diff --git a/docs/conf.py b/docs/conf.py
index 07bfe0f9..a612844c 100644
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #
 # Sanic documentation build configuration file, created by
 # sphinx-quickstart on Sun Dec 25 18:07:21 2016.
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@
 import os
 import sys
 
-
 # Add support for auto-doc
 
 
@@ -19,8 +17,7 @@ import sys
 root_directory = os.path.dirname(os.getcwd())
 sys.path.insert(0, root_directory)
 
-import sanic
-
+import sanic  # noqa: E402
 
 # -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/examples/add_task_sanic.py b/examples/add_task_sanic.py
index 2487b85e..539788a5 100644
--- a/examples/add_task_sanic.py
+++ b/examples/add_task_sanic.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import asyncio
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/amending_request_object.py b/examples/amending_request_object.py
index 63f8d1d5..80902594 100644
--- a/examples/amending_request_object.py
+++ b/examples/amending_request_object.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from random import randint
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -25,5 +24,6 @@ def key_exist_handler(request):
 
     return text("num does not exist in request")
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, debug=True)
diff --git a/examples/authorized_sanic.py b/examples/authorized_sanic.py
index 40f0f5a4..4f1c83ef 100644
--- a/examples/authorized_sanic.py
+++ b/examples/authorized_sanic.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 from functools import wraps
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/blueprint_middlware_execution_order.py b/examples/blueprint_middlware_execution_order.py
index b0448da8..11a88e4f 100644
--- a/examples/blueprint_middlware_execution_order.py
+++ b/examples/blueprint_middlware_execution_order.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Blueprint, Sanic
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 """
 Demonstrates that blueprint request middleware are executed in the order they
 are added. And blueprint response middleware are executed in _reverse_ order.
diff --git a/examples/blueprints.py b/examples/blueprints.py
index e368573b..75a81a15 100644
--- a/examples/blueprints.py
+++ b/examples/blueprints.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Blueprint, Sanic
 from sanic.response import file, json
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 blueprint = Blueprint("bp_example", url_prefix="/my_blueprint")
 blueprint2 = Blueprint("bp_example2", url_prefix="/my_blueprint2")
diff --git a/examples/delayed_response.py b/examples/delayed_response.py
index 91e24773..07698aed 100644
--- a/examples/delayed_response.py
+++ b/examples/delayed_response.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from asyncio import sleep
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("DelayedResponseApp", strict_slashes=True)
 app.config.AUTO_EXTEND = False
 
diff --git a/examples/exception_monitoring.py b/examples/exception_monitoring.py
index eb52ed9a..17cd7127 100644
--- a/examples/exception_monitoring.py
+++ b/examples/exception_monitoring.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ an external service.
 from sanic.exceptions import SanicException
 from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
 
-
 """
 Imports and code relevant for our CustomHandler class
 (Ordinarily this would be in a separate file)
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ server's error_handler to an instance of our CustomHandler
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 
-
 handler = CustomHandler()
 app = Sanic("Example", error_handler=handler)
 
diff --git a/examples/hello_world.py b/examples/hello_world.py
index 9e45b856..cacfbd67 100644
--- a/examples/hello_world.py
+++ b/examples/hello_world.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/http_redirect.py b/examples/http_redirect.py
index 34dc43ab..f3f176fc 100644
--- a/examples/http_redirect.py
+++ b/examples/http_redirect.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic, response, text
 from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
 from sanic.server.async_server import AsyncioServer
 
-
 HTTP_PORT = 9999
 HTTPS_PORT = 8888
 
@@ -36,9 +35,7 @@ def proxy(request, path):
 
 @https.main_process_start
 async def start(app, _):
-    http_server = await http.create_server(
-        port=HTTP_PORT, return_asyncio_server=True
-    )
+    http_server = await http.create_server(port=HTTP_PORT, return_asyncio_server=True)
     app.add_task(runner(http, http_server))
     app.ctx.http_server = http_server
     app.ctx.http = http
@@ -69,5 +66,6 @@ async def runner(app: Sanic, app_server: AsyncioServer):
         app.is_running = False
         app.is_stopping = True
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     https.run(port=HTTPS_PORT, debug=True)
diff --git a/examples/limit_concurrency.py b/examples/limit_concurrency.py
index e97f964a..4e3636af 100644
--- a/examples/limit_concurrency.py
+++ b/examples/limit_concurrency.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import httpx
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 sem = None
diff --git a/examples/log_request_id.py b/examples/log_request_id.py
index 87825640..2d845d65 100644
--- a/examples/log_request_id.py
+++ b/examples/log_request_id.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 import logging
-
 from contextvars import ContextVar
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
diff --git a/examples/logdna_example.py b/examples/logdna_example.py
index 9e9303b7..f942a796 100644
--- a/examples/logdna_example.py
+++ b/examples/logdna_example.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import logging
 import socket
-
 from os import getenv
 from platform import node
 from uuid import getnode as get_mac
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.request import Request
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 log = logging.getLogger("logdna")
 log.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 
@@ -35,9 +33,7 @@ logdna_options = {
     "mac": get_mac_address(),
 }
 
-logdna_handler = LogDNAHandler(
-    getenv("LOGDNA_API_KEY"), options=logdna_options
-)
+logdna_handler = LogDNAHandler(getenv("LOGDNA_API_KEY"), options=logdna_options)
 
 logdna = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 logdna.setLevel(logging.INFO)
@@ -48,7 +44,7 @@ app = Sanic("Example")
 
 @app.middleware
 def log_request(request: Request):
-    logdna.info("I was Here with a new Request to URL: {}".format(request.url))
+    logdna.info(f"I was Here with a new Request to URL: {request.url}")
 
 
 @app.route("/")
diff --git a/examples/modify_header_example.py b/examples/modify_header_example.py
index 6455cb85..db3cf063 100644
--- a/examples/modify_header_example.py
+++ b/examples/modify_header_example.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Modify header or status in response
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/override_logging.py b/examples/override_logging.py
index ebc0e86f..020b933e 100644
--- a/examples/override_logging.py
+++ b/examples/override_logging.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging
 
 from sanic import Sanic, text
 
-
 logging_format = "[%(asctime)s] %(process)d-%(levelname)s "
 logging_format += "%(module)s::%(funcName)s():l%(lineno)d: "
 logging_format += "%(message)s"
diff --git a/examples/pytest_xdist.py b/examples/pytest_xdist.py
index 7adeb93a..920d987d 100644
--- a/examples/pytest_xdist.py
+++ b/examples/pytest_xdist.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ Run with xdist params:
 import re
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing import SanicTestClient
 from sanic_testing.testing import PORT as PORT_BASE
 
diff --git a/examples/redirect_example.py b/examples/redirect_example.py
index 74fb10de..50200f90 100644
--- a/examples/redirect_example.py
+++ b/examples/redirect_example.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/request_stream/server.py b/examples/request_stream/server.py
index bffc7451..9f7b77f3 100644
--- a/examples/request_stream/server.py
+++ b/examples/request_stream/server.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from sanic.response import stream, text
 from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
 from sanic.views import stream as stream_decorator
 
-
 bp = Blueprint("bp_example")
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
diff --git a/examples/request_timeout.py b/examples/request_timeout.py
index 07934b0c..1be8b875 100644
--- a/examples/request_timeout.py
+++ b/examples/request_timeout.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic, response
 from sanic.config import Config
 from sanic.exceptions import RequestTimeout
 
-
 Config.REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 1
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
diff --git a/examples/rollbar_example.py b/examples/rollbar_example.py
index 53d53c5a..c63f6f5f 100644
--- a/examples/rollbar_example.py
+++ b/examples/rollbar_example.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.exceptions import SanicException
 from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
 
-
 rollbar.init(getenv("ROLLBAR_API_KEY"))
 
 
diff --git a/examples/run_asgi.py b/examples/run_asgi.py
index bc559789..aedc1039 100644
--- a/examples/run_asgi.py
+++ b/examples/run_asgi.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -43,9 +42,7 @@ async def handler_file(request):
 
 @app.route("/file_stream")
 async def handler_file_stream(request):
-    return await response.file_stream(
-        Path("../") / "setup.py", chunk_size=1024
-    )
+    return await response.file_stream(Path("../") / "setup.py", chunk_size=1024)
 
 
 @app.post("/stream", stream=True)
diff --git a/examples/run_async.py b/examples/run_async.py
index 84c8a6be..a627a59e 100644
--- a/examples/run_async.py
+++ b/examples/run_async.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import uvloop
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/run_async_advanced.py b/examples/run_async_advanced.py
index c782d49a..e9cb8805 100644
--- a/examples/run_async_advanced.py
+++ b/examples/run_async_advanced.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import asyncio
-
 from signal import SIGINT, signal
 
 import uvloop
@@ -7,7 +6,6 @@ import uvloop
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 from sanic.server import AsyncioServer
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -35,11 +33,10 @@ async def after_server_stop(app, loop):
 async def test(request):
     return response.json({"answer": "42"})
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     asyncio.set_event_loop(uvloop.new_event_loop())
-    serv_coro = app.create_server(
-        host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, return_asyncio_server=True
-    )
+    serv_coro = app.create_server(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, return_asyncio_server=True)
     loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
     serv_task = asyncio.ensure_future(serv_coro, loop=loop)
     signal(SIGINT, lambda s, f: loop.stop())
diff --git a/examples/sentry_example.py b/examples/sentry_example.py
index 1dfc1ba4..753af0b7 100644
--- a/examples/sentry_example.py
+++ b/examples/sentry_example.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from sentry_sdk.integrations.sanic import SanicIntegration
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 sentry_init(
     dsn=getenv("SENTRY_DSN"),
     integrations=[SanicIntegration()],
diff --git a/examples/simple_async_view.py b/examples/simple_async_view.py
index 4e73967c..f0690dae 100644
--- a/examples/simple_async_view.py
+++ b/examples/simple_async_view.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import text
 from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
 
-
 app = Sanic("some_name")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/static_assets.py b/examples/static_assets.py
index 347b489c..7cd223b3 100644
--- a/examples/static_assets.py
+++ b/examples/static_assets.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 app.static("/", "./static")
diff --git a/examples/teapot.py b/examples/teapot.py
index 5d742efc..5c52fb69 100644
--- a/examples/teapot.py
+++ b/examples/teapot.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic import response as res
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/try_everything.py b/examples/try_everything.py
index f1377060..211f0389 100644
--- a/examples/try_everything.py
+++ b/examples/try_everything.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic, response
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.log import logger as log
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ def test_sync(request):
 
 @app.route("/dynamic/<name>/<i:int>")
 def test_params(request, name, i):
-    return response.text("yeehaww {} {}".format(name, i))
+    return response.text(f"yeehaww {name} {i}")
 
 
 @app.route("/exception")
@@ -43,9 +42,7 @@ async def test_file(request):
 
