value3",
"query_string":"key1=value1&key2=value2&key1=value3",
"args":{"key1":["value1","value3"],"key2":["value2"]},
"raw_args":{"key1":"value1","key2":"value2"},
"query_args":[["key1","value1"],["key2","value2"],["key1","value3"]]
}
```
.. code-block:: json
`raw_args` contains only the first entry of `key1`. Will be deprecated in the future versions.
{
"parsed":true,
"url":"http:\/\/0.0.0.0:8000\/test_request_args?key1=value1&key2=value2&key1=value3",
"query_string":"key1=value1&key2=value2&key1=value3",
"args":{"key1":["value1","value3"],"key2":["value2"]},
"raw_args":{"key1":"value1","key2":"value2"},
"query_args":[["key1","value1"],["key2","value2"],["key1","value3"]]
}
- `raw_args` contains only the first entry of `key1`. Will be deprecated in the future versions.
- `files` (dictionary of `File` objects) - List of files that have a name, body, and type
```python
from sanic.response import json
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/files")
def post_json(request):
from sanic.response import json
@app.route("/files")
def post_json(request):
test_file = request.files.get('test')
file_parameters = {
@ -95,28 +95,28 @@ The following variables are accessible as properties on `Request` objects:
}
return json({ "received": True, "file_names": request.files.keys(), "test_file_parameters": file_parameters })
```
- `form` (dict) - Posted form variables.
```python
from sanic.response import json
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/form")
def post_json(request):
from sanic.response import json
@app.route("/form")
def post_json(request):
return json({ "received": True, "form_data": request.form, "test": request.form.get('test') })
```
- `body` (bytes) - Posted raw body. This property allows retrieval of the
request's raw data, regardless of content type.
```python
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import text
@app.route("/users", methods=["POST",])
def create_user(request):
return text("You are trying to create a user with the following POST: %s" % request.body)
```
- `headers` (dict) - A case-insensitive dictionary that contains the request headers.
@ -130,7 +130,8 @@ The following variables are accessible as properties on `Request` objects:
- `app` - a reference to the Sanic application object that is handling this request. This is useful when inside blueprints or other handlers in modules that do not have access to the global `app` object.
```python
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import json
from sanic import Blueprint
@ -143,7 +144,6 @@ The following variables are accessible as properties on `Request` objects:
else:
return json({'status': 'production'})
```
- `url`: The full URL of the request, ie: `http://localhost:8000/posts/1/?foo=bar`
- `scheme`: The URL scheme associated with the request: 'http|https|ws|wss' or arbitrary value given by the headers.
- `host`: The host associated with the request(which in the `Host` header): `localhost:8080`
@ -157,7 +157,8 @@ The following variables are accessible as properties on `Request` objects:
- `url_for`: Just like `sanic.Sanic.url_for`, but automatically determine `scheme` and `netloc` base on the request. Since this method is aiming to generate correct schema & netloc, `_external` is implied.
## Changing the default parsing rules of the queryset
Changing the default parsing rules of the queryset
--------------------------------------------------
The default parameters that are using internally in `args` and `query_args` properties to parse queryset:
@ -177,85 +178,97 @@ with the new values.
For the queryset `/?test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3`:
```python
from sanic.response import json
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/query_string")
def query_string(request):
args_with_blank_values = request.get_args(keep_blank_values=True)
return json({
"parsed": True,
"url": request.url,
"args_with_blank_values": args_with_blank_values,
"query_string": request.query_string
})
```
from sanic.response import json
@app.route("/query_string")
def query_string(request):
args_with_blank_values = request.get_args(keep_blank_values=True)
return json({
"parsed": True,
"url": request.url,
"args_with_blank_values": args_with_blank_values,
"query_string": request.query_string
})
The output will be:
```
{
"parsed": true,
"url": "http:\/\/0.0.0.0:8000\/query_string?test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3",
"args_with_blank_values": {"test1": ["value1"], "test2": "", "test3": ["value3"]},
"query_string": "test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3"
}
```
.. code-block:: JSON
## Accessing values using `get` and `getlist`
{
"parsed": true,
"url": "http:\/\/0.0.0.0:8000\/query_string?test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3",
"args_with_blank_values": {"test1": ["value1"], "test2": "", "test3": ["value3"]},
"query_string": "test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3"
}
The request properties which return a dictionary actually return a subclass of
`dict` called `RequestParameters`. The key difference when using this object is
the distinction between the `get` and `getlist` methods.
Accessing values using `get` and `getlist`
------------------------------------------
The `request.args` returns a subclass of `dict` called `RequestParameters`.
The key difference when using this object is the distinction between the `get` and `getlist` methods.
- `get(key, default=None)` operates as normal, except that when the value of
the given key is a list, *only the first item is returned*.
- `getlist(key, default=None)` operates as normal, *returning the entire list*.
```python
from sanic.request import RequestParameters
.. code-block:: python
args = RequestParameters()
args['titles'] = ['Post 1', 'Post 2']
from sanic.request import RequestParameters
args.get('titles') # => 'Post 1'
args = RequestParameters()
args['titles'] = ['Post 1', 'Post 2']
args.getlist('titles') # => ['Post 1', 'Post 2']
```
args.get('titles') # => 'Post 1'
## Accessing the handler name with the request.endpoint attribute
args.getlist('titles') # => ['Post 1', 'Post 2']
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.response import json
app = Sanic(name="example")
@app.route("/")
def get_handler(request):
return json({
"p1": request.args.getlist("p1")
})
Accessing the handler name with the request.endpoint attribute
--------------------------------------------------------------
The `request.endpoint` attribute holds the handler's name. For instance, the below
route will return "hello".
```python
from sanic.response import text
from sanic import Sanic
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic()
from sanic.response import text
from sanic import Sanic
@app.get("/")
def hello(request):
return text(request.endpoint)
```
app = Sanic()
Or, with a blueprint it will be include both, separated by a period. For example,
the below route would return foo.bar:
@app.get("/")
def hello(request):
return text(request.endpoint)
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic import Blueprint
from sanic.response import text
Or, with a blueprint it will be include both, separated by a period. For example, the below route would return foo.bar:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic import Blueprint
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic(__name__)
blueprint = Blueprint('foo')
app = Sanic(__name__)
blueprint = Blueprint('foo')
@blueprint.get('/')
async def bar(request):
return text(request.endpoint)
@blueprint.get('/')
async def bar(request):
return text(request.endpoint)
app.blueprint(blueprint)
app.blueprint(blueprint)
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, debug=True)
```
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, debug=True)

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@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
# Response
Use functions in `sanic.response` module to create responses.
## Plain Text
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/text')
def handle_request(request):
return response.text('Hello world!')
```
## HTML
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/html')
def handle_request(request):
return response.html('<p>Hello world!</p>')
```
## JSON
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/json')
def handle_request(request):
return response.json({'message': 'Hello world!'})
```
## File
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/file')
async def handle_request(request):
return await response.file('/srv/www/whatever.png')
```
## Streaming
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route("/streaming")
async def index(request):
async def streaming_fn(response):
await response.write('foo')
await response.write('bar')
return response.stream(streaming_fn, content_type='text/plain')
```
See [Streaming](streaming.md) for more information.
## File Streaming
For large files, a combination of File and Streaming above
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/big_file.png')
async def handle_request(request):
return await response.file_stream('/srv/www/whatever.png')
```
## Redirect
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/redirect')
def handle_request(request):
return response.redirect('/json')
```
## Raw
Response without encoding the body
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/raw')
def handle_request(request):
return response.raw(b'raw data')
```
## Modify headers or status
To modify headers or status code, pass the `headers` or `status` argument to those functions:
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/json')
def handle_request(request):
return response.json(
{'message': 'Hello world!'},
headers={'X-Served-By': 'sanic'},
status=200
)
```

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Response
========
Use functions in `sanic.response` module to create responses.
Plain Text
----------
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/text')
def handle_request(request):
return response.text('Hello world!')
HTML
----
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/html')
def handle_request(request):
return response.html('<p>Hello world!</p>')
JSON
----
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/json')
def handle_request(request):
return response.json({'message': 'Hello world!'})
File
----
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/file')
async def handle_request(request):
return await response.file('/srv/www/whatever.png')
Streaming
---------
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route("/streaming")
async def index(request):
async def streaming_fn(response):
await response.write('foo')
await response.write('bar')
return response.stream(streaming_fn, content_type='text/plain')
See `Streaming <streaming.html>`_ for more information.
File Streaming
--------------
For large files, a combination of File and Streaming above
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/big_file.png')
async def handle_request(request):
return await response.file_stream('/srv/www/whatever.png')
Redirect
--------
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/redirect')
def handle_request(request):
return response.redirect('/json')
Raw
---
Response without encoding the body
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/raw')
def handle_request(request):
return response.raw(b'raw data')
Modify headers or status
------------------------
To modify headers or status code, pass the `headers` or `status` argument to those functions:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/json')
def handle_request(request):
return response.json(
{'message': 'Hello world!'},
headers={'X-Served-By': 'sanic'},
status=200
)

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@ -1,429 +0,0 @@
# Routing
Routing allows the user to specify handler functions for different URL endpoints.
A basic route looks like the following, where `app` is an instance of the
`Sanic` class:
```python
from sanic.response import json
@app.route("/")
async def test(request):
return json({ "hello": "world" })
```
When the url `http://server.url/` is accessed (the base url of the server), the
final `/` is matched by the router to the handler function, `test`, which then
returns a JSON object.
Sanic handler functions must be defined using the `async def` syntax, as they
are asynchronous functions.
## Request parameters
Sanic comes with a basic router that supports request parameters.
To specify a parameter, surround it with angle quotes like so: `<PARAM>`.
Request parameters will be passed to the route handler functions as keyword
arguments.
```python
from sanic.response import text
@app.route('/tag/<tag>')
async def tag_handler(request, tag):
return text('Tag - {}'.format(tag))
```
To specify a type for the parameter, add a `:type` after the parameter name,
inside the quotes. If the parameter does not match the specified type, Sanic
will throw a `NotFound` exception, resulting in a `404: Page not found` error
on the URL.
### Supported types
* `string`
* "Bob"
* "Python 3"
* `int`
* 10
* 20
* 30
* -10
* (No floats work here)
* `number`
* 1
* 1.5
* 10
* -10
* `alpha`
* "Bob"
* "Python"
* (If it contains a symbol or a non alphanumeric character it will fail)
* `path`
* "hello"
* "hello.text"
* "hello world"
* `uuid`
* 123a123a-a12a-1a1a-a1a1-1a12a1a12345 (UUIDv4 Support)
* `regex expression`
If no type is set then a string is expected. The argument given to the function will always be a string, independent of the type.
```python
from sanic.response import text
@app.route('/string/<string_arg:string>')
async def string_handler(request, string_arg):
return text('String - {}'.format(string_arg))
@app.route('/int/<integer_arg:int>')
async def integer_handler(request, integer_arg):
return text('Integer - {}'.format(integer_arg))
@app.route('/number/<number_arg:number>')
async def number_handler(request, number_arg):
return text('Number - {}'.format(number_arg))
@app.route('/alpha/<alpha_arg:alpha>')
async def number_handler(request, alpha_arg):
return text('Alpha - {}'.format(alpha_arg))
@app.route('/path/<path_arg:path>')
async def number_handler(request, path_arg):
return text('Path - {}'.format(path_arg))
@app.route('/uuid/<uuid_arg:uuid>')
async def number_handler(request, uuid_arg):
return text('Uuid - {}'.format(uuid_arg))
@app.route('/person/<name:[A-z]+>')
async def person_handler(request, name):
return text('Person - {}'.format(name))
@app.route('/folder/<folder_id:[A-z0-9]{0,4}>')
async def folder_handler(request, folder_id):
return text('Folder - {}'.format(folder_id))
```
**Warning** `str` is not a valid type tag. If you want `str` recognition then you must use `string`
## HTTP request types
By default, a route defined on a URL will be available for only GET requests to that URL.
However, the `@app.route` decorator accepts an optional parameter, `methods`,
which allows the handler function to work with any of the HTTP methods in the list.
```python
from sanic.response import text
@app.route('/post', methods=['POST'])
async def post_handler(request):
return text('POST request - {}'.format(request.json))
@app.route('/get', methods=['GET'])
async def get_handler(request):
return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args))
```
There is also an optional `host` argument (which can be a list or a string). This restricts a route to the host or hosts provided. If there is a also a route with no host, it will be the default.
```python
@app.route('/get', methods=['GET'], host='example.com')
async def get_handler(request):
return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args))
# if the host header doesn't match example.com, this route will be used
@app.route('/get', methods=['GET'])
async def get_handler(request):
return text('GET request in default - {}'.format(request.args))
```
There are also shorthand method decorators:
```python
from sanic.response import text
@app.post('/post')
async def post_handler(request):
return text('POST request - {}'.format(request.json))
@app.get('/get')
async def get_handler(request):
return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args))
```
## The `add_route` method
As we have seen, routes are often specified using the `@app.route` decorator.
However, this decorator is really just a wrapper for the `app.add_route`
method, which is used as follows:
```python
from sanic.response import text
# Define the handler functions
async def handler1(request):
return text('OK')
async def handler2(request, name):
return text('Folder - {}'.format(name))
async def person_handler2(request, name):
return text('Person - {}'.format(name))
# Add each handler function as a route
app.add_route(handler1, '/test')
app.add_route(handler2, '/folder/<name>')
app.add_route(person_handler2, '/person/<name:[A-z]>', methods=['GET'])
```
## URL building with `url_for`
Sanic provides a `url_for` method, to generate URLs based on the handler method name. This is useful if you want to avoid hardcoding url paths into your app; instead, you can just reference the handler name. For example:
```python
from sanic.response import redirect
@app.route('/')
async def index(request):
# generate a URL for the endpoint `post_handler`
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5)
# the URL is `/posts/5`, redirect to it
return redirect(url)
@app.route('/posts/<post_id>')
async def post_handler(request, post_id):
return text('Post - {}'.format(post_id))
```
Other things to keep in mind when using `url_for`:
- Keyword arguments passed to `url_for` that are not request parameters will be included in the URL's query string. For example:
```python
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', arg_two='two')
# /posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_two=two
```
- Multivalue argument can be passed to `url_for`. For example:
```python
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one=['one', 'two'])
# /posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_one=two
```
- Also some special arguments (`_anchor`, `_external`, `_scheme`, `_method`, `_server`) passed to `url_for` will have special url building (`_method` is not supported now and will be ignored). For example:
```python
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _anchor='anchor')
# /posts/5?arg_one=one#anchor
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _external=True)
# //server/posts/5?arg_one=one
# _external requires you to pass an argument _server or set SERVER_NAME in app.config if not url will be same as no _external
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _scheme='http', _external=True)
# http://server/posts/5?arg_one=one
# when specifying _scheme, _external must be True
# you can pass all special arguments at once
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one=['one', 'two'], arg_two=2, _anchor='anchor', _scheme='http', _external=True, _server='another_server:8888')
# http://another_server:8888/posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_one=two&arg_two=2#anchor
```
- All valid parameters must be passed to `url_for` to build a URL. If a parameter is not supplied, or if a parameter does not match the specified type, a `URLBuildError` will be raised.
## WebSocket routes
Routes for the WebSocket protocol can be defined with the `@app.websocket`
decorator:
```python
@app.websocket('/feed')
async def feed(request, ws):
while True:
data = 'hello!'
print('Sending: ' + data)
await ws.send(data)
data = await ws.recv()
print('Received: ' + data)
```
Alternatively, the `app.add_websocket_route` method can be used instead of the
decorator:
```python
async def feed(request, ws):
pass
app.add_websocket_route(my_websocket_handler, '/feed')
```
Handlers to a WebSocket route are invoked with the request as first argument, and a
WebSocket protocol object as second argument. The protocol object has `send`
and `recv` methods to send and receive data respectively.
WebSocket support requires the [websockets](https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets)
package by Aymeric Augustin.
## About `strict_slashes`
You can make `routes` strict to trailing slash or not, it's configurable.
```python
# provide default strict_slashes value for all routes
app = Sanic('test_route_strict_slash', strict_slashes=True)
# you can also overwrite strict_slashes value for specific route
@app.get('/get', strict_slashes=False)
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
# It also works for blueprints
bp = Blueprint('test_bp_strict_slash', strict_slashes=True)
@bp.get('/bp/get', strict_slashes=False)
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
app.blueprint(bp)
```
The behavior of how the `strict_slashes` flag follows a defined hierarchy which decides if a specific route
falls under the `strict_slashes` behavior.
```bash
|___ Route
|___ Blueprint
|___ Application
```
Above hierarchy defines how the `strict_slashes` flag will behave. The first non `None` value of the `strict_slashes`
found in the above order will be applied to the route in question.
```python
from sanic import Sanic, Blueprint
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic("sample_strict_slashes", strict_slashes=True)
@app.get("/r1")
def r1(request):
return text("strict_slashes is applicable from App level")
@app.get("/r2", strict_slashes=False)
def r2(request):
return text("strict_slashes is not applicable due to False value set in route level")
bp = Blueprint("bp", strict_slashes=False)
@bp.get("/r3", strict_slashes=True)
def r3(request):
return text("strict_slashes applicable from blueprint route level")
bp1 = Blueprint("bp1", strict_slashes=True)
@bp.get("/r4")
def r3(request):
return text("strict_slashes applicable from blueprint level")
```
## User defined route name
A custom route name can be used by passing a `name` argument while registering the route which will
override the default route name generated using the `handler.__name__` attribute.
```python
app = Sanic('test_named_route')
@app.get('/get', name='get_handler')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
# then you need use `app.url_for('get_handler')`
# instead of # `app.url_for('handler')`
# It also works for blueprints
bp = Blueprint('test_named_bp')
@bp.get('/bp/get', name='get_handler')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
app.blueprint(bp)
# then you need use `app.url_for('test_named_bp.get_handler')`
# instead of `app.url_for('test_named_bp.handler')`
# different names can be used for same url with different methods
@app.get('/test', name='route_test')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
@app.post('/test', name='route_post')
def handler2(request):
return text('OK POST')
@app.put('/test', name='route_put')
def handler3(request):
return text('OK PUT')
# below url are the same, you can use any of them
# '/test'
app.url_for('route_test')
# app.url_for('route_post')
# app.url_for('route_put')
# for same handler name with different methods
# you need specify the name (it's url_for issue)
@app.get('/get')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
@app.post('/post', name='post_handler')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
# then
# app.url_for('handler') == '/get'
# app.url_for('post_handler') == '/post'
```
## Build URL for static files
Sanic supports using `url_for` method to build static file urls. In case if the static url
is pointing to a directory, `filename` parameter to the `url_for` can be ignored. q
```python
app = Sanic('test_static')
app.static('/static', './static')
app.static('/uploads', './uploads', name='uploads')
app.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png')
bp = Blueprint('bp', url_prefix='bp')
bp.static('/static', './static')
bp.static('/uploads', './uploads', name='uploads')
bp.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png')
app.blueprint(bp)
# then build the url
app.url_for('static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='uploads', filename='file.txt') == '/uploads/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='best_png') == '/the_best.png'
# blueprint url building
app.url_for('static', name='bp.static', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='bp.uploads', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/uploads/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='bp.best_png') == '/bp/static/the_best.png'
```

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Routing
-------
Routing allows the user to specify handler functions for different URL endpoints.
A basic route looks like the following, where `app` is an instance of the
`Sanic` class:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import json
@app.route("/")
async def test(request):
return json({ "hello": "world" })
When the url `http://server.url/` is accessed (the base url of the server), the
final `/` is matched by the router to the handler function, `test`, which then
returns a JSON object.
Sanic handler functions must be defined using the `async def` syntax, as they
are asynchronous functions.
Request parameters
==================
Sanic comes with a basic router that supports request parameters.
To specify a parameter, surround it with angle quotes like so: `<PARAM>`.
Request parameters will be passed to the route handler functions as keyword
arguments.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import text
@app.route('/tag/<tag>')
async def tag_handler(request, tag):
return text('Tag - {}'.format(tag))
To specify a type for the parameter, add a `:type` after the parameter name,
inside the quotes. If the parameter does not match the specified type, Sanic
will throw a `NotFound` exception, resulting in a `404: Page not found` error
on the URL.
Supported types
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* `string`
* "Bob"
* "Python 3"
* `int`
* 10
* 20
* 30
* -10
* (No floats work here)
* `number`
* 1
* 1.5
* 10
* -10
* `alpha`
* "Bob"
* "Python"
* (If it contains a symbol or a non alphanumeric character it will fail)
* `path`
* "hello"
* "hello.text"
* "hello world"
* `uuid`
* 123a123a-a12a-1a1a-a1a1-1a12a1a12345 (UUIDv4 Support)
* `regex expression`
If no type is set then a string is expected. The argument given to the function will always be a string, independent of the type.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import text
@app.route('/string/<string_arg:string>')
async def string_handler(request, string_arg):
return text('String - {}'.format(string_arg))
@app.route('/int/<integer_arg:int>')
async def integer_handler(request, integer_arg):
return text('Integer - {}'.format(integer_arg))
@app.route('/number/<number_arg:number>')
async def number_handler(request, number_arg):
return text('Number - {}'.format(number_arg))
@app.route('/alpha/<alpha_arg:alpha>')
async def number_handler(request, alpha_arg):
return text('Alpha - {}'.format(alpha_arg))
@app.route('/path/<path_arg:path>')
async def number_handler(request, path_arg):
return text('Path - {}'.format(path_arg))
@app.route('/uuid/<uuid_arg:uuid>')
async def number_handler(request, uuid_arg):
return text('Uuid - {}'.format(uuid_arg))
@app.route('/person/<name:[A-z]+>')
async def person_handler(request, name):
return text('Person - {}'.format(name))
@app.route('/folder/<folder_id:[A-z0-9]{0,4}>')
async def folder_handler(request, folder_id):
return text('Folder - {}'.format(folder_id))
.. warning::
`str` is not a valid type tag. If you want `str` recognition then you must use `string`
HTTP request types
==================
By default, a route defined on a URL will be available for only GET requests to that URL.
However, the `@app.route` decorator accepts an optional parameter, `methods`,
which allows the handler function to work with any of the HTTP methods in the list.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import text
@app.route('/post', methods=['POST'])
async def post_handler(request):
return text('POST request - {}'.format(request.json))
@app.route('/get', methods=['GET'])
async def get_handler(request):
return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args))
There is also an optional `host` argument (which can be a list or a string). This restricts a route to the host or hosts provided. If there is a also a route with no host, it will be the default.
.. code-block:: python
@app.route('/get', methods=['GET'], host='example.com')
async def get_handler(request):
return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args))
# if the host header doesn't match example.com, this route will be used
@app.route('/get', methods=['GET'])
async def get_handler(request):
return text('GET request in default - {}'.format(request.args))
There are also shorthand method decorators:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import text
@app.post('/post')
async def post_handler(request):
return text('POST request - {}'.format(request.json))
@app.get('/get')
async def get_handler(request):
return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args))
The `add_route` method
======================
As we have seen, routes are often specified using the `@app.route` decorator.