 @app.route("/file_stream")
 async def test_file_stream(request):
-    return await response.file_stream(
-        os.path.abspath("setup.py"), chunk_size=1024
-    )
+    return await response.file_stream(os.path.abspath("setup.py"), chunk_size=1024)
 
 
 # ----------------------------------------------- #
diff --git a/examples/unix_socket.py b/examples/unix_socket.py
index 347c46b2..608502ad 100644
--- a/examples/unix_socket.py
+++ b/examples/unix_socket.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/examples/url_for_example.py b/examples/url_for_example.py
index c3d936fa..f855c505 100644
--- a/examples/url_for_example.py
+++ b/examples/url_for_example.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ async def index(request):
 
 @app.route("/posts/<post_id>")
 async def post_handler(request, post_id):
-    return response.text("Post - {}".format(post_id))
+    return response.text(f"Post - {post_id}")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/examples/versioned_blueprint_group.py b/examples/versioned_blueprint_group.py
index 56715acc..e9812dcf 100644
--- a/examples/versioned_blueprint_group.py
+++ b/examples/versioned_blueprint_group.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 app = Sanic(name="blue-print-group-version-example")
 
 bp1 = Blueprint(name="ultron", url_prefix="/ultron")
diff --git a/examples/vhosts.py b/examples/vhosts.py
index 335a3be8..bbac0f31 100644
--- a/examples/vhosts.py
+++ b/examples/vhosts.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
 
-
 # Usage
 # curl -H "Host: example.com" localhost:8000
 # curl -H "Host: sub.example.com" localhost:8000
@@ -12,9 +11,7 @@ app = Sanic("Example")
 bp = Blueprint("bp", host="bp.example.com")
 
 
-@app.route(
-    "/", host=["example.com", "somethingelse.com", "therestofyourdomains.com"]
-)
+@app.route("/", host=["example.com", "somethingelse.com", "therestofyourdomains.com"])
 async def hello_0(request):
     return response.text("Some defaults")
 
diff --git a/examples/websocket.py b/examples/websocket.py
index ce5a105c..c273ee98 100644
--- a/examples/websocket.py
+++ b/examples/websocket.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import redirect
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
diff --git a/guide/content/en/migrate.py b/guide/content/en/migrate.py
index e0510af4..5850597f 100644
--- a/guide/content/en/migrate.py
+++ b/guide/content/en/migrate.py
@@ -7,14 +7,10 @@ from emoji import EMOJI
 COLUMN_PATTERN = re.compile(r"---:1\s*(.*?)\s*:--:1\s*(.*?)\s*:---", re.DOTALL)
 PYTHON_HIGHLIGHT_PATTERN = re.compile(r"```python\{+.*?\}", re.DOTALL)
 BASH_HIGHLIGHT_PATTERN = re.compile(r"```bash\{+.*?\}", re.DOTALL)
-NOTIFICATION_PATTERN = re.compile(
-    r":::\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\n([\s\S]*?):::", re.MULTILINE
-)
+NOTIFICATION_PATTERN = re.compile(r":::\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\n([\s\S]*?):::", re.MULTILINE)
 EMOJI_PATTERN = re.compile(r":(\w+):")
 CURRENT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
-SOURCE_DIR = (
-    CURRENT_DIR.parent.parent.parent.parent / "sanic-guide" / "src" / "en"
-)
+SOURCE_DIR = CURRENT_DIR.parent.parent.parent.parent / "sanic-guide" / "src" / "en"
 
 
 def convert_columns(content: str):
diff --git a/guide/pyproject.toml b/guide/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d5780d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/guide/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[tool.ruff]
+extend = "../pyproject.toml"
+
+[tool.ruff.isort]
+known-first-party = ["webapp"]
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/footer.py b/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/footer.py
index 4ef2051a..f5545580 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/footer.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/footer.py
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@ def do_footer(builder: Builder, request: Request) -> None:
 
 
 def _pagination(request: Request) -> Builder:
-    return E.div(
-        _pagination_left(request), _pagination_right(request), class_="level"
-    )
+    return E.div(_pagination_left(request), _pagination_right(request), class_="level")
 
 
 def _pagination_left(request: Request) -> Builder:
@@ -64,9 +62,7 @@ def _content() -> Builder:
             href="https://github.com/sanic-org/sanic/blob/master/LICENSE",
             target="_blank",
             rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer",
-        ).br()(
-            E.small(f"Copyright © 2018-{year} Sanic Community Organization")
-        ),
+        ).br()(E.small(f"Copyright © 2018-{year} Sanic Community Organization")),
     )
     return E.div(
         inner,
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/navbar.py b/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/navbar.py
index fb26fcdd..3bb1810d 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/navbar.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/navbar.py
@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
-from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
-
 from html5tagger import Builder, E  # type: ignore
 from sanic import Request
 
+from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
+
 
 def do_navbar(builder: Builder, request: Request) -> None:
     navbar_items = [
-        _render_navbar_item(item, request)
-        for item in request.app.config.NAVBAR
+        _render_navbar_item(item, request) for item in request.app.config.NAVBAR
     ]
-    container = E.div(
-        _search_form(request), *navbar_items, class_="navbar-end"
-    )
+    container = E.div(_search_form(request), *navbar_items, class_="navbar-end")
 
     builder.nav(
         E.div(container, class_="navbar-menu"),
@@ -46,10 +43,7 @@ def _render_navbar_item(item: MenuItem, request: Request) -> Builder:
         return E.div(
             E.a(item.label, class_="navbar-link"),
             E.div(
-                *(
-                    _render_navbar_item(subitem, request)
-                    for subitem in item.items
-                ),
+                *(_render_navbar_item(subitem, request) for subitem in item.items),
                 class_="navbar-dropdown",
             ),
             class_="navbar-item has-dropdown is-hoverable",
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/sidebar.py b/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/sidebar.py
index 530f6237..60a07e37 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/sidebar.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/sidebar.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
-from webapp.display.text import slugify
-
 from html5tagger import Builder, E  # type: ignore
 from sanic import Request
 
+from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
+from webapp.display.text import slugify
+
 
 def do_sidebar(builder: Builder, request: Request) -> None:
     builder.a(class_="burger")(E.span().span().span().span())
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@ def _menu_items(request: Request) -> list[Builder]:
         _sanic_logo(request),
         *_sidebar_items(request),
         E.hr(),
-        E.p("Current with version ").strong(
-            request.app.config.GENERAL.current_version
-        ),
+        E.p("Current with version ").strong(request.app.config.GENERAL.current_version),
         E.hr(),
         E.p("Want more? ").a(
             "sanicbook.com", href="https://sanicbook.com", target="_blank"
@@ -73,9 +71,7 @@ def _single_sidebar_item(item: MenuItem, request: Request) -> Builder:
     kwargs = {}
     classes: list[str] = []
     li_classes = "menu-item"
-    _, page, _ = request.app.ctx.get_page(
-        request.ctx.language, item.path or ""
-    )
+    _, page, _ = request.app.ctx.get_page(request.ctx.language, item.path or "")
     if request.path == path:
         classes.append("is-active")
     if item.href:
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/layouts/main.py b/guide/webapp/display/layouts/main.py
index dbbaeac1..44f77918 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/layouts/main.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/layouts/main.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from typing import Generator
 
+from sanic import Request
+
 from webapp.display.layouts.elements.footer import do_footer
 from webapp.display.layouts.elements.navbar import do_navbar
 from webapp.display.layouts.elements.sidebar import do_sidebar
 
-from sanic import Request
-
 from .base import BaseLayout
 
 
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/markdown.py b/guide/webapp/display/markdown.py
index 58d33bf5..2236dda6 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/markdown.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/markdown.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import re
 from textwrap import dedent
 
+from html5tagger import HTML, Builder, E  # type: ignore
 from mistune import HTMLRenderer, create_markdown, escape
 from mistune.directives import RSTDirective, TableOfContents
 from mistune.util import safe_entity
@@ -8,8 +9,6 @@ from pygments import highlight
 from pygments.formatters import html
 from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name
 
-from html5tagger import HTML, Builder, E  # type: ignore
-
 from .code_style import SanicCodeStyle
 from .plugins.attrs import Attributes
 from .plugins.columns import Column
@@ -37,9 +36,9 @@ class DocsRenderer(HTMLRenderer):
                     class_="code-block__copy",
                     onclick="copyCode(this)",
                 ):
-                    builder.div(
-                        class_="code-block__rectangle code-block__filled"
-                    ).div(class_="code-block__rectangle code-block__outlined")
+                    builder.div(class_="code-block__rectangle code-block__filled").div(
+                        class_="code-block__rectangle code-block__outlined"
+                    )
             else:
                 builder.pre(E.code(escape(code)))
         return str(builder)
@@ -47,9 +46,7 @@ class DocsRenderer(HTMLRenderer):
     def heading(self, text: str, level: int, **attrs) -> str:
         ident = slugify(text)
         if level > 1:
-            text += self._make_tag(
-                "a", {"href": f"#{ident}", "class": "anchor"}, "#"
-            )
+            text += self._make_tag("a", {"href": f"#{ident}", "class": "anchor"}, "#")
         return self._make_tag(
             f"h{level}", {"id": ident, "class": f"is-size-{level}"}, text
         )
@@ -93,9 +90,7 @@ class DocsRenderer(HTMLRenderer):
     def _make_tag(
         self, tag: str, attributes: dict[str, str], text: str | None = None
     ) -> str:
-        attrs = " ".join(
-            f'{key}="{value}"' for key, value in attributes.items()
-        )
+        attrs = " ".join(f'{key}="{value}"' for key, value in attributes.items())
         if text is None:
             return f"<{tag} {attrs} />"
         return f"<{tag} {attrs}>{text}</{tag}>"
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/page/docobject.py b/guide/webapp/display/page/docobject.py
index b812b440..c09cd1ca 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/page/docobject.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/page/docobject.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from html import escape
 from docstring_parser import Docstring, DocstringParam, DocstringRaises
 from docstring_parser import parse as parse_docstring
 from docstring_parser.common import DocstringExample
-
 from html5tagger import HTML, Builder, E  # type: ignore
 
 from ..markdown import render_markdown, slugify
@@ -120,9 +119,7 @@ def _extract_docobjects(package_name: str) -> dict[str, DocObject]:
     docstrings = {}
     package = importlib.import_module(package_name)
 
-    for _, name, _ in pkgutil.walk_packages(
-        package.__path__, package_name + "."
-    ):
+    for _, name, _ in pkgutil.walk_packages(package.__path__, package_name + "."):
         module = importlib.import_module(name)
         for obj_name, obj in inspect.getmembers(module):
             if (
@@ -156,9 +153,7 @@ def _docobject_to_html(
 ) -> None:
     anchor_id = slugify(docobject.full_name.replace(".", "-"))
     anchor = E.a("#", class_="anchor", href=f"#{anchor_id}")
-    class_name, heading = _define_heading_and_class(
-        docobject, anchor, as_method
-    )
+    class_name, heading = _define_heading_and_class(docobject, anchor, as_method)
 
     with builder.div(class_=class_name):
         builder(heading)
@@ -212,9 +207,7 @@ def _docobject_to_html(
 
         if docobject.docstring.params:
             with builder.div(class_="box mt-5"):
-                builder.h5(
-                    "Parameters", class_="is-size-5 has-text-weight-bold"
-                )
+                builder.h5("Parameters", class_="is-size-5 has-text-weight-bold")
                 _render_params(builder, docobject.docstring.params)
 
         if docobject.docstring.returns:
@@ -239,9 +232,7 @@ def _signature_to_html(
     parts = []
     parts.append("<span class='function-signature'>")
     for decorator in decorators:
-        parts.append(
-            f"<span class='function-decorator'>@{decorator}</span><br>"
-        )
+        parts.append(f"<span class='function-decorator'>@{decorator}</span><br>")
     parts.append(
         f"<span class='is-italic'>{object_type}</span> "
         f"<span class='has-text-weight-bold'>{name}</span>("
@@ -255,9 +246,7 @@ def _signature_to_html(
         annotation = ""
         if param.annotation != inspect.Parameter.empty:
             annotation = escape(str(param.annotation))
-            parts.append(
-                f": <span class='param-annotation'>{annotation}</span>"
-            )
+            parts.append(f": <span class='param-annotation'>{annotation}</span>")
         if param.default != inspect.Parameter.empty:
             default = escape(str(param.default))
             if annotation == "str":
@@ -268,9 +257,7 @@ def _signature_to_html(
     parts.append(")")
     if signature.return_annotation != inspect.Signature.empty:
         return_annotation = escape(str(signature.return_annotation))
-        parts.append(
-            f": -> <span class='return-annotation'>{return_annotation}</span>"
-        )
+        parts.append(f": -> <span class='return-annotation'>{return_annotation}</span>")
     parts.append("</span>")
     return "".join(parts)
 
@@ -318,10 +305,7 @@ def _render_params(builder: Builder, params: list[DocstringParam]) -> None:
             builder.dd(
                 HTML(
                     render_markdown(
-                        param.description
-                        or param.arg_name
-                        or param.type_name
-                        or ""
+                        param.description or param.arg_name or param.type_name or ""
                     )
                 )
             )
@@ -334,11 +318,7 @@ def _render_raises(builder: Builder, raises: list[DocstringRaises]) -> None:
             with builder.dl(class_="mt-2"):
                 builder.dt(raise_.type_name, class_="is-family-monospace")
                 builder.dd(
-                    HTML(
-                        render_markdown(
-                            raise_.description or raise_.type_name or ""
-                        )
-                    )
+                    HTML(render_markdown(raise_.description or raise_.type_name or ""))
                 )
 
 
@@ -354,11 +334,7 @@ def _render_returns(builder: Builder, docobject: DocObject) -> None:
         if not return_type or return_type == inspect.Signature.empty:
             return_type = "N/A"
 
-        term = (
-            "Return"
-            if not docobject.docstring.returns.is_generator
-            else "Yields"
-        )
+        term = "Return" if not docobject.docstring.returns.is_generator else "Yields"
         builder.h5(term, class_="is-size-5 has-text-weight-bold")
         with builder.dl(class_="mt-2"):
             builder.dt(return_type, class_="is-family-monospace")
@@ -373,17 +349,11 @@ def _render_returns(builder: Builder, docobject: DocObject) -> None:
             )
 
 
-def _render_examples(
-    builder: Builder, examples: list[DocstringExample]
-) -> None:
+def _render_examples(builder: Builder, examples: list[DocstringExample]) -> None:
     with builder.div(class_="box mt-5"):
         builder.h5("Examples", class_="is-size-5 has-text-weight-bold")
         for example in examples:
             with builder.div(class_="mt-2"):
                 builder(
-                    HTML(
-                        render_markdown(
-                            example.description or example.snippet or ""
-                        )
-                    )
+                    HTML(render_markdown(example.description or example.snippet or ""))
                 )
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/page/page.py b/guide/webapp/display/page/page.py
index a4b833d9..3c168f9e 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/page/page.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/page/page.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Type
 
 from frontmatter import parse
 
@@ -12,10 +11,8 @@ from ..layouts.main import MainLayout
 from ..markdown import render_markdown
 from .docobject import organize_docobjects
 
-_PAGE_CACHE: dict[
-    str, dict[str, tuple[Page | None, Page | None, Page | None]]
-] = {}
-_LAYOUTS_CACHE: dict[str, Type[BaseLayout]] = {
+_PAGE_CACHE: dict[str, dict[str, tuple[Page | None, Page | None, Page | None]]] = {}
+_LAYOUTS_CACHE: dict[str, type[BaseLayout]] = {
     "home": HomeLayout,
     "main": MainLayout,
 }
@@ -43,7 +40,7 @@ class Page:
 
     DEFAULT_LANGUAGE = _DEFAULT
 
-    def get_layout(self) -> Type[BaseLayout]:
+    def get_layout(self) -> type[BaseLayout]:
         return _LAYOUTS_CACHE[self.meta.layout]
 
     @property
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/page/renderer.py b/guide/webapp/display/page/renderer.py
index 3040ba9f..370a4c8c 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/page/renderer.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/page/renderer.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
-from typing import Type
-
-from webapp.display.base import BaseRenderer
 
 from html5tagger import HTML, Builder  # type: ignore
 from sanic import Request
 
+from webapp.display.base import BaseRenderer
+
 from ..layouts.base import BaseLayout
 from .page import Page
 
@@ -21,13 +20,9 @@ class PageRenderer(BaseRenderer):
         self._body(request, builder, language, path)
         return builder
 
-    def _body(
-        self, request: Request, builder: Builder, language: str, path: str
-    ):
+    def _body(self, request: Request, builder: Builder, language: str, path: str):
         prev_page, current_page, next_page = Page.get(language, path)
-        request.ctx.language = (
-            Page.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE if language == "api" else language
-        )
+        request.ctx.language = Page.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE if language == "api" else language
         request.ctx.current_page = current_page
         request.ctx.previous_page = prev_page
         request.ctx.next_page = next_page
@@ -39,9 +34,7 @@ class PageRenderer(BaseRenderer):
 
     @contextmanager
     def _base(self, request: Request, builder: Builder, page: Page | None):
-        layout_type: Type[BaseLayout] = (
-            page.get_layout() if page else BaseLayout
-        )
+        layout_type: type[BaseLayout] = page.get_layout() if page else BaseLayout
         layout = layout_type(builder)
         with layout(request, builder.full):
             yield
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/attrs.py b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/attrs.py
index 7117bd0f..d605ba41 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/attrs.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/attrs.py
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ from re import Match
 from textwrap import dedent
 from typing import Any
 
+from html5tagger import HTML, E
 from mistune.block_parser import BlockParser
 from mistune.core import BlockState
 from mistune.directives import DirectivePlugin
 
-from html5tagger import HTML, E
-
 
 class Attributes(DirectivePlugin):
     def __call__(self, directive, md):
@@ -16,9 +15,7 @@ class Attributes(DirectivePlugin):
         if md.renderer.NAME == "html":
             md.renderer.register("attrs", self._render)
 
-    def parse(
-        self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def parse(self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState) -> dict[str, Any]:
         info = m.groupdict()
         options = dict(self.parse_options(m))
         new_state = block.state_cls()
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/columns.py b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/columns.py
index 4ab7feab..7e448e8e 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/columns.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/columns.py
@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ from mistune.markdown import Markdown
 
 
 class Column(DirectivePlugin):
-    def parse(
-        self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def parse(self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState) -> dict[str, Any]:
         info = m.groupdict()
 
         new_state = block.state_cls()
@@ -36,9 +34,7 @@ class Column(DirectivePlugin):
 
     def _render_column(self, renderer: HTMLRenderer, text: str, **attrs):
         start = (
-            '<div class="columns mt-3 is-multiline">\n'
-            if attrs.get("first")
-            else ""
+            '<div class="columns mt-3 is-multiline">\n' if attrs.get("first") else ""
         )
         end = "</div>\n" if attrs.get("last") else ""
         col = f'<div class="column is-half">{text}</div>\n'
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/hook.py b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/hook.py
index db1b647a..e0ff1295 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/hook.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/hook.py
@@ -16,16 +16,12 @@ class Hook(DirectivePlugin):
             for type_ in ("column", "tab"):
                 if token["type"] == type_:
                     maybe_next = (
-                        state.tokens[idx + 1]
-                        if idx + 1 < len(state.tokens)
-                        else None
+                        state.tokens[idx + 1] if idx + 1 < len(state.tokens) else None
                     )
                     token.setdefault("attrs", {})
                     if prev and prev["type"] != type_:
                         token["attrs"]["first"] = True
-                    if (
-                        maybe_next and maybe_next["type"] != type_
-                    ) or not maybe_next:
+                    if (maybe_next and maybe_next["type"] != type_) or not maybe_next:
                         token["attrs"]["last"] = True
 
             prev = token
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/mermaid.py b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/mermaid.py
index 83fa9189..b814b812 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/mermaid.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/mermaid.py
@@ -3,19 +3,16 @@ from re import Match
 from textwrap import dedent
 from typing import Any
 
+from html5tagger import HTML, E
 from mistune import HTMLRenderer
 from mistune.block_parser import BlockParser
 from mistune.core import BlockState
 from mistune.directives import DirectivePlugin, RSTDirective
 from mistune.markdown import Markdown
 
-from html5tagger import HTML, E
-
 
 class Mermaid(DirectivePlugin):
-    def parse(
-        self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def parse(self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState) -> dict[str, Any]:
         info = m.groupdict()
 
         new_state = block.state_cls()
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/notification.py b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/notification.py
index 911b4c31..aaf8a338 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/notification.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/notification.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-from mistune.directives import Admonition
-
 from html5tagger import HTML, E
+from mistune.directives import Admonition
 
 
 class Notification(Admonition):
@@ -20,12 +19,8 @@ class Notification(Admonition):
 
         if md.renderer.NAME == "html":
             md.renderer.register("admonition", self._render_admonition)
-            md.renderer.register(
-                "admonition_title", self._render_admonition_title
-            )
-            md.renderer.register(
-                "admonition_content", self._render_admonition_content
-            )
+            md.renderer.register("admonition_title", self._render_admonition_title)
+            md.renderer.register("admonition_content", self._render_admonition_content)
 
     def _render_admonition(self, _, text, name, **attrs) -> str:
         return str(
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/tabs.py b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/tabs.py
index b99e70db..882254e9 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/plugins/tabs.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/plugins/tabs.py
@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ from mistune.markdown import Markdown
 
 
 class Tabs(DirectivePlugin):
-    def parse(
-        self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def parse(self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState) -> dict[str, Any]:
         info = m.groupdict()
 
         new_state = block.state_cls()
@@ -41,9 +39,7 @@ class Tabs(DirectivePlugin):
     def _render_tab(self, renderer: HTMLRenderer, text: str, **attrs):
         start = '<div class="tabs mt-6"><ul>\n' if attrs.get("first") else ""
         end = (
-            '</ul></div><div class="tab-display"></div>\n'
-            if attrs.get("last")
-            else ""
+            '</ul></div><div class="tab-display"></div>\n' if attrs.get("last") else ""
         )
         content = f'<div class="tab-content">{text}</div>\n'
         tab = f'<li><a>{attrs["title"]}</a>{content}</li>\n'
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/search/renderer.py b/guide/webapp/display/search/renderer.py
index fb06aff1..284fd5bd 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/search/renderer.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/search/renderer.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
-from webapp.display.search.search import Searcher
-
 from html5tagger import Builder, E  # type: ignore
 from sanic import Request
 