However, this decorator is really just a wrapper for the `app.add_route`
method, which is used as follows:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import text
# Define the handler functions
async def handler1(request):
return text('OK')
async def handler2(request, name):
return text('Folder - {}'.format(name))
async def person_handler2(request, name):
return text('Person - {}'.format(name))
# Add each handler function as a route
app.add_route(handler1, '/test')
app.add_route(handler2, '/folder/<name>')
app.add_route(person_handler2, '/person/<name:[A-z]>', methods=['GET'])
URL building with `url_for`
===========================
Sanic provides a `url_for` method, to generate URLs based on the handler method name. This is useful if you want to avoid hardcoding url paths into your app; instead, you can just reference the handler name. For example:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic.response import redirect
@app.route('/')
async def index(request):
# generate a URL for the endpoint `post_handler`
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5)
# the URL is `/posts/5`, redirect to it
return redirect(url)
@app.route('/posts/<post_id>')
async def post_handler(request, post_id):
return text('Post - {}'.format(post_id))
Other things to keep in mind when using `url_for`:
- Keyword arguments passed to `url_for` that are not request parameters will be included in the URL's query string. For example:
.. code-block:: python
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', arg_two='two')
# /posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_two=two
- Multivalue argument can be passed to `url_for`. For example:
.. code-block:: python
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one=['one', 'two'])
# /posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_one=two
- Also some special arguments (`_anchor`, `_external`, `_scheme`, `_method`, `_server`) passed to `url_for` will have special url building (`_method` is not supported now and will be ignored). For example:
.. code-block:: python
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _anchor='anchor')
# /posts/5?arg_one=one#anchor
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _external=True)
# //server/posts/5?arg_one=one
# _external requires you to pass an argument _server or set SERVER_NAME in app.config if not url will be same as no _external
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _scheme='http', _external=True)
# http://server/posts/5?arg_one=one
# when specifying _scheme, _external must be True
# you can pass all special arguments at once
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one=['one', 'two'], arg_two=2, _anchor='anchor', _scheme='http', _external=True, _server='another_server:8888')
# http://another_server:8888/posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_one=two&arg_two=2#anchor
- All valid parameters must be passed to `url_for` to build a URL. If a parameter is not supplied, or if a parameter does not match the specified type, a `URLBuildError` will be raised.
WebSocket routes
================
Routes for the WebSocket protocol can be defined with the `@app.websocket`
decorator:
.. code-block:: python
@app.websocket('/feed')
async def feed(request, ws):
while True:
data = 'hello!'
print('Sending: ' + data)
await ws.send(data)
data = await ws.recv()
print('Received: ' + data)
Alternatively, the `app.add_websocket_route` method can be used instead of the
decorator:
.. code-block:: python
async def feed(request, ws):
pass
app.add_websocket_route(my_websocket_handler, '/feed')
Handlers to a WebSocket route are invoked with the request as first argument, and a
WebSocket protocol object as second argument. The protocol object has `send`
and `recv` methods to send and receive data respectively.
WebSocket support requires the `websockets <https://github.com/aaugustin/websockets>`_
package by Aymeric Augustin.
About `strict_slashes`
======================
You can make `routes` strict to trailing slash or not, it's configurable.
.. code-block:: python
# provide default strict_slashes value for all routes
app = Sanic('test_route_strict_slash', strict_slashes=True)
# you can also overwrite strict_slashes value for specific route
@app.get('/get', strict_slashes=False)
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
# It also works for blueprints
bp = Blueprint('test_bp_strict_slash', strict_slashes=True)
@bp.get('/bp/get', strict_slashes=False)
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
app.blueprint(bp)
The behavior of how the `strict_slashes` flag follows a defined hierarchy which decides if a specific route
falls under the `strict_slashes` behavior.
| Route/
| ├──Blueprint/
| ├──Application/
Above hierarchy defines how the `strict_slashes` flag will behave. The first non `None` value of the `strict_slashes`
found in the above order will be applied to the route in question.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic, Blueprint
from sanic.response import text
app = Sanic("sample_strict_slashes", strict_slashes=True)
@app.get("/r1")
def r1(request):
return text("strict_slashes is applicable from App level")
@app.get("/r2", strict_slashes=False)
def r2(request):
return text("strict_slashes is not applicable due to False value set in route level")
bp = Blueprint("bp", strict_slashes=False)
@bp.get("/r3", strict_slashes=True)
def r3(request):
return text("strict_slashes applicable from blueprint route level")
bp1 = Blueprint("bp1", strict_slashes=True)
@bp.get("/r4")
def r3(request):
return text("strict_slashes applicable from blueprint level")
User defined route name
=======================
A custom route name can be used by passing a `name` argument while registering the route which will
override the default route name generated using the `handler.__name__` attribute.
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic('test_named_route')
@app.get('/get', name='get_handler')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
# then you need use `app.url_for('get_handler')`
# instead of # `app.url_for('handler')`
# It also works for blueprints
bp = Blueprint('test_named_bp')
@bp.get('/bp/get', name='get_handler')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
app.blueprint(bp)
# then you need use `app.url_for('test_named_bp.get_handler')`
# instead of `app.url_for('test_named_bp.handler')`
# different names can be used for same url with different methods
@app.get('/test', name='route_test')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
@app.post('/test', name='route_post')
def handler2(request):
return text('OK POST')
@app.put('/test', name='route_put')
def handler3(request):
return text('OK PUT')
# below url are the same, you can use any of them
# '/test'
app.url_for('route_test')
# app.url_for('route_post')
# app.url_for('route_put')
# for same handler name with different methods
# you need specify the name (it's url_for issue)
@app.get('/get')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
@app.post('/post', name='post_handler')
def handler(request):
return text('OK')
# then
# app.url_for('handler') == '/get'
# app.url_for('post_handler') == '/post'
Build URL for static files
==========================
Sanic supports using `url_for` method to build static file urls. In case if the static url
is pointing to a directory, `filename` parameter to the `url_for` can be ignored. q
.. code-block:: python
app = Sanic('test_static')
app.static('/static', './static')
app.static('/uploads', './uploads', name='uploads')
app.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png')
bp = Blueprint('bp', url_prefix='bp')
bp.static('/static', './static')
bp.static('/uploads', './uploads', name='uploads')
bp.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png')
app.blueprint(bp)
# then build the url
app.url_for('static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='uploads', filename='file.txt') == '/uploads/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='best_png') == '/the_best.png'
# blueprint url building
app.url_for('static', name='bp.static', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='bp.uploads', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/uploads/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='bp.best_png') == '/bp/static/the_best.png'

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# Static Files
Static files and directories, such as an image file, are served by Sanic when
registered with the `app.static()` method. The method takes an endpoint URL and a
filename. The file specified will then be accessible via the given endpoint.
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
app = Sanic(__name__)
# Serves files from the static folder to the URL /static
app.static('/static', './static')
# use url_for to build the url, name defaults to 'static' and can be ignored
app.url_for('static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt'
# Serves the file /home/ubuntu/test.png when the URL /the_best.png
# is requested
app.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png')
# you can use url_for to build the static file url
# you can ignore name and filename parameters if you don't define it
app.url_for('static', name='best_png') == '/the_best.png'
app.url_for('static', name='best_png', filename='any') == '/the_best.png'
# you need define the name for other static files
app.static('/another.png', '/home/ubuntu/another.png', name='another')
app.url_for('static', name='another') == '/another.png'
app.url_for('static', name='another', filename='any') == '/another.png'
# also, you can use static for blueprint
bp = Blueprint('bp', url_prefix='/bp')
bp.static('/static', './static')
# servers the file directly
bp.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png')
app.blueprint(bp)
app.url_for('static', name='bp.static', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='bp.best_png') == '/bp/test_best.png'
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)
```
> **Note:** Sanic does not provide directory index when you serve a static directory.
## Virtual Host
The `app.static()` method also support **virtual host**. You can serve your static files with specific **virtual host** with `host` argument. For example:
```python
from sanic import Sanic
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.static('/static', './static')
app.static('/example_static', './example_static', host='www.example.com')
```
## Streaming Large File
In some cases, you might server large file(ex: videos, images, etc.) with Sanic. You can choose to use **streaming file** rather than download directly.
Here is an example:
```python
from sanic import Sanic
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.static('/large_video.mp4', '/home/ubuntu/large_video.mp4', stream_large_files=True)
```
When `stream_large_files` is `True`, Sanic will use `file_stream()` instead of `file()` to serve static files. This will use **1KB** as the default chunk size. And, if needed, you can also use a custom chunk size. For example:
```python
from sanic import Sanic
app = Sanic(__name__)
chunk_size = 1024 * 1024 * 8 # Set chunk size to 8KB
app.static('/large_video.mp4', '/home/ubuntu/large_video.mp4', stream_large_files=chunk_size)
```

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Static Files
============
Static files and directories, such as an image file, are served by Sanic when
registered with the `app.static()` method. The method takes an endpoint URL and a
filename. The file specified will then be accessible via the given endpoint.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
app = Sanic(__name__)
# Serves files from the static folder to the URL /static
app.static('/static', './static')
# use url_for to build the url, name defaults to 'static' and can be ignored
app.url_for('static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt'
# Serves the file /home/ubuntu/test.png when the URL /the_best.png
# is requested
app.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png')
# you can use url_for to build the static file url
# you can ignore name and filename parameters if you don't define it
app.url_for('static', name='best_png') == '/the_best.png'
app.url_for('static', name='best_png', filename='any') == '/the_best.png'
# you need define the name for other static files
app.static('/another.png', '/home/ubuntu/another.png', name='another')
app.url_for('static', name='another') == '/another.png'
app.url_for('static', name='another', filename='any') == '/another.png'
# also, you can use static for blueprint
bp = Blueprint('bp', url_prefix='/bp')
bp.static('/static', './static')
# specify a different content_type for your files
# such as adding 'charset'
app.static('/', '/public/index.html', content_type="text/html; charset=utf-8")
# servers the file directly
bp.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png')
app.blueprint(bp)
app.url_for('static', name='bp.static', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/static/file.txt'
app.url_for('static', name='bp.best_png') == '/bp/test_best.png'
app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)
> **Note:** Sanic does not provide directory index when you serve a static directory.
Virtual Host
------------
The `app.static()` method also support **virtual host**. You can serve your static files with specific **virtual host** with `host` argument. For example:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.static('/static', './static')
app.static('/example_static', './example_static', host='www.example.com')
Streaming Large File
--------------------
In some cases, you might server large file(ex: videos, images, etc.) with Sanic. You can choose to use **streaming file** rather than download directly.
Here is an example:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
app = Sanic(__name__)
app.static('/large_video.mp4', '/home/ubuntu/large_video.mp4', stream_large_files=True)
When `stream_large_files` is `True`, Sanic will use `file_stream()` instead of `file()` to serve static files. This will use **1KB** as the default chunk size. And, if needed, you can also use a custom chunk size. For example:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
app = Sanic(__name__)
chunk_size = 1024 * 1024 * 8 # Set chunk size to 8KB
app.static('/large_video.mp4', '/home/ubuntu/large_video.mp4', stream_large_files=chunk_size)

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# Streaming
## Request Streaming
Sanic allows you to get request data by stream, as below. When the request ends, `await request.stream.read()` returns `None`. Only post, put and patch decorator have stream argument.
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.views import CompositionView
from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
from sanic.views import stream as stream_decorator
from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
from sanic.response import stream, text
bp = Blueprint('blueprint_request_stream')
app = Sanic('request_stream')
class SimpleView(HTTPMethodView):
@stream_decorator
async def post(self, request):
result = ''
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
result += body.decode('utf-8')
return text(result)
@app.post('/stream', stream=True)
async def handler(request):
async def streaming(response):
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
body = body.decode('utf-8').replace('1', 'A')
await response.write(body)
return stream(streaming)
@bp.put('/bp_stream', stream=True)
async def bp_put_handler(request):
result = ''
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
result += body.decode('utf-8').replace('1', 'A')
return text(result)
# You can also use `bp.add_route()` with stream argument
async def bp_post_handler(request):
result = ''
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
result += body.decode('utf-8').replace('1', 'A')
return text(result)
bp.add_route(bp_post_handler, '/bp_stream', methods=['POST'], stream=True)
async def post_handler(request):
result = ''
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
result += body.decode('utf-8')
return text(result)
app.blueprint(bp)
app.add_route(SimpleView.as_view(), '/method_view')
view = CompositionView()
view.add(['POST'], post_handler, stream=True)
app.add_route(view, '/composition_view')
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='127.0.0.1', port=8000)
```
## Response Streaming
Sanic allows you to stream content to the client with the `stream` method. This method accepts a coroutine callback which is passed a `StreamingHTTPResponse` object that is written to. A simple example is like follows:
```python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.response import stream
app = Sanic(__name__)
@app.route("/")
async def test(request):
async def sample_streaming_fn(response):
await response.write('foo,')
await response.write('bar')
return stream(sample_streaming_fn, content_type='text/csv')
```
This is useful in situations where you want to stream content to the client that originates in an external service, like a database. For example, you can stream database records to the client with the asynchronous cursor that `asyncpg` provides:
```python
@app.route("/")
async def index(request):
async def stream_from_db(response):
conn = await asyncpg.connect(database='test')
async with conn.transaction():
async for record in conn.cursor('SELECT generate_series(0, 10)'):
await response.write(record[0])
return stream(stream_from_db)
```
If a client supports HTTP/1.1, Sanic will use [chunked transfer encoding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunked_transfer_encoding); you can explicitly enable or disable it using `chunked` option of the `stream` function.
## File Streaming
Sanic provides `sanic.response.file_stream` function that is useful when you want to send a large file. It returns a `StreamingHTTPResponse` object and will use chunked transfer encoding by default; for this reason Sanic doesn't add `Content-Length` HTTP header in the response. If you want to use this header, you can disable chunked transfer encoding and add it manually:
```python
from aiofiles import os as async_os
from sanic.response import file_stream
@app.route("/")
async def index(request):
file_path = "/srv/www/whatever.png"
file_stat = await async_os.stat(file_path)
headers = {"Content-Length": str(file_stat.st_size)}
return await file_stream(
file_path,
headers=headers,
chunked=False,
)
```

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Streaming
=========
Request Streaming
-----------------
Sanic allows you to get request data by stream, as below. When the request ends, `await request.stream.read()` returns `None`. Only post, put and patch decorator have stream argument.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.views import CompositionView
from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
from sanic.views import stream as stream_decorator
from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
from sanic.response import stream, text
bp = Blueprint('blueprint_request_stream')
app = Sanic('request_stream')
class SimpleView(HTTPMethodView):
@stream_decorator
async def post(self, request):
result = ''
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
result += body.decode('utf-8')
return text(result)
@app.post('/stream', stream=True)
async def handler(request):
async def streaming(response):
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
body = body.decode('utf-8').replace('1', 'A')
await response.write(body)
return stream(streaming)
@bp.put('/bp_stream', stream=True)
async def bp_put_handler(request):
result = ''
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
result += body.decode('utf-8').replace('1', 'A')
return text(result)
# You can also use `bp.add_route()` with stream argument
async def bp_post_handler(request):
result = ''
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
result += body.decode('utf-8').replace('1', 'A')
return text(result)
bp.add_route(bp_post_handler, '/bp_stream', methods=['POST'], stream=True)
async def post_handler(request):
result = ''
while True:
body = await request.stream.read()
if body is None:
break
result += body.decode('utf-8')
return text(result)
app.blueprint(bp)
app.add_route(SimpleView.as_view(), '/method_view')
view = CompositionView()
view.add(['POST'], post_handler, stream=True)
app.add_route(view, '/composition_view')
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(host='127.0.0.1', port=8000)
Response Streaming
------------------
Sanic allows you to stream content to the client with the `stream` method. This method accepts a coroutine callback which is passed a `StreamingHTTPResponse` object that is written to. A simple example is like follows:
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic.response import stream
app = Sanic(__name__)
@app.route("/")
async def test(request):
async def sample_streaming_fn(response):
await response.write('foo,')
await response.write('bar')
return stream(sample_streaming_fn, content_type='text/csv')
This is useful in situations where you want to stream content to the client that originates in an external service, like a database. For example, you can stream database records to the client with the asynchronous cursor that `asyncpg` provides:
.. code-block:: python
@app.route("/")
async def index(request):
async def stream_from_db(response):
conn = await asyncpg.connect(database='test')
async with conn.transaction():
async for record in conn.cursor('SELECT generate_series(0, 10)'):
await response.write(record[0])
return stream(stream_from_db)
If a client supports HTTP/1.1, Sanic will use `chunked transfer encoding <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunked_transfer_encoding>`_; you can explicitly enable or disable it using `chunked` option of the `stream` function.
File Streaming
--------------
Sanic provides `sanic.response.file_stream` function that is useful when you want to send a large file. It returns a `StreamingHTTPResponse` object and will use chunked transfer encoding by default; for this reason Sanic doesn't add `Content-Length` HTTP header in the response. If you want to use this header, you can disable chunked transfer encoding and add it manually:
.. code-block:: python
from aiofiles import os as async_os
from sanic.response import file_stream
@app.route("/")
async def index(request):
file_path = "/srv/www/whatever.png"
file_stat = await async_os.stat(file_path)
headers = {"Content-Length": str(file_stat.st_size)}
return await file_stream(
file_path,
headers=headers,
chunked=False,
)

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# Testing
Sanic endpoints can be tested locally using the `test_client` object, which
depends on the additional [`requests-async`](https://github.com/encode/requests-async)
library, which implements an API that mirrors the `requests` library.
The `test_client` exposes `get`, `post`, `put`, `delete`, `patch`, `head` and `options` methods
for you to run against your application. A simple example (using pytest) is like follows:
```python
# Import the Sanic app, usually created with Sanic(__name__)
from external_server import app
def test_index_returns_200():
request, response = app.test_client.get('/')
assert response.status == 200
def test_index_put_not_allowed():
request, response = app.test_client.put('/')
assert response.status == 405
```
Internally, each time you call one of the `test_client` methods, the Sanic app is run at `127.0.0.1:42101` and
your test request is executed against your application, using `requests-async`.
The `test_client` methods accept the following arguments and keyword arguments:
- `uri` *(default `'/'`)* A string representing the URI to test.
- `gather_request` *(default `True`)* A boolean which determines whether the
original request will be returned by the function. If set to `True`, the
return value is a tuple of `(request, response)`, if `False` only the
response is returned.
- `server_kwargs` *(default `{}`) a dict of additional arguments to pass into `app.run` before the test request is run.
- `debug` *(default `False`)* A boolean which determines whether to run the server in debug mode.
The function further takes the `*request_args` and `**request_kwargs`, which are passed directly to the request.
For example, to supply data to a GET request, you would do the following:
```python
def test_get_request_includes_data():
params = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
request, response = app.test_client.get('/', params=params)
assert request.args.get('key1') == 'value1'
```
And to supply data to a JSON POST request:
```python
def test_post_json_request_includes_data():
data = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
request, response = app.test_client.post('/', data=json.dumps(data))
assert request.json.get('key1') == 'value1'
```
More information about
the available arguments to `requests-async` can be found
[in the documentation for `requests`](https://2.python-requests.org/en/master/).
## Using a random port
If you need to test using a free unpriveleged port chosen by the kernel
instead of the default with `SanicTestClient`, you can do so by specifying
`port=None`. On most systems the port will be in the range 1024 to 65535.
```python
# Import the Sanic app, usually created with Sanic(__name__)
from external_server import app
from sanic.testing import SanicTestClient
def test_index_returns_200():
request, response = SanicTestClient(app, port=None).get('/')
assert response.status == 200
```
## pytest-sanic
[pytest-sanic](https://github.com/yunstanford/pytest-sanic) is a pytest plugin, it helps you to test your code asynchronously.
Just write tests like,
```python
async def test_sanic_db_find_by_id(app):
"""
Let's assume that, in db we have,
{
"id": "123",
"name": "Kobe Bryant",
"team": "Lakers",
}
"""
doc = await app.db["players"].find_by_id("123")
assert doc.name == "Kobe Bryant"
assert doc.team == "Lakers"
```
[pytest-sanic](https://github.com/yunstanford/pytest-sanic) also provides some useful fixtures, like loop, unused_port,
test_server, test_client.
```python
@pytest.yield_fixture
def app():
app = Sanic("test_sanic_app")
@app.route("/test_get", methods=['GET'])
async def test_get(request):
return response.json({"GET": True})
@app.route("/test_post", methods=['POST'])
async def test_post(request):
return response.json({"POST": True})
yield app
@pytest.fixture
def test_cli(loop, app, test_client):
return loop.run_until_complete(test_client(app, protocol=WebSocketProtocol))
#########
# Tests #
#########
async def test_fixture_test_client_get(test_cli):
"""
GET request
"""
resp = await test_cli.get('/test_get')
assert resp.status == 200
resp_json = await resp.json()
assert resp_json == {"GET": True}
async def test_fixture_test_client_post(test_cli):
"""
POST request
"""
resp = await test_cli.post('/test_post')
assert resp.status == 200
resp_json = await resp.json()
assert resp_json == {"POST": True}
```

145
docs/sanic/testing.rst Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
Testing
=======
Sanic endpoints can be tested locally using the `test_client` object, which
depends on the additional `requests-async <https://github.com/encode/requests-async>`_
library, which implements an API that mirrors the `requests` library.
The `test_client` exposes `get`, `post`, `put`, `delete`, `patch`, `head` and `options` methods
for you to run against your application. A simple example (using pytest) is like follows:
.. code-block:: python
# Import the Sanic app, usually created with Sanic(__name__)
from external_server import app
def test_index_returns_200():
request, response = app.test_client.get('/')
assert response.status == 200
def test_index_put_not_allowed():
request, response = app.test_client.put('/')
assert response.status == 405
Internally, each time you call one of the `test_client` methods, the Sanic app is run at `127.0.0.1:42101` and
your test request is executed against your application, using `requests-async`.
The `test_client` methods accept the following arguments and keyword arguments:
- `uri` *(default `'/'`)* A string representing the URI to test.
- `gather_request` *(default `True`)* A boolean which determines whether the
original request will be returned by the function. If set to `True`, the
return value is a tuple of `(request, response)`, if `False` only the
response is returned.
- `server_kwargs` *(default `{}`)* a dict of additional arguments to pass into `app.run` before the test request is run.
- `debug` *(default `False`)* A boolean which determines whether to run the server in debug mode.
The function further takes the `*request_args` and `**request_kwargs`, which are passed directly to the request.
For example, to supply data to a GET request, you would do the following:
.. code-block:: python
def test_get_request_includes_data():
params = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
request, response = app.test_client.get('/', params=params)
assert request.args.get('key1') == 'value1'
And to supply data to a JSON POST request:
.. code-block:: python
def test_post_json_request_includes_data():
data = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
request, response = app.test_client.post('/', data=json.dumps(data))
assert request.json.get('key1') == 'value1'
More information about
the available arguments to `requests-async` can be found
[in the documentation for `requests <https://2.python-requests.org/en/master/>`_.
Using a random port
-------------------
If you need to test using a free unpriveleged port chosen by the kernel
instead of the default with `SanicTestClient`, you can do so by specifying
`port=None`. On most systems the port will be in the range 1024 to 65535.
.. code-block:: python
# Import the Sanic app, usually created with Sanic(__name__)
from external_server import app
from sanic.testing import SanicTestClient
def test_index_returns_200():
request, response = SanicTestClient(app, port=None).get('/')
assert response.status == 200
pytest-sanic
------------
`pytest-sanic <https://github.com/yunstanford/pytest-sanic>`_ is a pytest plugin, it helps you to test your code asynchronously.