+from webapp.display.search.search import Searcher
+
 from ..base import BaseRenderer
 from ..layouts.main import MainLayout
 
diff --git a/guide/webapp/display/search/search.py b/guide/webapp/display/search/search.py
index cede028e..d84ba79b 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/display/search/search.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/display/search/search.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import ClassVar
 
 from msgspec import Struct
+
 from webapp.display.page import Page
 
 
@@ -91,9 +92,7 @@ def _inverse_document_frequency(docs: list[Document]) -> dict[str, float]:
     return {word: num_docs / count for word, count in word_count.items()}
 
 
-def _tf_idf_vector(
-    document: Document, idf: dict[str, float]
-) -> dict[str, float]:
+def _tf_idf_vector(document: Document, idf: dict[str, float]) -> dict[str, float]:
     """Calculate the TF-IDF vector for a document."""
     return {
         word: tf * idf[word]
@@ -102,9 +101,7 @@ def _tf_idf_vector(
     }
 
 
-def _cosine_similarity(
-    vec1: dict[str, float], vec2: dict[str, float]
-) -> float:
+def _cosine_similarity(vec1: dict[str, float], vec2: dict[str, float]) -> float:
     """Calculate the cosine similarity between two vectors."""
     if not vec1 or not vec2:
         return 0.0
@@ -126,9 +123,7 @@ def _search(
     tf_idf_query = _tf_idf_vector(
         Document(page=dummy_page, language=language).process(stemmer), idf
     )
-    similarities = [
-        _cosine_similarity(tf_idf_query, vector) for vector in vectors
-    ]
+    similarities = [_cosine_similarity(tf_idf_query, vector) for vector in vectors]
     return [
         (similarity, document)
         for similarity, document in sorted(
@@ -155,16 +150,13 @@ class Searcher:
         }
         self._vectors = {
             language: [
-                _tf_idf_vector(document, self._idf[language])
-                for document in documents
+                _tf_idf_vector(document, self._idf[language]) for document in documents
             ]
             for language, documents in self._documents.items()
         }
         self._stemmer = stemmer
 
-    def search(
-        self, query: str, language: str
-    ) -> list[tuple[float, Document]]:
+    def search(self, query: str, language: str) -> list[tuple[float, Document]]:
         return _search(
             query,
             language,
diff --git a/guide/webapp/endpoint/search.py b/guide/webapp/endpoint/search.py
index 1b962d45..030ed24d 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/endpoint/search.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/endpoint/search.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # from urllib.parse import unquote
 
+from sanic import Blueprint, Request, Sanic, html
+
 from webapp.display.page import Page
 from webapp.display.search.renderer import SearchRenderer
 from webapp.display.search.search import Document, Searcher, Stemmer
 
-from sanic import Blueprint, Request, Sanic, html
-
 bp = Blueprint("search", url_prefix="/<language>/search")
 
 
diff --git a/guide/webapp/worker/config.py b/guide/webapp/worker/config.py
index b6166094..f95a0d91 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/worker/config.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/worker/config.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from msgspec import yaml
+
 from webapp.display.layouts.models import GeneralConfig, MenuItem
 
 
diff --git a/guide/webapp/worker/factory.py b/guide/webapp/worker/factory.py
index dc983f09..80c98437 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/worker/factory.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/worker/factory.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
+from sanic import Request, Sanic, html, redirect
+
 from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
 from webapp.display.page import Page, PageRenderer
 from webapp.endpoint.view import bp
@@ -7,8 +9,6 @@ from webapp.worker.config import load_config, load_menu
 from webapp.worker.reload import setup_livereload
 from webapp.worker.style import setup_style
 
-from sanic import Request, Sanic, html, redirect
-
 
 def _compile_sidebar_order(items: list[MenuItem]) -> list[str]:
     order = []
@@ -28,13 +28,9 @@ def create_app(root: Path) -> Sanic:
     app.config.STYLE_DIR = root / "style"
     app.config.NODE_MODULES_DIR = root / "node_modules"
     app.config.LANGUAGES = ["en"]
-    app.config.SIDEBAR = load_menu(
-        app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "sidebar.yaml"
-    )
+    app.config.SIDEBAR = load_menu(app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "sidebar.yaml")
     app.config.NAVBAR = load_menu(app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "navbar.yaml")
-    app.config.GENERAL = load_config(
-        app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "general.yaml"
-    )
+    app.config.GENERAL = load_config(app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "general.yaml")
 
     setup_livereload(app)
     setup_style(app)
@@ -66,8 +62,6 @@ def create_app(root: Path) -> Sanic:
 
     @app.on_request
     async def set_language(request: Request):
-        request.ctx.language = request.match_info.get(
-            "language", Page.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE
-        )
+        request.ctx.language = request.match_info.get("language", Page.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE)
 
     return app
diff --git a/guide/webapp/worker/reload.py b/guide/webapp/worker/reload.py
index 3269a12d..8efa7e8a 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/worker/reload.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/worker/reload.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from queue import Empty, Queue
 from typing import Any
 
 import ujson
-
 from sanic import Request, Sanic, Websocket
 
 
@@ -54,16 +53,12 @@ class Livereload:
         "serverName": SERVER_NAME,
     }
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, reload_queue: Queue, debug: bool, state: dict[str, Any]
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, reload_queue: Queue, debug: bool, state: dict[str, Any]):
         self.reload_queue = reload_queue
         self.app = Sanic(self.SERVER_NAME)
         self.debug = debug
         self.state = state
-        self.app.static(
-            "/livereload.js", Path(__file__).parent / "livereload.js"
-        )
+        self.app.static("/livereload.js", Path(__file__).parent / "livereload.js")
         self.app.add_websocket_route(
             self.livereload_handler, "/livereload", name="livereload"
         )
@@ -109,7 +104,5 @@ class Livereload:
                 break
 
 
-def _run_reload_server(
-    reload_queue: Queue, debug: bool, state: dict[str, Any]
-):
+def _run_reload_server(reload_queue: Queue, debug: bool, state: dict[str, Any]):
     Livereload(reload_queue, debug, state).run()
diff --git a/guide/webapp/worker/style.py b/guide/webapp/worker/style.py
index 5b1f3fff..01d6d92a 100644
--- a/guide/webapp/worker/style.py
+++ b/guide/webapp/worker/style.py
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # from scss.compiler import compile_string
 
 from pygments.formatters import html
-from sass import compile as compile_scss
-from webapp.display.code_style import SanicCodeStyle
-
 from sanic import Sanic
+from sass import compile as compile_scss
+
+from webapp.display.code_style import SanicCodeStyle
 
 
 def setup_style(app: Sanic) -> None:
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index bc12d5c1..23b7a48b 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -2,20 +2,28 @@
 requires = ["setuptools", "wheel"]
 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
-[tool.black]
-line-length = 79
+[tool.ruff]
+extend-select = ["I", "W", "UP", "C4", "ISC"]
+# Worth selecting but still too broken: ASYNC, S, B, DTZ, FA
+ignore = [
+	"D100",
+	"D101",
+	"D102",
+	"D103",
+	"E402",
+	"E741",
+	"F811",
+	"F821",
+	# ruff format complains about these:
+	"ISC001",
+	"W191",
+]
+show-source = true
+show-fixes = true
 
-[tool.isort]
-atomic = true
-default_section = "THIRDPARTY"
-include_trailing_comma = true
-known_first_party = "sanic"
-known_third_party = "pytest"
-line_length = 79
-lines_after_imports = 2
-lines_between_types = 1
-multi_line_output = 3
-profile = "black"
+[tool.ruff.isort]
+known-first-party = ["sanic"]
+known-third-party = ["pytest"]
 
 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = [
diff --git a/sanic/__init__.py b/sanic/__init__.py
index 8438ded4..9c0583ec 100644
--- a/sanic/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/__init__.py
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ from sanic.response import (
 )
 from sanic.server.websockets.impl import WebsocketImplProtocol as Websocket
 
-
 DefaultSanic: TypeAlias = "Sanic[Config, SimpleNamespace]"
 """
 A type alias for a Sanic app with a default config and namespace.
diff --git a/sanic/__main__.py b/sanic/__main__.py
index 7db13563..bc14db89 100644
--- a/sanic/__main__.py
+++ b/sanic/__main__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic.cli.app import SanicCLI
 from sanic.compat import OS_IS_WINDOWS, enable_windows_color_support
 
-
 if OS_IS_WINDOWS:
     enable_windows_color_support()
 
diff --git a/sanic/app.py b/sanic/app.py
index 452954ca..2c114557 100644
--- a/sanic/app.py
+++ b/sanic/app.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import logging
 import logging.config
 import re
 import sys
-
 from asyncio import (
     AbstractEventLoop,
     CancelledError,
@@ -32,19 +31,12 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     ClassVar,
     Coroutine,
-    Deque,
-    Dict,
     Generic,
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
-    List,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
     Type,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     cast,
     overload,
 )
@@ -96,7 +88,6 @@ from sanic.worker.inspector import Inspector
 from sanic.worker.loader import CertLoader
 from sanic.worker.manager import WorkerManager
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     try:
         from sanic_ext import Extend  # type: ignore
@@ -173,7 +164,7 @@ class Sanic(
         "websocket_tasks",
     )
 
-    _app_registry: ClassVar[Dict[str, "Sanic"]] = {}
+    _app_registry: ClassVar[dict[str, Sanic]] = {}
     test_mode: ClassVar[bool] = False
 
     @overload
@@ -182,19 +173,19 @@ class Sanic(
         name: str,
         config: None = None,
         ctx: None = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         ...
 
@@ -202,21 +193,21 @@ class Sanic(
     def __init__(
         self: Sanic[config_type, SimpleNamespace],
         name: str,
-        config: Optional[config_type] = None,
+        config: config_type | None = None,
         ctx: None = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         ...
 
@@ -225,20 +216,20 @@ class Sanic(
         self: Sanic[Config, ctx_type],
         name: str,
         config: None = None,
-        ctx: Optional[ctx_type] = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        ctx: ctx_type | None = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         ...
 
@@ -246,42 +237,42 @@ class Sanic(
     def __init__(
         self: Sanic[config_type, ctx_type],
         name: str,
-        config: Optional[config_type] = None,
-        ctx: Optional[ctx_type] = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        config: config_type | None = None,
+        ctx: ctx_type | None = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         ...
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        config: Optional[config_type] = None,
-        ctx: Optional[ctx_type] = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        config: config_type | None = None,
+        ctx: ctx_type | None = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(name=name)
         # logging
@@ -303,41 +294,39 @@ class Sanic(
             self.config.INSPECTOR = inspector
 
         # Then we can do the rest
-        self._asgi_app: Optional[ASGIApp] = None
-        self._asgi_lifespan: Optional[Lifespan] = None
+        self._asgi_app: ASGIApp | None = None
+        self._asgi_lifespan: Lifespan | None = None
         self._asgi_client: Any = None
-        self._blueprint_order: List[Blueprint] = []
-        self._delayed_tasks: List[str] = []
+        self._blueprint_order: list[Blueprint] = []
+        self._delayed_tasks: list[str] = []
         self._future_registry: FutureRegistry = FutureRegistry()
-        self._inspector: Optional[Inspector] = None
-        self._manager: Optional[WorkerManager] = None
+        self._inspector: Inspector | None = None
+        self._manager: WorkerManager | None = None
         self._state: ApplicationState = ApplicationState(app=self)
-        self._task_registry: Dict[str, Union[Task, None]] = {}
+        self._task_registry: dict[str, Task | None] = {}
         self._test_client: Any = None
         self._test_manager: Any = None
         self.asgi = False
         self.auto_reload = False
-        self.blueprints: Dict[str, Blueprint] = {}
-        self.certloader_class: Type[CertLoader] = (
-            certloader_class or CertLoader
-        )
+        self.blueprints: dict[str, Blueprint] = {}
+        self.certloader_class: type[CertLoader] = certloader_class or CertLoader
         self.configure_logging: bool = configure_logging
         self.ctx: ctx_type = cast(ctx_type, ctx or SimpleNamespace())
         self.error_handler: ErrorHandler = error_handler or ErrorHandler()
-        self.inspector_class: Type[Inspector] = inspector_class or Inspector
-        self.listeners: Dict[str, List[ListenerType[Any]]] = defaultdict(list)
-        self.named_request_middleware: Dict[str, Deque[Middleware]] = {}
-        self.named_response_middleware: Dict[str, Deque[Middleware]] = {}
-        self.request_class: Type[Request] = request_class or Request
-        self.request_middleware: Deque[Middleware] = deque()
-        self.response_middleware: Deque[Middleware] = deque()
+        self.inspector_class: type[Inspector] = inspector_class or Inspector
+        self.listeners: dict[str, list[ListenerType[Any]]] = defaultdict(list)
+        self.named_request_middleware: dict[str, deque[Middleware]] = {}
+        self.named_response_middleware: dict[str, deque[Middleware]] = {}
+        self.request_class: type[Request] = request_class or Request
+        self.request_middleware: deque[Middleware] = deque()
+        self.response_middleware: deque[Middleware] = deque()
         self.router: Router = router or Router()
         self.shared_ctx: SharedContext = SharedContext()
         self.signal_router: SignalRouter = signal_router or SignalRouter()
-        self.sock: Optional[socket] = None
+        self.sock: socket | None = None
         self.strict_slashes: bool = strict_slashes
         self.websocket_enabled: bool = False
-        self.websocket_tasks: Set[Future[Any]] = set()
+        self.websocket_tasks: set[Future[Any]] = set()
 
         # Register alternative method names
         self.go_fast = self.run
@@ -396,15 +385,11 @@ class Sanic(
         try:
             _event = ListenerEvent[event.upper()]
         except (ValueError, AttributeError):
-            valid = ", ".join(
-                map(lambda x: x.lower(), ListenerEvent.__members__.keys())
-            )
+            valid = ", ".join(x.lower() for x in ListenerEvent.__members__.keys())
             raise BadRequest(f"Invalid event: {event}. Use one of: {valid}")
 
         if "." in _event:
-            self.signal(_event.value)(
-                partial(self._listener, listener=listener)
-            )
+            self.signal(_event.value)(partial(self._listener, listener=listener))
         else:
             self.listeners[_event.value].append(listener)
 
@@ -412,11 +397,11 @@ class Sanic(
 
     def register_middleware(
         self,
-        middleware: Union[MiddlewareType, Middleware],
+        middleware: MiddlewareType | Middleware,
         attach_to: str = "request",
         *,
-        priority: Union[Default, int] = _default,
-    ) -> Union[MiddlewareType, Middleware]:
+        priority: Default | int = _default,
+    ) -> MiddlewareType | Middleware:
         """Register a middleware to be called before a request is handled.
 
         Args:
@@ -461,7 +446,7 @@ class Sanic(
         route_names: Iterable[str],
         attach_to: str = "request",
         *,
-        priority: Union[Default, int] = _default,
+        priority: Default | int = _default,
     ):
         """Used to register named middleqare (middleware typically on blueprints)
 
@@ -512,7 +497,7 @@ class Sanic(
     def _apply_exception_handler(
         self,
         handler: FutureException,
-        route_names: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        route_names: list[str] | None = None,
     ):
         """Decorate a function to be registered as a handler for exceptions
 
@@ -531,9 +516,7 @@ class Sanic(
     def _apply_listener(self, listener: FutureListener):
         return self.register_listener(listener.listener, listener.event)
 
-    def _apply_route(
-        self, route: FutureRoute, overwrite: bool = False
-    ) -> List[Route]:
+    def _apply_route(self, route: FutureRoute, overwrite: bool = False) -> list[Route]:
         params = route._asdict()
         params["overwrite"] = overwrite
         websocket = params.pop("websocket", False)
@@ -567,7 +550,7 @@ class Sanic(
     def _apply_middleware(
         self,
         middleware: FutureMiddleware,
-        route_names: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        route_names: list[str] | None = None,
     ):
         with self.amend():
             if route_names:
@@ -588,8 +571,8 @@ class Sanic(
         self,
         event: str,
         *,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-        context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         fail_not_found: bool = True,
         inline: Literal[True],
         reverse: bool = False,
@@ -601,8 +584,8 @@ class Sanic(
         self,
         event: str,
         *,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-        context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         fail_not_found: bool = True,
         inline: Literal[False] = False,
         reverse: bool = False,
@@ -613,12 +596,12 @@ class Sanic(
         self,
         event: str,
         *,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-        context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         fail_not_found: bool = True,
         inline: bool = False,
         reverse: bool = False,
-    ) -> Coroutine[Any, Any, Awaitable[Union[Task, Any]]]:
+    ) -> Coroutine[Any, Any, Awaitable[Task | Any]]:
         """Dispatches an event to the signal router.
 
         Args:
@@ -662,9 +645,7 @@ class Sanic(
             fail_not_found=fail_not_found,
         )
 
-    async def event(
-        self, event: str, timeout: Optional[Union[int, float]] = None
-    ) -> None:
+    async def event(self, event: str, timeout: int | float | None = None) -> None:
         """Wait for a specific event to be triggered.
 
         This method waits for a named event to be triggered and can be used
@@ -749,9 +730,7 @@ class Sanic(
         async def report(exception: Exception) -> None:
             await handler(self, exception)
 
-        self.add_signal(
-            handler=report, event=Event.SERVER_EXCEPTION_REPORT.value
-        )
+        self.add_signal(handler=report, event=Event.SERVER_EXCEPTION_REPORT.value)
 
         return report
 
@@ -780,13 +759,13 @@ class Sanic(
 
     def blueprint(
         self,
-        blueprint: Union[Blueprint, Iterable[Blueprint], BlueprintGroup],
+        blueprint: Blueprint | (Iterable[Blueprint] | BlueprintGroup),
         *,
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, float, str]] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
-        version_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        name_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        version: int | float | str | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
+        version_prefix: str | None = None,
+        name_prefix: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Register a blueprint on the application.
 
@@ -812,7 +791,7 @@ class Sanic(
             app.blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/blueprint')
             ```
         """  # noqa: E501
-        options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        options: dict[str, Any] = {}
         if url_prefix is not None:
             options["url_prefix"] = url_prefix
         if version is not None:
@@ -825,7 +804,7 @@ class Sanic(
             options["name_prefix"] = name_prefix
         if isinstance(blueprint, (Iterable, BlueprintGroup)):
             for item in blueprint:
-                params: Dict[str, Any] = {**options}
+                params: dict[str, Any] = {**options}
                 if isinstance(blueprint, BlueprintGroup):
                     merge_from = [
                         options.get("url_prefix", ""),
@@ -840,14 +819,12 @@ class Sanic(
 
                     for _attr in ["version", "strict_slashes"]:
                         if getattr(item, _attr) is None:
-                            params[_attr] = getattr(
-                                blueprint, _attr
-                            ) or options.get(_attr)
+                            params[_attr] = getattr(blueprint, _attr) or options.get(
+                                _attr
+                            )
                     if item.version_prefix == "/v":
                         if blueprint.version_prefix == "/v":
-                            params["version_prefix"] = options.get(
-                                "version_prefix"
-                            )
+                            params["version_prefix"] = options.get("version_prefix")
                         else:
                             params["version_prefix"] = blueprint.version_prefix
                     name_prefix = getattr(blueprint, "name_prefix", None)
@@ -857,17 +834,14 @@ class Sanic(
             return
         if blueprint.name in self.blueprints:
             assert self.blueprints[blueprint.name] is blueprint, (
-                'A blueprint with the name "%s" is already registered.  '
-                "Blueprint names must be unique." % (blueprint.name,)
+                f'A blueprint with the name "{blueprint.name}" is already registered.  '
+                "Blueprint names must be unique."
             )
         else:
             self.blueprints[blueprint.name] = blueprint
             self._blueprint_order.append(blueprint)
 
-        if (
-            self.strict_slashes is not None
-            and blueprint.strict_slashes is None
-        ):
+        if self.strict_slashes is not None and blueprint.strict_slashes is None:
             blueprint.strict_slashes = self.strict_slashes
         blueprint.register(self, options)
 