Just write tests like,
.. code-block:: python
async def test_sanic_db_find_by_id(app):
"""
Let's assume that, in db we have,
{
"id": "123",
"name": "Kobe Bryant",
"team": "Lakers",
}
"""
doc = await app.db["players"].find_by_id("123")
assert doc.name == "Kobe Bryant"
assert doc.team == "Lakers"
`pytest-sanic <https://github.com/yunstanford/pytest-sanic>`_ also provides some useful fixtures, like loop, unused_port,
test_server, test_client.
.. code-block:: python
@pytest.yield_fixture
def app():
app = Sanic("test_sanic_app")
@app.route("/test_get", methods=['GET'])
async def test_get(request):
return response.json({"GET": True})
@app.route("/test_post", methods=['POST'])
async def test_post(request):
return response.json({"POST": True})
yield app
@pytest.fixture
def test_cli(loop, app, test_client):
return loop.run_until_complete(test_client(app, protocol=WebSocketProtocol))
#########
# Tests #
#########
async def test_fixture_test_client_get(test_cli):
"""
GET request
"""
resp = await test_cli.get('/test_get')
assert resp.status == 200
resp_json = await resp.json()
assert resp_json == {"GET": True}
async def test_fixture_test_client_post(test_cli):
"""
POST request
"""
resp = await test_cli.post('/test_post')
assert resp.status == 200
resp_json = await resp.json()
assert resp_json == {"POST": True}

50
docs/sanic/versioning.md
View File

@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
# Versioning
You can pass the `version` keyword to the route decorators, or to a blueprint initializer. It will result in the `v{version}` url prefix where `{version}` is the version number.
## Per route
You can pass a version number to the routes directly.
```python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/text', version=1)
def handle_request(request):
return response.text('Hello world! Version 1')
@app.route('/text', version=2)
def handle_request(request):
return response.text('Hello world! Version 2')
app.run(port=80)
```
Then with curl:
```bash
curl localhost/v1/text
curl localhost/v2/text
```
## Global blueprint version
You can also pass a version number to the blueprint, which will apply to all routes.
```python
from sanic import response
from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
bp = Blueprint('test', version=1)
@bp.route('/html')
def handle_request(request):
return response.html('<p>Hello world!</p>')
```
Then with curl:
```bash
curl localhost/v1/html
```

54
docs/sanic/versioning.rst Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
Versioning
==========
You can pass the `version` keyword to the route decorators, or to a blueprint initializer. It will result in the `v{version}` url prefix where `{version}` is the version number.
Per route
---------
You can pass a version number to the routes directly.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
@app.route('/text', version=1)
def handle_request(request):
return response.text('Hello world! Version 1')
@app.route('/text', version=2)
def handle_request(request):
return response.text('Hello world! Version 2')
app.run(port=80)
Then with curl:
.. code-block:: bash
curl localhost/v1/text
curl localhost/v2/text
Global blueprint version
------------------------
You can also pass a version number to the blueprint, which will apply to all routes.
.. code-block:: python
from sanic import response
from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
bp = Blueprint('test', version=1)
@bp.route('/html')
def handle_request(request):
return response.html('<p>Hello world!</p>')
Then with curl:
.. code-block:: bash
curl localhost/v1/html

5
docs/sanic/websocket.rst
View File

@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
WebSocket
=========
Sanic provides an easy to use abstraction on top of `websockets`. To setup a WebSocket:
Sanic provides an easy to use abstraction on top of `websockets`.
Sanic Supports websocket versions 7 and 8.
To setup a WebSocket:
.. code:: python

34
examples/authorized_sanic.py
View File

@ -13,28 +13,26 @@ def check_request_for_authorization_status(request):
return flag
def authorized():
def decorator(f):
@wraps(f)
async def decorated_function(request, *args, **kwargs):
# run some method that checks the request
# for the client's authorization status
is_authorized = check_request_for_authorization_status(request)
def authorized(f):
@wraps(f)
async def decorated_function(request, *args, **kwargs):
# run some method that checks the request
# for the client's authorization status
is_authorized = check_request_for_authorization_status(request)
if is_authorized:
# the user is authorized.
# run the handler method and return the response
response = await f(request, *args, **kwargs)
return response
else:
# the user is not authorized.
return json({'status': 'not_authorized'}, 403)
return decorated_function
return decorator
if is_authorized:
# the user is authorized.
# run the handler method and return the response
response = await f(request, *args, **kwargs)
return response
else:
# the user is not authorized.
return json({'status': 'not_authorized'}, 403)
return decorated_function
@app.route("/")
@authorized()
@authorized
async def test(request):
return json({'status': 'authorized'})

38
examples/run_async_advanced.py Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
from sanic import Sanic
from sanic import response
from signal import signal, SIGINT
import asyncio
import uvloop
app = Sanic(__name__)
@app.listener('after_server_start')
async def after_start_test(app, loop):
print("Async Server Started!")
@app.route("/")
async def test(request):
return response.json({"answer": "42"})
asyncio.set_event_loop(uvloop.new_event_loop())
serv_coro = app.create_server(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, return_asyncio_server=True)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
serv_task = asyncio.ensure_future(serv_coro, loop=loop)
signal(SIGINT, lambda s, f: loop.stop())
server = loop.run_until_complete(serv_task)
server.after_start()
try:
loop.run_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt as e:
loop.stop()
finally:
server.before_stop()
# Wait for server to close
close_task = server.close()
loop.run_until_complete(close_task)
# Complete all tasks on the loop
for connection in server.connections:
connection.close_if_idle()
server.after_stop()

6
sanic/__main__.py
View File

@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
from argparse import ArgumentParser
from importlib import import_module
from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
from sanic.app import Sanic
from sanic.log import logger
@ -35,7 +36,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
)
)
if args.cert is not None or args.key is not None:
ssl = {"cert": args.cert, "key": args.key}
ssl = {
"cert": args.cert,
"key": args.key,
} # type: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
else:
ssl = None

2
sanic/__version__.py
View File

@ -1 +1 @@
__version__ = "19.6.3"
__version__ = "19.9.0"

31
sanic/app.py
View File

@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from inspect import getmodulename, isawaitable, signature, stack
from socket import socket
from ssl import Purpose, SSLContext, create_default_context
from traceback import format_exc
from typing import Any, Optional, Type, Union
from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Type, Union
from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlunparse
from sanic import reloader_helpers
@ -24,7 +24,13 @@ from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
from sanic.log import LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS, error_logger, logger
from sanic.response import HTTPResponse, StreamingHTTPResponse
from sanic.router import Router
from sanic.server import HttpProtocol, Signal, serve, serve_multiple
from sanic.server import (
AsyncioServer,
HttpProtocol,
Signal,
serve,
serve_multiple,
)
from sanic.static import register as static_register
from sanic.testing import SanicASGITestClient, SanicTestClient
from sanic.views import CompositionView
@ -46,6 +52,13 @@ class Sanic:
# Get name from previous stack frame
if name is None:
warnings.warn(
"Sanic(name=None) is deprecated and None value support "
"for `name` will be removed in the next release. "
"Please use Sanic(name='your_application_name') instead.",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
frame_records = stack()[1]
name = getmodulename(frame_records[1])
@ -138,11 +151,9 @@ class Sanic:
"""
Register the listener for a given event.
Args:
listener: callable i.e. setup_db(app, loop)
event: when to register listener i.e. 'before_server_start'
Returns: listener
:param listener: callable i.e. setup_db(app, loop)
:param event: when to register listener i.e. 'before_server_start'
:return: listener
"""
return self.listener(event)(listener)
@ -770,7 +781,7 @@ class Sanic:
URLBuildError
"""
# find the route by the supplied view name
kw = {}
kw: Dict[str, str] = {}
# special static files url_for
if view_name == "static":
kw.update(name=kwargs.pop("name", "static"))
@ -1161,7 +1172,7 @@ class Sanic:
access_log: Optional[bool] = None,
return_asyncio_server=False,
asyncio_server_kwargs=None,
) -> None:
) -> Optional[AsyncioServer]:
"""
Asynchronous version of :func:`run`.
@ -1201,7 +1212,7 @@ class Sanic:
:param asyncio_server_kwargs: key-value arguments for
asyncio/uvloop create_server method
:type asyncio_server_kwargs: dict
:return: Nothing
:return: AsyncioServer if return_asyncio_server is true, else Nothing
"""
if sock is None:

34
sanic/asgi.py
View File

@ -2,9 +2,23 @@ import asyncio
import warnings
from inspect import isawaitable
from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, MutableMapping, Union
from typing import (
Any,
Awaitable,
Callable,
Dict,
List,
MutableMapping,
Optional,
Tuple,
Union,
)
from urllib.parse import quote
from requests_async import ASGISession # type: ignore
import sanic.app # noqa
from sanic.compat import Header
from sanic.exceptions import InvalidUsage, ServerError
from sanic.log import logger
@ -54,6 +68,8 @@ class MockProtocol:
class MockTransport:
_protocol: Optional[MockProtocol]
def __init__(
self, scope: ASGIScope, receive: ASGIReceive, send: ASGISend
) -> None:
@ -68,11 +84,12 @@ class MockTransport:
self._protocol = MockProtocol(self, self.loop)
return self._protocol
def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> Union[str, bool]:
def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> Union[str, bool, None]:
if info == "peername":
return self.scope.get("server")
elif info == "sslcontext":
return self.scope.get("scheme") in ["https", "wss"]
return None
def get_websocket_connection(self) -> WebSocketConnection:
try:
@ -172,6 +189,13 @@ class Lifespan:
class ASGIApp:
sanic_app: Union[ASGISession, "sanic.app.Sanic"]
request: Request
transport: MockTransport
do_stream: bool
lifespan: Lifespan
ws: Optional[WebSocketConnection]
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.ws = None
@ -182,8 +206,8 @@ class ASGIApp:
instance = cls()
instance.sanic_app = sanic_app
instance.transport = MockTransport(scope, receive, send)
instance.transport.add_task = sanic_app.loop.create_task
instance.transport.loop = sanic_app.loop
setattr(instance.transport, "add_task", sanic_app.loop.create_task)
headers = Header(
[
@ -286,8 +310,8 @@ class ASGIApp:
"""
Write the response.
"""
headers = []
cookies = {}
headers: List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
cookies: Dict[str, str] = {}
try:
cookies = {
v.key: v

4
sanic/blueprint_group.py
View File

@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(MutableSequence):
"""
return self._blueprints[item]
def __setitem__(self, index: int, item: object) -> None:
def __setitem__(self, index, item) -> None:
"""
Abstract method implemented to turn the `BlueprintGroup` class
into a list like object to support all the existing behavior.
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(MutableSequence):
"""
self._blueprints[index] = item
def __delitem__(self, index: int) -> None:
def __delitem__(self, index) -> None:
"""
Abstract method implemented to turn the `BlueprintGroup` class
into a list like object to support all the existing behavior.