@@ -923,7 +897,7 @@ class Sanic(
             # http://subdomain.example.com/view-name
         """  # noqa: E501
         # find the route by the supplied view name
-        kw: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        kw: dict[str, str] = {}
         # special static files url_for
 
         if "." not in view_name:
@@ -937,9 +911,7 @@ class Sanic(
 
         route = self.router.find_route_by_view_name(view_name, **kw)
         if not route:
-            raise URLBuildError(
-                f"Endpoint with name `{view_name}` was not found"
-            )
+            raise URLBuildError(f"Endpoint with name `{view_name}` was not found")
 
         uri = route.path
 
@@ -978,9 +950,7 @@ class Sanic(
         scheme = kwargs.pop("_scheme", "")
         if route.extra.hosts and external:
             if not host and len(route.extra.hosts) > 1:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Host is ambiguous: {', '.join(route.extra.hosts)}"
-                )
+                raise ValueError(f"Host is ambiguous: {', '.join(route.extra.hosts)}")
             elif host and host not in route.extra.hosts:
                 raise ValueError(
                     f"Requested host ({host}) is not available for this "
@@ -1096,10 +1066,7 @@ class Sanic(
             context={"request": request, "exception": exception},
         )
 
-        if (
-            request.stream is not None
-            and request.stream.stage is not Stage.HANDLER
-        ):
+        if request.stream is not None and request.stream.stage is not Stage.HANDLER:
             error_logger.exception(exception, exc_info=True)
             logger.error(
                 "The error response will not be sent to the client for "
@@ -1146,10 +1113,7 @@ class Sanic(
                     response = self.error_handler.default(request, e)
                 elif self.debug:
                     response = HTTPResponse(
-                        (
-                            f"Error while handling error: {e}\n"
-                            f"Stack: {format_exc()}"
-                        ),
+                        (f"Error while handling error: {e}\n" f"Stack: {format_exc()}"),
                         status=500,
                     )
                 else:
@@ -1194,9 +1158,7 @@ class Sanic(
             )
             await response.eof()
         else:
-            raise ServerError(
-                f"Invalid response type {response!r} (need HTTPResponse)"
-            )
+            raise ServerError(f"Invalid response type {response!r} (need HTTPResponse)")
 
     async def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> None:  # no cov
         """Handles a request by dispatching it to the appropriate handler.
@@ -1221,13 +1183,11 @@ class Sanic(
 
         # Define `response` var here to remove warnings about
         # allocation before assignment below.
-        response: Optional[
-            Union[
-                BaseHTTPResponse,
-                Coroutine[Any, Any, Optional[BaseHTTPResponse]],
-                ResponseStream,
-            ]
-        ] = None
+        response: (
+            BaseHTTPResponse
+            | (Coroutine[Any, Any, BaseHTTPResponse | None] | ResponseStream)
+            | None
+        ) = None
         run_middleware = True
         try:
             await self.dispatch(
@@ -1285,10 +1245,8 @@ class Sanic(
 
                 if handler is None:
                     raise ServerError(
-                        (
-                            "'None' was returned while requesting a "
-                            "handler from the router"
-                        )
+                        "'None' was returned while requesting a "
+                        "handler from the router"
                     )
 
                 # Run response handler
@@ -1347,17 +1305,14 @@ class Sanic(
             else:
                 if not hasattr(handler, "is_websocket"):
                     raise ServerError(
-                        f"Invalid response type {response!r} "
-                        "(need HTTPResponse)"
+                        f"Invalid response type {response!r} " "(need HTTPResponse)"
                     )
 
         except CancelledError:  # type: ignore
             raise
         except Exception as e:
             # Response Generation Failed
-            await self.handle_exception(
-                request, e, run_middleware=run_middleware
-            )
+            await self.handle_exception(request, e, run_middleware=run_middleware)
 
     async def _websocket_handler(
         self, handler, request, *args, subprotocols=None, **kwargs
@@ -1436,9 +1391,7 @@ class Sanic(
     # Execution
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 
-    async def _run_request_middleware(
-        self, request, middleware_collection
-    ):  # no cov
+    async def _run_request_middleware(self, request, middleware_collection):  # no cov
         request._request_middleware_started = True
 
         for middleware in middleware_collection:
@@ -1515,9 +1468,7 @@ class Sanic(
             task.cancel()
 
     @staticmethod
-    async def _listener(
-        app: Sanic, loop: AbstractEventLoop, listener: ListenerType
-    ):
+    async def _listener(app: Sanic, loop: AbstractEventLoop, listener: ListenerType):
         try:
             maybe_coro = listener(app)  # type: ignore
         except TypeError:
@@ -1546,9 +1497,7 @@ class Sanic(
                 if isawaitable(task):
                     await task
             except CancelledError:
-                error_logger.warning(
-                    f"Task {task} was cancelled before it completed."
-                )
+                error_logger.warning(f"Task {task} was cancelled before it completed.")
                 raise
             except Exception as e:
                 await app.dispatch(
@@ -1566,7 +1515,7 @@ class Sanic(
         app,
         loop,
         *,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         register: bool = True,
     ) -> Task:
         if not isinstance(task, Future):
@@ -1628,11 +1577,11 @@ class Sanic(
 
     def add_task(
         self,
-        task: Union[Future[Any], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any], Awaitable[Any]],
+        task: Future[Any] | (Coroutine[Any, Any, Any] | Awaitable[Any]),
         *,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         register: bool = True,
-    ) -> Optional[Task[Any]]:
+    ) -> Task[Any] | None:
         """Schedule a task to run later, after the loop has started.
 
         While this is somewhat similar to `asyncio.create_task`, it can be
@@ -1657,18 +1606,14 @@ class Sanic(
         """  # noqa: E501
         try:
             loop = self.loop  # Will raise SanicError if loop is not started
-            return self._loop_add_task(
-                task, self, loop, name=name, register=register
-            )
+            return self._loop_add_task(task, self, loop, name=name, register=register)
         except SanicException:
             task_name = f"sanic.delayed_task.{hash(task)}"
             if not self._delayed_tasks:
                 self.after_server_start(partial(self.dispatch_delayed_tasks))
 
             if name:
-                raise RuntimeError(
-                    "Cannot name task outside of a running application"
-                )
+                raise RuntimeError("Cannot name task outside of a running application")
 
             self.signal(task_name)(partial(self.run_delayed_task, task=task))
             self._delayed_tasks.append(task_name)
@@ -1679,18 +1624,14 @@ class Sanic(
         ...
 
     @overload
-    def get_task(
-        self, name: str, *, raise_exception: Literal[False]
-    ) -> Optional[Task]:
+    def get_task(self, name: str, *, raise_exception: Literal[False]) -> Task | None:
         ...
 
     @overload
-    def get_task(self, name: str, *, raise_exception: bool) -> Optional[Task]:
+    def get_task(self, name: str, *, raise_exception: bool) -> Task | None:
         ...
 
-    def get_task(
-        self, name: str, *, raise_exception: bool = True
-    ) -> Optional[Task]:
+    def get_task(self, name: str, *, raise_exception: bool = True) -> Task | None:
         """Get a named task.
 
         This method is used to get a task by its name. Optionally, you can
@@ -1708,15 +1649,13 @@ class Sanic(
             return self._task_registry[name]
         except KeyError:
             if raise_exception:
-                raise SanicException(
-                    f'Registered task named "{name}" not found.'
-                )
+                raise SanicException(f'Registered task named "{name}" not found.')
             return None
 
     async def cancel_task(
         self,
         name: str,
-        msg: Optional[str] = None,
+        msg: str | None = None,
         *,
         raise_exception: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
@@ -1751,7 +1690,7 @@ class Sanic(
         """  # noqa: E501
         task = self.get_task(name, raise_exception=raise_exception)
         if task and not task.cancelled():
-            args: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+            args: tuple[str, ...] = ()
             if msg:
                 if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
                     args = (msg,)
@@ -1784,7 +1723,7 @@ class Sanic(
         }
 
     def shutdown_tasks(
-        self, timeout: Optional[float] = None, increment: float = 0.1
+        self, timeout: float | None = None, increment: float = 0.1
     ) -> None:
         """Cancel all tasks except the server task.
 
@@ -1822,11 +1761,7 @@ class Sanic(
             Iterable[Task[Any]]: The tasks that are currently registered with
                 the application.
         """
-        return (
-            task
-            for task in iter(self._task_registry.values())
-            if task is not None
-        )
+        return (task for task in iter(self._task_registry.values()) if task is not None)
 
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------- #
     # ASGI
@@ -1853,7 +1788,7 @@ class Sanic(
     # Configuration
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 
-    def update_config(self, config: Union[bytes, str, dict, Any]) -> None:
+    def update_config(self, config: Any) -> None:
         """Update the application configuration.
 
         This method is used to update the application configuration. It can
@@ -1863,7 +1798,7 @@ class Sanic(
         See [Configuration](/en/guide/deployment/configuration) for details.
 
         Args:
-            config (Union[bytes, str, dict, Any]): The configuration object,
+            config (bytes | str | dict | Any): The configuration object,
                 dictionary, or path to a configuration file.
         """
 
@@ -1903,7 +1838,7 @@ class Sanic(
         return self._state
 
     @property
-    def reload_dirs(self) -> Set[Path]:
+    def reload_dirs(self) -> set[Path]:
         """The directories that are monitored for auto-reload.
 
         Returns:
@@ -1948,9 +1883,9 @@ class Sanic(
     def extend(
         self,
         *,
-        extensions: Optional[List[Type[Extension]]] = None,
+        extensions: list[type[Extension]] | None = None,
         built_in_extensions: bool = True,
-        config: Optional[Union[Config, Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        config: Config | dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> Extend:
         """Extend Sanic with additional functionality using Sanic Extensions.
@@ -2068,9 +2003,7 @@ class Sanic(
             del cls._app_registry[name]
 
     @classmethod
-    def get_app(
-        cls, name: Optional[str] = None, *, force_create: bool = False
-    ) -> Sanic:
+    def get_app(cls, name: str | None = None, *, force_create: bool = False) -> Sanic:
         """Retrieve an instantiated Sanic instance by name.
 
         This method is best used when needing to get access to an already
@@ -2277,9 +2210,7 @@ class Sanic(
         self.finalize()
 
         route_names = [route.extra.ident for route in self.router.routes]
-        duplicates = {
-            name for name in route_names if route_names.count(name) > 1
-        }
+        duplicates = {name for name in route_names if route_names.count(name) > 1}
         if duplicates:
             names = ", ".join(duplicates)
             message = (
@@ -2316,7 +2247,7 @@ class Sanic(
         self,
         concern: str,
         action: str,
-        loop: Optional[AbstractEventLoop] = None,
+        loop: AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         event = f"server.{concern}.{action}"
         if action not in ("before", "after") or concern not in (
@@ -2324,9 +2255,7 @@ class Sanic(
             "shutdown",
         ):
             raise SanicException(f"Invalid server event: {event}")
-        logger.debug(
-            f"Triggering server events: {event}", extra={"verbosity": 1}
-        )
+        logger.debug(f"Triggering server events: {event}", extra={"verbosity": 1})
         reverse = concern == "shutdown"
         if loop is None:
             loop = self.loop
@@ -2347,7 +2276,7 @@ class Sanic(
 
     def refresh(
         self,
-        passthru: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        passthru: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Sanic:
         """Refresh the application instance. **This is used internally by Sanic**.
 
@@ -2392,9 +2321,7 @@ class Sanic(
             Inspector: An instance of Inspector.
         """
         if environ.get("SANIC_WORKER_PROCESS") or not self._inspector:
-            raise SanicException(
-                "Can only access the inspector from the main process"
-            )
+            raise SanicException("Can only access the inspector from the main process")
         return self._inspector
 
     @property
@@ -2427,7 +2354,5 @@ class Sanic(
         """
 
         if environ.get("SANIC_WORKER_PROCESS") or not self._manager:
-            raise SanicException(
-                "Can only access the manager from the main process"
-            )
+            raise SanicException("Can only access the manager from the main process")
         return self._manager
diff --git a/sanic/application/ext.py b/sanic/application/ext.py
index 86b482ae..515bc1bc 100644
--- a/sanic/application/ext.py
+++ b/sanic/application/ext.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from contextlib import suppress
 from importlib import import_module
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
diff --git a/sanic/application/logo.py b/sanic/application/logo.py
index 0a2f56a2..4941f90f 100644
--- a/sanic/application/logo.py
+++ b/sanic/application/logo.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import re
 import sys
-
 from os import environ
 
 from sanic.helpers import is_atty
 
-
 BASE_LOGO = """
 
                  Sanic
@@ -63,10 +61,7 @@ def get_logo(full: bool = False, coffee: bool = False) -> str:
         else BASE_LOGO
     )
 
-    if (
-        sys.platform == "darwin"
-        and environ.get("TERM_PROGRAM") == "Apple_Terminal"
-    ):
+    if sys.platform == "darwin" and environ.get("TERM_PROGRAM") == "Apple_Terminal":
         logo = ansi_pattern.sub("", logo)
 
     return logo
diff --git a/sanic/application/motd.py b/sanic/application/motd.py
index 0409bd06..c618cc45 100644
--- a/sanic/application/motd.py
+++ b/sanic/application/motd.py
@@ -79,9 +79,7 @@ class MOTDTTY(MOTD):
     def set_variables(self):  # no  cov
         """Set the variables used for display."""
         fallback = (108, 24)
-        terminal_width = max(
-            get_terminal_size(fallback=fallback).columns, fallback[0]
-        )
+        terminal_width = max(get_terminal_size(fallback=fallback).columns, fallback[0])
         self.max_value_width = terminal_width - fallback[0] + 36
 
         self.key_width = 4
diff --git a/sanic/application/spinner.py b/sanic/application/spinner.py
index 8bc6d6ae..e2b42af5 100644
--- a/sanic/application/spinner.py
+++ b/sanic/application/spinner.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import os
 import sys
 import time
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from queue import Queue
 from threading import Thread
 
-
 if os.name == "nt":  # noqa
     import ctypes  # noqa
 
@@ -47,21 +45,16 @@ class Spinner:  # noqa
     @staticmethod
     def cursor():
         while True:
-            for cursor in "|/-\\":
-                yield cursor
+            yield from "|/-\\"
 
     @staticmethod
     def hide():
         if os.name == "nt":
             ci = _CursorInfo()
             handle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle(-11)
-            ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo(
-                handle, ctypes.byref(ci)
-            )
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(ci))
             ci.visible = False
-            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo(
-                handle, ctypes.byref(ci)
-            )
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(ci))
         elif os.name == "posix":
             sys.stdout.write("\033[?25l")
             sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -71,13 +64,9 @@ class Spinner:  # noqa
         if os.name == "nt":
             ci = _CursorInfo()
             handle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle(-11)
-            ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo(
-                handle, ctypes.byref(ci)
-            )
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(ci))
             ci.visible = True
-            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo(
-                handle, ctypes.byref(ci)
-            )
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(ci))
         elif os.name == "posix":
             sys.stdout.write("\033[?25h")
             sys.stdout.flush()
diff --git a/sanic/application/state.py b/sanic/application/state.py
index 34aa6af9..186ed92e 100644
--- a/sanic/application/state.py
+++ b/sanic/application/state.py
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
-
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
 from socket import socket
 from ssl import SSLContext
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from sanic.application.constants import Mode, Server, ServerStage
 from sanic.log import VerbosityFilter, logger
 from sanic.server.async_server import AsyncioServer
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
@@ -21,9 +19,9 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 class ApplicationServerInfo:
     """Information about a server instance."""
 
-    settings: Dict[str, Any]
+    settings: dict[str, Any]
     stage: ServerStage = field(default=ServerStage.STOPPED)
-    server: Optional[AsyncioServer] = field(default=None)
+    server: AsyncioServer | None = field(default=None)
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -40,11 +38,11 @@ class ApplicationState:
     fast: bool = field(default=False)
     host: str = field(default="")
     port: int = field(default=0)
-    ssl: Optional[SSLContext] = field(default=None)
-    sock: Optional[socket] = field(default=None)
-    unix: Optional[str] = field(default=None)
+    ssl: SSLContext | None = field(default=None)
+    sock: socket | None = field(default=None)
+    unix: str | None = field(default=None)
     mode: Mode = field(default=Mode.PRODUCTION)
-    reload_dirs: Set[Path] = field(default_factory=set)
+    reload_dirs: set[Path] = field(default_factory=set)
     auto_reload: bool = field(default=False)
     server: Server = field(default=Server.SANIC)
     is_running: bool = field(default=False)
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ class ApplicationState:
     verbosity: int = field(default=0)
     workers: int = field(default=0)
     primary: bool = field(default=True)
-    server_info: List[ApplicationServerInfo] = field(default_factory=list)
+    server_info: list[ApplicationServerInfo] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     # This property relates to the ApplicationState instance and should
     # not be changed except in the __post_init__ method
@@ -64,14 +62,12 @@ class ApplicationState:
 
     def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
         if self._init and name == "_init":
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Cannot change the value of _init after instantiation"
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot change the value of _init after instantiation")
         super().__setattr__(name, value)
         if self._init and hasattr(self, f"set_{name}"):
             getattr(self, f"set_{name}")(value)
 
-    def set_mode(self, value: Union[str, Mode]):
+    def set_mode(self, value: str | Mode):
         if hasattr(self.app, "error_handler"):
             self.app.error_handler.debug = self.app.debug
         if getattr(self.app, "configure_logging", False) and self.app.debug:
@@ -107,9 +103,7 @@ class ApplicationState:
 
         if all(info.stage is ServerStage.SERVING for info in self.server_info):
             return ServerStage.SERVING
-        elif any(
-            info.stage is ServerStage.SERVING for info in self.server_info
-        ):
+        elif any(info.stage is ServerStage.SERVING for info in self.server_info):
             return ServerStage.PARTIAL
 
         return ServerStage.STOPPED
diff --git a/sanic/asgi.py b/sanic/asgi.py
index 43a111a3..7419eb45 100644
--- a/sanic/asgi.py
+++ b/sanic/asgi.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
-
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.compat import Header
 from sanic.exceptions import BadRequest, ServerError
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ from sanic.response import BaseHTTPResponse
 from sanic.server import ConnInfo
 from sanic.server.websockets.connection import WebSocketConnection
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
@@ -109,9 +107,9 @@ class ASGIApp:
     request: Request
     transport: MockTransport
     lifespan: Lifespan
-    ws: Optional[WebSocketConnection]
+    ws: WebSocketConnection | None
     stage: Stage
-    response: Optional[BaseHTTPResponse]
+    response: BaseHTTPResponse | None
 
     @classmethod
     async def create(
@@ -142,9 +140,7 @@ class ASGIApp:
                 ]
             )
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            raise BadRequest(
-                "Header names can only contain US-ASCII characters"
-            )
+            raise BadRequest("Header names can only contain US-ASCII characters")
 
         if scope["type"] == "http":
             version = scope["http_version"]
@@ -153,9 +149,7 @@ class ASGIApp:
             version = "1.1"
             method = "GET"
 
-            instance.ws = instance.transport.create_websocket_connection(
-                send, receive
-            )
+            instance.ws = instance.transport.create_websocket_connection(send, receive)
         else:
             raise ServerError("Received unknown ASGI scope")
 
@@ -189,7 +183,7 @@ class ASGIApp:
 
         return instance
 
-    async def read(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
+    async def read(self) -> bytes | None:
         """
         Read and stream the body in chunks from an incoming ASGI message.
         """
diff --git a/sanic/base/root.py b/sanic/base/root.py
index 3f3ba58e..4f5229c4 100644
--- a/sanic/base/root.py
+++ b/sanic/base/root.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import re
-
 from typing import Any, Optional
 
 from sanic.base.meta import SanicMeta
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ from sanic.mixins.routes import RouteMixin
 from sanic.mixins.signals import SignalMixin
 from sanic.mixins.static import StaticMixin
 
-
 VALID_NAME = re.compile(r"^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_\-]*$")
 
 
@@ -26,9 +24,7 @@ class BaseSanic(
 ):
     __slots__ = ("name",)
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, name: Optional[str] = None, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
-    ) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, name: Optional[str] = None, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         class_name = self.__class__.__name__
 
         if name is None:
diff --git a/sanic/blueprint_group.py b/sanic/blueprint_group.py
index b95bc520..147aa877 100644
--- a/sanic/blueprint_group.py
+++ b/sanic/blueprint_group.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 from .blueprints import BlueprintGroup
 
-
 __all__ = ["BlueprintGroup"]  # noqa: F405
diff --git a/sanic/blueprints.py b/sanic/blueprints.py
index 28199e9e..758277e3 100644
--- a/sanic/blueprints.py
+++ b/sanic/blueprints.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 import sys
-
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import MutableSequence
 from copy import deepcopy
@@ -14,15 +13,9 @@ from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Callable,
-    Dict,
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
-    List,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -39,7 +32,6 @@ from sanic.models.handler_types import (
     RouteHandler,
 )
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
@@ -122,10 +114,10 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        host: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, str, float]] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        host: list[str] | str | None = None,
+        version: int | str | float | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
     ):
         super().__init__(name=name)
@@ -136,9 +128,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         self.host = host
         self.strict_slashes = strict_slashes
         self.url_prefix = (
-            url_prefix[:-1]
-            if url_prefix and url_prefix.endswith("/")
-            else url_prefix
+            url_prefix[:-1] if url_prefix and url_prefix.endswith("/") else url_prefix
         )
         self.version = version
         self.version_prefix = version_prefix
@@ -161,7 +151,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         return f"Blueprint({args})"
 
     @property
-    def apps(self) -> Set[Sanic]:
+    def apps(self) -> set[Sanic]:
         """Get the set of apps that this blueprint is registered to.
 