2
sanic/compat.py
View File

@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
from multidict import CIMultiDict
from multidict import CIMultiDict # type: ignore
class Header(CIMultiDict):

22
sanic/headers.py
View File

@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
import re
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Optional, Tuple
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
from urllib.parse import unquote
from sanic.helpers import STATUS_CODES
HeaderIterable = Iterable[Tuple[str, Any]] # Values convertible to str
Options = Dict[str, str] # key=value fields in various headers
Options = Dict[str, Union[int, str]] # key=value fields in various headers
OptionsIterable = Iterable[Tuple[str, str]] # May contain duplicate keys
_token, _quoted = r"([\w!#$%&'*+\-.^_`|~]+)", r'"([^"]*)"'
@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ def parse_content_header(value: str) -> Tuple[str, Options]:
value = _firefox_quote_escape.sub("%22", value)
pos = value.find(";")
if pos == -1:
options = {}
options: Dict[str, Union[int, str]] = {}
else:
options = {
m.group(1).lower(): m.group(2) or m.group(3).replace("%22", '"')
@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
return None
# Loop over <separator><key>=<value> elements from right to left
sep = pos = None
options = []
options: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
found = False
for m in _rparam.finditer(header[::-1]):
# Start of new element? (on parser skips and non-semicolon right sep)
@ -104,8 +103,13 @@ def parse_xforwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
try:
# Combine, split and filter multiple headers' entries
forwarded_for = headers.getall(config.FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER)
proxies = (p.strip() for h in forwarded_for for p in h.split(","))
proxies = [p for p in proxies if p]
proxies = [
p
for p in (
p.strip() for h in forwarded_for for p in h.split(",")
)
if p
]
addr = proxies[-proxies_count]
except (KeyError, IndexError):
pass
@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ def parse_xforwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
def fwd_normalize(fwd: OptionsIterable) -> Options:
"""Normalize and convert values extracted from forwarded headers."""
ret = {}
ret: Dict[str, Union[int, str]] = {}
for key, val in fwd:
if val is not None:
try:
@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ def parse_host(host: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int]]:
if not m:
return None, None
host, port = m.groups()
return host.lower(), port and int(port)
return host.lower(), int(port) if port is not None else None
def format_http1(headers: HeaderIterable) -> bytes:

1
sanic/helpers.py
View File

@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ STATUS_CODES = {
100: b"Continue",
101: b"Switching Protocols",
102: b"Processing",
103: b"Early Hints",
200: b"OK",
201: b"Created",
202: b"Accepted",

50
sanic/request.py
View File

@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ import warnings
from collections import defaultdict, namedtuple
from http.cookies import SimpleCookie
from types import SimpleNamespace
from urllib.parse import parse_qs, parse_qsl, unquote, urlunparse
from httptools import parse_url
from httptools import parse_url # type: ignore
from sanic.exceptions import InvalidUsage
from sanic.headers import (
@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ from sanic.log import error_logger, logger
try:
from ujson import loads as json_loads
from ujson import loads as json_loads # type: ignore
except ImportError:
from json import loads as json_loads
from json import loads as json_loads # type: ignore
DEFAULT_HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE = "application/octet-stream"
EXPECT_HEADER = "EXPECT"
@ -61,8 +62,12 @@ class StreamBuffer:
def is_full(self):
return self._queue.full()
@property
def buffer_size(self):
return self._queue.maxsize
class Request(dict):
class Request:
"""Properties of an HTTP request such as URL, headers, etc."""
__slots__ = (
@ -75,6 +80,7 @@ class Request(dict):
"_socket",
"app",
"body",
"ctx",
"endpoint",
"headers",
"method",
@ -104,6 +110,7 @@ class Request(dict):
# Init but do not inhale
self.body_init()
self.ctx = SimpleNamespace()
self.parsed_forwarded = None
self.parsed_json = None
self.parsed_form = None
@ -120,10 +127,30 @@ class Request(dict):
self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.path
)
def __bool__(self):
if self.transport:
return True
return False
def get(self, key, default=None):
""".. deprecated:: 19.9
Custom context is now stored in `request.custom_context.yourkey`"""
return self.ctx.__dict__.get(key, default)
def __contains__(self, key):
""".. deprecated:: 19.9
Custom context is now stored in `request.custom_context.yourkey`"""
return key in self.ctx.__dict__
def __getitem__(self, key):
""".. deprecated:: 19.9
Custom context is now stored in `request.custom_context.yourkey`"""
return self.ctx.__dict__[key]
def __delitem__(self, key):
""".. deprecated:: 19.9
Custom context is now stored in `request.custom_context.yourkey`"""
del self.ctx.__dict__[key]
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
""".. deprecated:: 19.9
Custom context is now stored in `request.custom_context.yourkey`"""
setattr(self.ctx, key, value)
def body_init(self):
self.body = []
@ -496,8 +523,11 @@ class Request(dict):
:rtype: str
"""
# Full URL SERVER_NAME can only be handled in app.url_for
if "//" in self.app.config.SERVER_NAME:
return self.app.url_for(view_name, _external=True, **kwargs)
try:
if "//" in self.app.config.SERVER_NAME:
return self.app.url_for(view_name, _external=True, **kwargs)
except AttributeError:
pass
scheme = self.scheme
host = self.server_name

2
sanic/response.py
View File

@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from mimetypes import guess_type
from os import path
from urllib.parse import quote_plus
from aiofiles import open as open_async
from aiofiles import open as open_async # type: ignore
from sanic.compat import Header
from sanic.cookies import CookieJar

134
sanic/server.py
View File

@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import asyncio
import os
import traceback
from collections import deque
from functools import partial
from inspect import isawaitable
from multiprocessing import Process
@ -10,8 +11,8 @@ from signal import signal as signal_func
from socket import SO_REUSEADDR, SOL_SOCKET, socket
from time import time
from httptools import HttpRequestParser
from httptools.parser.errors import HttpParserError
from httptools import HttpRequestParser # type: ignore
from httptools.parser.errors import HttpParserError # type: ignore
from sanic.compat import Header
from sanic.exceptions import (
@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ from sanic.response import HTTPResponse
try:
import uvloop
import uvloop # type: ignore
if not isinstance(asyncio.get_event_loop_policy(), uvloop.EventLoopPolicy):
asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(uvloop.EventLoopPolicy())
@ -148,6 +149,7 @@ class HttpProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
self.state["requests_count"] = 0
self._debug = debug
self._not_paused.set()
self._body_chunks = deque()
@property
def keep_alive(self):
@ -347,19 +349,30 @@ class HttpProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
def on_body(self, body):
if self.is_request_stream and self._is_stream_handler:
self._request_stream_task = self.loop.create_task(
self.body_append(body)
)
# body chunks can be put into asyncio.Queue out of order if
# multiple tasks put concurrently and the queue is full in python
# 3.7. so we should not create more than one task putting into the
# queue simultaneously.
self._body_chunks.append(body)
if (
not self._request_stream_task
or self._request_stream_task.done()
):
self._request_stream_task = self.loop.create_task(
self.stream_append()
)
else:
self.request.body_push(body)
async def body_append(self, body):
if self.request.stream.is_full():
self.transport.pause_reading()
await self.request.stream.put(body)
self.transport.resume_reading()
else:
await self.request.stream.put(body)
async def stream_append(self):
while self._body_chunks:
body = self._body_chunks.popleft()
if self.request.stream.is_full():
self.transport.pause_reading()
await self.request.stream.put(body)
self.transport.resume_reading()
else:
await self.request.stream.put(body)
def on_message_complete(self):
# Entire request (headers and whole body) is received.
@ -368,9 +381,14 @@ class HttpProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
self._request_timeout_handler.cancel()
self._request_timeout_handler = None
if self.is_request_stream and self._is_stream_handler:
self._request_stream_task = self.loop.create_task(
self.request.stream.put(None)
)
self._body_chunks.append(None)
if (
not self._request_stream_task
or self._request_stream_task.done()
):
self._request_stream_task = self.loop.create_task(
self.stream_append()
)
return
self.request.body_finish()
self.execute_request_handler()
@ -634,6 +652,78 @@ def trigger_events(events, loop):
loop.run_until_complete(result)
class AsyncioServer:
"""
Wraps an asyncio server with functionality that might be useful to
a user who needs to manage the server lifecycle manually.
"""
__slots__ = (
"loop",
"serve_coro",
"_after_start",
"_before_stop",
"_after_stop",
"server",
"connections",
)
def __init__(
self,
loop,
serve_coro,
connections,
after_start,
before_stop,
after_stop,
):
# Note, Sanic already called "before_server_start" events
# before this helper was even created. So we don't need it here.
self.loop = loop
self.serve_coro = serve_coro
self._after_start = after_start
self._before_stop = before_stop
self._after_stop = after_stop
self.server = None
self.connections = connections
def after_start(self):
"""Trigger "after_server_start" events"""
trigger_events(self._after_start, self.loop)
def before_stop(self):
"""Trigger "before_server_stop" events"""
trigger_events(self._before_stop, self.loop)
def after_stop(self):
"""Trigger "after_server_stop" events"""
trigger_events(self._after_stop, self.loop)
def is_serving(self):
if self.server:
return self.server.is_serving()
return False
def wait_closed(self):
if self.server:
return self.server.wait_closed()
def close(self):
if self.server:
self.server.close()
coro = self.wait_closed()
task = asyncio.ensure_future(coro, loop=self.loop)
return task
def __await__(self):
"""Starts the asyncio server, returns AsyncServerCoro"""
task = asyncio.ensure_future(self.serve_coro)
while not task.done():
yield
self.server = task.result()
return self
def serve(
host,
port,
@ -700,6 +790,8 @@ def serve(
:param reuse_port: `True` for multiple workers
:param loop: asyncio compatible event loop
:param protocol: subclass of asyncio protocol class
:param run_async: bool: Do not create a new event loop for the server,
and return an AsyncServer object rather than running it
:param request_class: Request class to use
:param access_log: disable/enable access log
:param websocket_max_size: enforces the maximum size for
@ -744,6 +836,7 @@ def serve(
response_timeout=response_timeout,
keep_alive_timeout=keep_alive_timeout,
request_max_size=request_max_size,
request_buffer_queue_size=request_buffer_queue_size,
request_class=request_class,
access_log=access_log,
keep_alive=keep_alive,
@ -771,7 +864,14 @@ def serve(
)
if run_async:
return server_coroutine
return AsyncioServer(
loop,
server_coroutine,
connections,
after_start,
before_stop,
after_stop,
)
trigger_events(before_start, loop)

2
sanic/static.py
View File

@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from re import sub
from time import gmtime, strftime
from urllib.parse import unquote
from aiofiles.os import stat
from aiofiles.os import stat # type: ignore
from sanic.exceptions import (
ContentRangeError,

22
sanic/testing.py
View File

@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ from json import JSONDecodeError
from socket import socket
from urllib.parse import unquote, urlsplit
import httpcore
import requests_async as requests
import websockets
import httpcore # type: ignore
import requests_async as requests # type: ignore
import websockets # type: ignore
from sanic.asgi import ASGIApp
from sanic.exceptions import MethodNotSupported
@ -288,6 +288,14 @@ class SanicASGIAdapter(requests.asgi.ASGIAdapter): # noqa
request_complete = True
return {"type": "http.request", "body": body_bytes}
request_complete = False
response_started = False
response_complete = False
raw_kwargs = {"content": b""} # type: typing.Dict[str, typing.Any]
template = None
context = None
return_value = None
async def send(message) -> None:
nonlocal raw_kwargs, response_started, response_complete, template, context # noqa
@ -316,14 +324,6 @@ class SanicASGIAdapter(requests.asgi.ASGIAdapter): # noqa
template = message["template"]
context = message["context"]
request_complete = False
response_started = False
response_complete = False
raw_kwargs = {"content": b""} # type: typing.Dict[str, typing.Any]
template = None
context = None
return_value = None
try:
return_value = await self.app(scope, receive, send)
except BaseException as exc:

4
sanic/views.py
View File

@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
from typing import Any, Callable, List
from sanic.constants import HTTP_METHODS
from sanic.exceptions import InvalidUsage
@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ class HTTPMethodView:
To add any decorator you could set it into decorators variable
"""
decorators = []
decorators: List[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] = []
def dispatch_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(), None)

37
sanic/websocket.py
View File

@ -1,13 +1,27 @@
from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, MutableMapping, Optional, Union
from typing import (
Any,
Awaitable,
Callable,
Dict,
MutableMapping,
Optional,
Union,
)
from httptools import HttpParserUpgrade
from websockets import ConnectionClosed # noqa
from websockets import InvalidHandshake, WebSocketCommonProtocol, handshake
from httptools import HttpParserUpgrade # type: ignore
from websockets import ( # type: ignore
ConnectionClosed,
InvalidHandshake,
WebSocketCommonProtocol,
handshake,
)
from sanic.exceptions import InvalidUsage
from sanic.server import HttpProtocol
__all__ = ["ConnectionClosed", "WebSocketProtocol", "WebSocketConnection"]
ASIMessage = MutableMapping[str, Any]
@ -105,6 +119,9 @@ class WebSocketProtocol(HttpProtocol):
read_limit=self.websocket_read_limit,
write_limit=self.websocket_write_limit,
)
# Following two lines are required for websockets 8.x
self.websocket.is_client = False
self.websocket.side = "server"
self.websocket.subprotocol = subprotocol
self.websocket.connection_made(request.transport)
self.websocket.connection_open()
@ -125,14 +142,12 @@ class WebSocketConnection:
self._receive = receive
async def send(self, data: Union[str, bytes], *args, **kwargs) -> None:
message = {"type": "websocket.send"}
message: Dict[str, Union[str, bytes]] = {"type": "websocket.send"}
try:
data.decode()
except AttributeError:
message.update({"text": str(data)})
else:
if isinstance(data, bytes):
message.update({"bytes": data})
else:
message.update({"text": str(data)})
await self._send(message)
@ -144,6 +159,8 @@ class WebSocketConnection:
elif message["type"] == "websocket.disconnect":
pass
return None
receive = recv
async def accept(self) -> None:

8
sanic/worker.py
View File

@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ import signal
import sys
import traceback
import gunicorn.workers.base as base
import gunicorn.workers.base as base # type: ignore
from sanic.server import HttpProtocol, Signal, serve, trigger_events
from sanic.websocket import WebSocketProtocol
try:
import ssl
import ssl # type: ignore
except ImportError:
ssl = None
ssl = None # type: ignore
try:
import uvloop
import uvloop # type: ignore
asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(uvloop.EventLoopPolicy())
except ImportError:

2
setup.cfg
View File

@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ multi_line_output = 3
not_skip = __init__.py
[version]
current_version = 19.6.3
current_version = 19.9.0
files = sanic/__version__.py
current_version_pattern = __version__ = "{current_version}"
new_version_pattern = __version__ = "{new_version}"

5
setup.py
View File

@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ setup_kwargs = {
"long_description": long_description,
"packages": ["sanic"],
"platforms": "any",
"python_requires": ">=3.6",
"classifiers": [
"Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
"Environment :: Web Environment",
@ -80,13 +81,13 @@ requirements = [
uvloop,
ujson,
"aiofiles>=0.3.0",
"websockets>=7.0,<8.0",
"websockets>=7.0,<9.0",
"multidict>=4.0,<5.0",
"requests-async==0.5.0",
]
tests_require = [
"pytest==4.1.0",
"pytest==5.2.1",
"multidict>=4.0,<5.0",
"gunicorn",
"pytest-cov",

26
tests/test_headers.py
View File

@ -8,27 +8,33 @@ from sanic import headers
[
("text/plain", ("text/plain", {})),
("text/vnd.just.made.this.up ; ", ("text/vnd.just.made.this.up", {})),
("text/plain;charset=us-ascii", ("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii"})),
('text/plain ; charset="us-ascii"', ("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii"})),
(
"text/plain;charset=us-ascii",
("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii"}),
),
(
'text/plain ; charset="us-ascii"',
("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii"}),
),
(
'text/plain ; charset="us-ascii"; another=opt',
("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii", "another": "opt"})
("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii", "another": "opt"}),
),
(
'attachment; filename="silly.txt"',
("attachment", {"filename": "silly.txt"})
("attachment", {"filename": "silly.txt"}),
),
(
'attachment; filename="strange;name"',
("attachment", {"filename": "strange;name"})
("attachment", {"filename": "strange;name"}),
),
(
'attachment; filename="strange;name";size=123;',
("attachment", {"filename": "strange;name", "size": "123"})
("attachment", {"filename": "strange;name", "size": "123"}),
),
(
'form-data; name="files"; filename="fo\\"o;bar\\"',
('form-data', {'name': 'files', 'filename': 'fo"o;bar\\'})
("form-data", {"name": "files", "filename": 'fo"o;bar\\'})
# cgi.parse_header:
# ('form-data', {'name': 'files', 'filename': 'fo"o;bar\\'})
# werkzeug.parse_options_header:
@ -39,7 +45,7 @@ from sanic import headers
# Chrome:
# Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo%22;bar\"; filename="😀"
'form-data; name="foo%22;bar\\"; filename="😀"',
('form-data', {'name': 'foo";bar\\', 'filename': '😀'})
("form-data", {"name": 'foo";bar\\', "filename": "😀"})
# cgi: ('form-data', {'name': 'foo%22;bar"; filename="😀'})
# werkzeug: ('form-data', {'name': 'foo%22;bar"; filename='})
),
@ -47,11 +53,11 @@ from sanic import headers
# Firefox:
# Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo\";bar\"; filename="😀"
'form-data; name="foo\\";bar\\"; filename="😀"',
('form-data', {'name': 'foo";bar\\', 'filename': '😀'})
("form-data", {"name": 'foo";bar\\', "filename": "😀"})
# cgi: ('form-data', {'name': 'foo";bar"; filename="😀'})
# werkzeug: ('form-data', {'name': 'foo";bar"; filename='})
),
]
],
)
def test_parse_headers(input, expected):
assert headers.parse_content_header(input) == expected

15
tests/test_multiprocessing.py
View File

@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import signal
import pytest
from sanic import Blueprint
from sanic.response import text
from sanic.testing import HOST, PORT
@ -37,8 +38,6 @@ def test_multiprocessing(app):
reason="SIGALRM is not implemented for this platform",
)
def test_multiprocessing_with_blueprint(app):
from sanic import Blueprint
# Selects a number at random so we can spot check
num_workers = random.choice(range(2, multiprocessing.cpu_count() * 2 + 1))
process_list = set()
@ -64,27 +63,27 @@ def handler(request):
return text("Hello")
# Muliprocessing on Windows requires app to be able to be pickled
# Multiprocessing on Windows requires app to be able to be pickled
@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", [3, 4])
def test_pickle_app(app, protocol):
app.route("/")(handler)
p_app = pickle.dumps(app, protocol=protocol)
del app
up_p_app = pickle.loads(p_app)
assert up_p_app
request, response = app.test_client.get("/")
request, response = up_p_app.test_client.get("/")
assert response.text == "Hello"
@pytest.mark.parametrize("protocol", [3, 4])
def test_pickle_app_with_bp(app, protocol):
from sanic import Blueprint
bp = Blueprint("test_text")
bp.route("/")(handler)
app.blueprint(bp)
p_app = pickle.dumps(app, protocol=protocol)
del app
up_p_app = pickle.loads(p_app)
assert up_p_app
request, response = app.test_client.get("/")
assert app.is_request_stream is False
request, response = up_p_app.test_client.get("/")
assert up_p_app.is_request_stream is False
assert response.text == "Hello"

36
tests/test_request_buffer_queue_size.py Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
import io
from sanic.response import text
data = "abc" * 10_000_000
def test_request_buffer_queue_size(app):
default_buf_qsz = app.config.get("REQUEST_BUFFER_QUEUE_SIZE")
qsz = 1
while qsz == default_buf_qsz:
qsz += 1
app.config.REQUEST_BUFFER_QUEUE_SIZE = qsz
@app.post("/post", stream=True)
async def post(request):
assert request.stream.buffer_size == qsz
print("request.stream.buffer_size =", request.stream.buffer_size)
bio = io.BytesIO()
while True:
bdata = await request.stream.read()
if not bdata:
break
bio.write(bdata)
head = bdata[:3].decode("utf-8")
tail = bdata[3:][-3:].decode("utf-8")
print(head, "...", tail)
bio.seek(0)
return text(bio.read().decode("utf-8"))
request, response = app.test_client.post("/post", data=data)
assert response.status == 200
assert response.text == data

59
tests/test_request_data.py
View File

@ -9,21 +9,74 @@ except ImportError:
from json import loads
def test_storage(app):
def test_custom_context(app):
@app.middleware("request")
def store(request):
request.ctx.user = "sanic"
request.ctx.session = None
@app.route("/")
def handler(request):
# Accessing non-existant key should fail with AttributeError
try:
invalid = request.ctx.missing
except AttributeError as e:
invalid = str(e)
return json(
{
"user": request.ctx.user,
"session": request.ctx.session,
"has_user": hasattr(request.ctx, "user"),
"has_session": hasattr(request.ctx, "session"),
"has_missing": hasattr(request.ctx, "missing"),
"invalid": invalid,
}
)
request, response = app.test_client.get("/")
assert response.json == {
"user": "sanic",
"session": None,
"has_user": True,
"has_session": True,
"has_missing": False,
"invalid": "'types.SimpleNamespace' object has no attribute 'missing'",
}
# Remove this once the deprecated API is abolished.
def test_custom_context_old(app):
@app.middleware("request")
def store(request):
try:
request["foo"]
except KeyError:
pass
request["user"] = "sanic"
request["sidekick"] = "tails"
sidekick = request.get("sidekick", "tails") # Item missing -> default
request["sidekick"] = sidekick
request["bar"] = request["sidekick"]
del request["sidekick"]
@app.route("/")
def handler(request):
return json(
{"user": request.get("user"), "sidekick": request.get("sidekick")}
{
"user": request.get("user"),
"sidekick": request.get("sidekick"),
"has_bar": "bar" in request,
"has_sidekick": "sidekick" in request,
}
)
request, response = app.test_client.get("/")
assert response.json == {
"user": "sanic",
"sidekick": None,
"has_bar": True,
"has_sidekick": False,
}
response_json = loads(response.text)
assert response_json["user"] == "sanic"
assert response_json.get("sidekick") is None

124
tests/test_requests.py
View File

@ -413,15 +413,15 @@ def test_standard_forwarded(app):
"Forwarded": (
'for=1.1.1.1, for=injected;host="'
', for="[::2]";proto=https;host=me.tld;path="/app/";secret=mySecret'
',for=broken;;secret=b0rked'
', for=127.0.0.3;scheme=http;port=1234'
",for=broken;;secret=b0rked"
", for=127.0.0.3;scheme=http;port=1234"
),
"X-Real-IP": "127.0.0.2",
"X-Forwarded-For": "127.0.1.1",
"X-Scheme": "ws",
}
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == { "for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws" }
assert response.json == {"for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws"}
assert request.remote_addr == "127.0.0.2"
assert request.scheme == "ws"
assert request.server_port == 80
@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ def test_standard_forwarded(app):
"proto": "https",
"host": "me.tld",
"path": "/app/",
"secret": "mySecret"
"secret": "mySecret",
}
assert request.remote_addr == "[::2]"
assert request.server_name == "me.tld"
@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ def test_standard_forwarded(app):
# Empty Forwarded header -> use X-headers
headers["Forwarded"] = ""
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == { "for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws" }
assert response.json == {"for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws"}
# Header present but not matching anything
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers={"Forwarded": "."})
@ -451,8 +451,8 @@ def test_standard_forwarded(app):
# Forwarded header present but no matching secret -> use X-headers
headers = {
"Forwarded": 'for=1.1.1.1;secret=x, for=127.0.0.1',
"X-Real-IP": "127.0.0.2"
"Forwarded": "for=1.1.1.1;secret=x, for=127.0.0.1",
"X-Real-IP": "127.0.0.2",
}
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == {"for": "127.0.0.2"}
@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ def test_standard_forwarded(app):
assert response.json == {
"for": "127.0.0.4",
"port": 1234,
"secret": "mySecret"
"secret": "mySecret",
}
# Test escapes (modify this if you see anyone implementing quoted-pairs)
@ -472,29 +472,29 @@ def test_standard_forwarded(app):
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == {
"for": "test",
"quoted": '\\,x=x;y=\\',
"secret": "mySecret"
"quoted": "\\,x=x;y=\\",
"secret": "mySecret",
}
# Secret insulated by malformed field #1
headers = {"Forwarded": 'for=test;secret=mySecret;b0rked;proto=wss;'}
headers = {"Forwarded": "for=test;secret=mySecret;b0rked;proto=wss;"}
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == {"for": "test", "secret": "mySecret"}
# Secret insulated by malformed field #2
headers = {"Forwarded": 'for=test;b0rked;secret=mySecret;proto=wss'}
headers = {"Forwarded": "for=test;b0rked;secret=mySecret;proto=wss"}
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == {"proto": "wss", "secret": "mySecret"}
# Unexpected termination should not lose existing acceptable values
headers = {"Forwarded": 'b0rked;secret=mySecret;proto=wss'}
headers = {"Forwarded": "b0rked;secret=mySecret;proto=wss"}
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == {"proto": "wss", "secret": "mySecret"}
# Field normalization
headers = {
"Forwarded": 'PROTO=WSS;BY="CAFE::8000";FOR=unknown;PORT=X;HOST="A:2";'
'PATH="/With%20Spaces%22Quoted%22/sanicApp?key=val";SECRET=mySecret'
'PATH="/With%20Spaces%22Quoted%22/sanicApp?key=val";SECRET=mySecret'
}
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == {
@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ def test_standard_forwarded(app):
# Using "by" field as secret
app.config.FORWARDED_SECRET = "_proxySecret"
headers = {"Forwarded": 'for=1.2.3.4; by=_proxySecret'}
headers = {"Forwarded": "for=1.2.3.4; by=_proxySecret"}
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json == {"for": "1.2.3.4", "by": "_proxySecret"}
@ -525,15 +525,15 @@ async def test_standard_forwarded_asgi(app):
"Forwarded": (
'for=1.1.1.1, for=injected;host="'
', for="[::2]";proto=https;host=me.tld;path="/app/";secret=mySecret'
',for=broken;;secret=b0rked'
', for=127.0.0.3;scheme=http;port=1234'
",for=broken;;secret=b0rked"
", for=127.0.0.3;scheme=http;port=1234"
),
"X-Real-IP": "127.0.0.2",
"X-Forwarded-For": "127.0.1.1",
"X-Scheme": "ws",
}
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == { "for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws" }
assert response.json() == {"for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws"}
assert request.remote_addr == "127.0.0.2"
assert request.scheme == "ws"
assert request.server_port == 80
@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ async def test_standard_forwarded_asgi(app):
"proto": "https",
"host": "me.tld",
"path": "/app/",
"secret": "mySecret"
"secret": "mySecret",
}
assert request.remote_addr == "[::2]"
assert request.server_name == "me.tld"
@ -555,16 +555,18 @@ async def test_standard_forwarded_asgi(app):
# Empty Forwarded header -> use X-headers
headers["Forwarded"] = ""
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == { "for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws" }
assert response.json() == {"for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws"}
# Header present but not matching anything
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers={"Forwarded": "."})
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get(
"/", headers={"Forwarded": "."}
)
assert response.json() == {}
# Forwarded header present but no matching secret -> use X-headers
headers = {
"Forwarded": 'for=1.1.1.1;secret=x, for=127.0.0.1',
"X-Real-IP": "127.0.0.2"
"Forwarded": "for=1.1.1.1;secret=x, for=127.0.0.1",
"X-Real-IP": "127.0.0.2",
}
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == {"for": "127.0.0.2"}
@ -576,7 +578,7 @@ async def test_standard_forwarded_asgi(app):
assert response.json() == {
"for": "127.0.0.4",
"port": 1234,
"secret": "mySecret"
"secret": "mySecret",
}
# Test escapes (modify this if you see anyone implementing quoted-pairs)
@ -584,29 +586,29 @@ async def test_standard_forwarded_asgi(app):
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == {
"for": "test",
"quoted": '\\,x=x;y=\\',
"secret": "mySecret"
"quoted": "\\,x=x;y=\\",
"secret": "mySecret",
}
# Secret insulated by malformed field #1
headers = {"Forwarded": 'for=test;secret=mySecret;b0rked;proto=wss;'}
headers = {"Forwarded": "for=test;secret=mySecret;b0rked;proto=wss;"}
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == {"for": "test", "secret": "mySecret"}
# Secret insulated by malformed field #2
headers = {"Forwarded": 'for=test;b0rked;secret=mySecret;proto=wss'}
headers = {"Forwarded": "for=test;b0rked;secret=mySecret;proto=wss"}
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == {"proto": "wss", "secret": "mySecret"}
# Unexpected termination should not lose existing acceptable values
headers = {"Forwarded": 'b0rked;secret=mySecret;proto=wss'}
headers = {"Forwarded": "b0rked;secret=mySecret;proto=wss"}
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == {"proto": "wss", "secret": "mySecret"}
# Field normalization
headers = {
"Forwarded": 'PROTO=WSS;BY="CAFE::8000";FOR=unknown;PORT=X;HOST="A:2";'
'PATH="/With%20Spaces%22Quoted%22/sanicApp?key=val";SECRET=mySecret'
'PATH="/With%20Spaces%22Quoted%22/sanicApp?key=val";SECRET=mySecret'
}
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == {
@ -619,7 +621,7 @@ async def test_standard_forwarded_asgi(app):
# Using "by" field as secret
app.config.FORWARDED_SECRET = "_proxySecret"
headers = {"Forwarded": 'for=1.2.3.4; by=_proxySecret'}
headers = {"Forwarded": "for=1.2.3.4; by=_proxySecret"}
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
assert response.json() == {"for": "1.2.3.4", "by": "_proxySecret"}
@ -813,11 +815,14 @@ def test_forwarded_scheme(app):
assert request.scheme == "http"
request, response = app.test_client.get(
"/", headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3", "X-Forwarded-Proto": "https"}
"/",
headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3", "X-Forwarded-Proto": "https"},
)
assert request.scheme == "https"
request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3", "X-Scheme": "https"})
request, response = app.test_client.get(
"/", headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3", "X-Scheme": "https"}
)
assert request.scheme == "https"
@ -1499,9 +1504,6 @@ def test_request_bool(app):
request, response = app.test_client.get("/")
assert bool(request)
request.transport = False
assert not bool(request)
def test_request_parsing_form_failed(app, caplog):
@app.route("/", methods=["POST"])
@ -1875,7 +1877,7 @@ def test_request_server_name_in_host_header(app):
request, response = app.test_client.get(
"/", headers={"Host": "mal_formed"}
)
assert request.server_name == None # For now (later maybe 127.0.0.1)
assert request.server_name == None # For now (later maybe 127.0.0.1)
def test_request_server_name_forwarded(app):
@ -1886,7 +1888,11 @@ def test_request_server_name_forwarded(app):
app.config.PROXIES_COUNT = 1
request, response = app.test_client.get(
"/",
headers={"Host": "my-server:5555", "X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3", "X-Forwarded-Host": "your-server"},
headers={
"Host": "my-server:5555",
"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3",
"X-Forwarded-Host": "your-server",
},
)
assert request.server_name == "your-server"
@ -1928,7 +1934,12 @@ def test_request_server_port_forwarded(app):
app.config.PROXIES_COUNT = 1
request, response = app.test_client.get(
"/", headers={"Host": "my-server:5555", "X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3", "X-Forwarded-Port": "4444"}
"/",
headers={
"Host": "my-server:5555",
"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3",
"X-Forwarded-Port": "4444",
},
)
assert request.server_port == 4444
@ -1951,7 +1962,10 @@ def test_server_name_and_url_for(app):
app.config.SERVER_NAME = "my-server"
assert app.url_for("handler", _external=True) == "http://my-server/foo"
request, response = app.test_client.get("/foo")
assert request.url_for("handler") == f"http://my-server:{app.test_client.port}/foo"
assert (
request.url_for("handler")
== f"http://my-server:{app.test_client.port}/foo"
)
app.config.SERVER_NAME = "https://my-server/path"
request, response = app.test_client.get("/foo")
@ -1972,7 +1986,12 @@ def test_url_for_with_forwarded_request(app):
app.config.SERVER_NAME = "my-server"
app.config.PROXIES_COUNT = 1
request, response = app.test_client.get(
"/", headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3", "X-Forwarded-Proto": "https", "X-Forwarded-Port": "6789"}
"/",
headers={
"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3",
"X-Forwarded-Proto": "https",
"X-Forwarded-Port": "6789",
},
)
assert app.url_for("view_name") == "/another_view"
assert (
@ -1984,7 +2003,12 @@ def test_url_for_with_forwarded_request(app):
)
request, response = app.test_client.get(
"/", headers={"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3", "X-Forwarded-Proto": "https", "X-Forwarded-Port": "443"}
"/",
headers={
"X-Forwarded-For": "127.1.2.3",
"X-Forwarded-Proto": "https",
"X-Forwarded-Port": "443",
},
)
assert request.url_for("view_name") == "https://my-server/another_view"
@ -2079,3 +2103,19 @@ async def test_endpoint_blueprint_asgi():
request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/bp")
assert request.endpoint == "named.my_blueprint.bp_root"
def test_url_for_without_server_name(app):
@app.route("/sample")
def sample(request):
return json({"url": request.url_for("url_for")})
@app.route("/url-for")
def url_for(request):
return text("url-for")
request, response = app.test_client.get("/sample")
assert (
response.json["url"]
== f"http://127.0.0.1:{app.test_client.port}/url-for"
)

51
tests/test_server_events.py
View File

@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
import asyncio
import signal
import pytest
@ -89,3 +90,53 @@ async def test_trigger_before_events_create_server(app):
assert hasattr(app, "db")
assert isinstance(app.db, MySanicDb)
def test_create_server_trigger_events(app):
"""Test if create_server can trigger server events"""
flag1 = False
flag2 = False
flag3 = False
async def stop(app, loop):
nonlocal flag1
flag1 = True
await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
app.stop()
async def before_stop(app, loop):
nonlocal flag2
flag2 = True
async def after_stop(app, loop):
nonlocal flag3
flag3 = True
app.listener("after_server_start")(stop)
app.listener("before_server_stop")(before_stop)
app.listener("after_server_stop")(after_stop)
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
serv_coro = app.create_server(return_asyncio_server=True)
serv_task = asyncio.ensure_future(serv_coro, loop=loop)
server = loop.run_until_complete(serv_task)
server.after_start()
try:
loop.run_forever()
except KeyboardInterrupt as e:
loop.stop()
finally:
# Run the on_stop function if provided
server.before_stop()
# Wait for server to close
close_task = server.close()
loop.run_until_complete(close_task)
# Complete all tasks on the loop
signal.stopped = True
for connection in server.connections:
connection.close_if_idle()
server.after_stop()
assert flag1 and flag2 and flag3

9
tox.ini
View File

@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ setenv =
{py36,py37}-no-ext: SANIC_NO_UVLOOP=1
deps =
coverage
pytest==4.1.0
pytest==5.2.1
pytest-cov
pytest-sanic
pytest-sugar
@ -38,6 +38,13 @@ commands =
black --config ./.black.toml --check --verbose sanic/
isort --check-only --recursive sanic
[testenv:type-checking]
deps =
mypy
commands =
mypy sanic
[testenv:check]
deps =
docutils