         Returns:
@@ -172,9 +162,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
                 an app.
         """
         if not self._apps:
-            raise SanicException(
-                f"{self} has not yet been registered to an app"
-            )
+            raise SanicException(f"{self} has not yet been registered to an app")
         return self._apps
 
     @property
@@ -196,23 +184,23 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
 
     def reset(self) -> None:
         """Reset the blueprint to its initial state."""
-        self._apps: Set[Sanic] = set()
+        self._apps: set[Sanic] = set()
         self._allow_route_overwrite = False
-        self.exceptions: List[RouteHandler] = []
-        self.listeners: Dict[str, List[ListenerType[Any]]] = {}
-        self.middlewares: List[MiddlewareType] = []
-        self.routes: List[Route] = []
-        self.statics: List[RouteHandler] = []
-        self.websocket_routes: List[Route] = []
+        self.exceptions: list[RouteHandler] = []
+        self.listeners: dict[str, list[ListenerType[Any]]] = {}
+        self.middlewares: list[MiddlewareType] = []
+        self.routes: list[Route] = []
+        self.statics: list[RouteHandler] = []
+        self.websocket_routes: list[Route] = []
 
     def copy(
         self,
         name: str,
-        url_prefix: Optional[Union[str, Default]] = _default,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, str, float, Default]] = _default,
-        version_prefix: Union[str, Default] = _default,
-        allow_route_overwrite: Union[bool, Default] = _default,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[Union[bool, Default]] = _default,
+        url_prefix: str | Default | None = _default,
+        version: int | str | float | Default | None = _default,
+        version_prefix: str | Default = _default,
+        allow_route_overwrite: bool | Default = _default,
+        strict_slashes: bool | Default | None = _default,
         with_registration: bool = True,
         with_ctx: bool = False,
     ):
@@ -277,12 +265,12 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
 
     @staticmethod
     def group(
-        *blueprints: Union[Blueprint, BlueprintGroup],
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, str, float]] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
+        *blueprints: Blueprint | BlueprintGroup,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        version: int | str | float | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
-        name_prefix: Optional[str] = "",
+        name_prefix: str | None = "",
     ) -> BlueprintGroup:
         """Group multiple blueprints (or other blueprint groups) together.
 
@@ -353,9 +341,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         opt_strict_slashes = options.get("strict_slashes", None)
         opt_version_prefix = options.get("version_prefix", self.version_prefix)
         opt_name_prefix = options.get("name_prefix", None)
-        error_format = options.get(
-            "error_format", app.config.FALLBACK_ERROR_FORMAT
-        )
+        error_format = options.get("error_format", app.config.FALLBACK_ERROR_FORMAT)
 
         routes = []
         middleware = []
@@ -381,9 +367,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
                     version_prefix = prefix
                     break
 
-            version = self._extract_value(
-                future.version, opt_version, self.version
-            )
+            version = self._extract_value(future.version, opt_version, self.version)
             strict_slashes = self._extract_value(
                 future.strict_slashes, opt_strict_slashes, self.strict_slashes
             )
@@ -419,22 +403,16 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
                 continue
 
             registered.add(apply_route)
-            route = app._apply_route(
-                apply_route, overwrite=self._allow_route_overwrite
-            )
+            route = app._apply_route(apply_route, overwrite=self._allow_route_overwrite)
 
             # If it is a copied BP, then make sure all of the names of routes
             # matchup with the new BP name
             if self.copied_from:
                 for r in route:
                     r.name = r.name.replace(self.copied_from, self.name)
-                    r.extra.ident = r.extra.ident.replace(
-                        self.copied_from, self.name
-                    )
+                    r.extra.ident = r.extra.ident.replace(self.copied_from, self.name)
 
-            operation = (
-                routes.extend if isinstance(route, list) else routes.append
-            )
+            operation = routes.extend if isinstance(route, list) else routes.append
             operation(route)
 
         # Static Files
@@ -479,7 +457,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
                 continue
             future.condition.update({"__blueprint__": self.name})
             # Force exclusive to be False
-            app._apply_signal(tuple((*future[:-1], False)))
+            app._apply_signal((*future[:-1], False))
 
         self.routes += [route for route in routes if isinstance(route, Route)]
         self.websocket_routes += [
@@ -512,11 +490,9 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         condition = kwargs.pop("condition", {})
         condition.update({"__blueprint__": self.name})
         kwargs["condition"] = condition
-        await asyncio.gather(
-            *[app.dispatch(*args, **kwargs) for app in self.apps]
-        )
+        await asyncio.gather(*[app.dispatch(*args, **kwargs) for app in self.apps])
 
-    def event(self, event: str, timeout: Optional[Union[int, float]] = None):
+    def event(self, event: str, timeout: int | float | None = None):
         """Wait for a signal event to be dispatched.
 
         Args:
@@ -550,7 +526,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         return value
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _setup_uri(base: str, prefix: Optional[str]):
+    def _setup_uri(base: str, prefix: str | None):
         uri = base
         if prefix:
             uri = prefix
@@ -563,7 +539,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
 
     @staticmethod
     def register_futures(
-        apps: Set[Sanic], bp: Blueprint, futures: Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+        apps: set[Sanic], bp: Blueprint, futures: Sequence[tuple[Any, ...]]
     ):
         """Register futures to the apps.
 
@@ -575,7 +551,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         """
 
         for app in apps:
-            app._future_registry.update(set((bp, item) for item in futures))
+            app._future_registry.update({(bp, item) for item in futures})
 
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
@@ -667,13 +643,13 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, str, float]] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        version: int | str | float | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
-        name_prefix: Optional[str] = "",
+        name_prefix: str | None = "",
     ):
-        self._blueprints: List[Blueprint] = []
+        self._blueprints: list[Blueprint] = []
         self._url_prefix = url_prefix
         self._version = version
         self._version_prefix = version_prefix
@@ -681,7 +657,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         self._name_prefix = name_prefix
 
     @property
-    def url_prefix(self) -> Optional[Union[int, str, float]]:
+    def url_prefix(self) -> int | str | float | None:
         """The URL prefix for the Blueprint Group.
 
         Returns:
@@ -691,7 +667,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         return self._url_prefix
 
     @property
-    def blueprints(self) -> List[Blueprint]:
+    def blueprints(self) -> list[Blueprint]:
         """A list of all the available blueprints under this group.
 
         Returns:
@@ -701,7 +677,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         return self._blueprints
 
     @property
-    def version(self) -> Optional[Union[str, int, float]]:
+    def version(self) -> str | int | float | None:
         """API Version for the Blueprint Group, if any.
 
         Returns:
@@ -710,7 +686,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         return self._version
 
     @property
-    def strict_slashes(self) -> Optional[bool]:
+    def strict_slashes(self) -> bool | None:
         """Whether to enforce strict slashes for the Blueprint Group.
 
         Returns:
@@ -728,7 +704,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         return self._version_prefix
 
     @property
-    def name_prefix(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def name_prefix(self) -> str | None:
         """Name prefix for the Blueprint Group.
 
         This is mainly needed when blueprints are copied in order to
@@ -755,9 +731,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
     def __getitem__(self, item: slice) -> MutableSequence[Blueprint]:
         ...
 
-    def __getitem__(
-        self, item: Union[int, slice]
-    ) -> Union[Blueprint, MutableSequence[Blueprint]]:
+    def __getitem__(self, item: int | slice) -> Blueprint | MutableSequence[Blueprint]:
         """Get the Blueprint object at the specified index.
 
         This method returns a blueprint inside the group specified by
@@ -785,8 +759,8 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
 
     def __setitem__(
         self,
-        index: Union[int, slice],
-        item: Union[Blueprint, Iterable[Blueprint]],
+        index: int | slice,
+        item: Blueprint | Iterable[Blueprint],
     ) -> None:
         """Set the Blueprint object at the specified index.
 
@@ -824,7 +798,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
     def __delitem__(self, index: slice) -> None:
         ...
 
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> None:
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | slice) -> None:
         """Delete the Blueprint object at the specified index.
 
         Abstract method implemented to turn the `BlueprintGroup` class
diff --git a/sanic/cli/app.py b/sanic/cli/app.py
index b8db98b9..306f76c3 100644
--- a/sanic/cli/app.py
+++ b/sanic/cli/app.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
-
 from argparse import Namespace
 from functools import partial
 from textwrap import indent
@@ -57,9 +56,7 @@ Or, a path to a directory to run as a simple HTTP server:
         )
         self.parser._positionals.title = "Required\n========\n  Positional"
         self.parser._optionals.title = "Optional\n========\n  General"
-        self.main_process = (
-            os.environ.get("SANIC_RELOADER_PROCESS", "") != "true"
-        )
+        self.main_process = os.environ.get("SANIC_RELOADER_PROCESS", "") != "true"
         self.args: Namespace = Namespace()
         self.groups: List[Group] = []
         self.inspecting = False
@@ -127,11 +124,7 @@ Or, a path to a directory to run as a simple HTTP server:
                         key = key.lstrip("-")
                     except ValueError:
                         value = False if arg.startswith("--no-") else True
-                        key = (
-                            arg.replace("--no-", "")
-                            .lstrip("-")
-                            .replace("-", "_")
-                        )
+                        key = arg.replace("--no-", "").lstrip("-").replace("-", "_")
                     setattr(self.args, key, value)
 
         kwargs = {**self.args.__dict__}
@@ -181,8 +174,7 @@ Or, a path to a directory to run as a simple HTTP server:
                     "  Example Module: project.sanic_server.app"
                 )
                 error_logger.error(
-                    "\nThe error below might have caused the above one:\n"
-                    f"{e.msg}"
+                    "\nThe error below might have caused the above one:\n" f"{e.msg}"
                 )
                 sys.exit(1)
             else:
@@ -196,7 +188,7 @@ Or, a path to a directory to run as a simple HTTP server:
         if self.args.tlshost:
             ssl.append(None)
         if self.args.cert is not None or self.args.key is not None:
-            ssl.append(dict(cert=self.args.cert, key=self.args.key))
+            ssl.append({"cert": self.args.cert, "key": self.args.key})
         if self.args.tls:
             ssl += self.args.tls
         if not ssl:
diff --git a/sanic/cli/arguments.py b/sanic/cli/arguments.py
index c4d64089..61fbf23f 100644
--- a/sanic/cli/arguments.py
+++ b/sanic/cli/arguments.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from argparse import ArgumentParser, _ArgumentGroup
-from typing import List, Optional, Type, Union
 
 from sanic_routing import __version__ as __routing_version__
 
@@ -10,14 +9,14 @@ from sanic.http.constants import HTTP
 
 
 class Group:
-    name: Optional[str]
-    container: Union[ArgumentParser, _ArgumentGroup]
-    _registry: List[Type[Group]] = []
+    name: str | None
+    container: ArgumentParser | _ArgumentGroup
+    _registry: list[type[Group]] = []
 
     def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
         Group._registry.append(cls)
 
-    def __init__(self, parser: ArgumentParser, title: Optional[str]):
+    def __init__(self, parser: ArgumentParser, title: str | None):
         self.parser = parser
 
         if title:
@@ -245,10 +244,7 @@ class DevelopmentGroup(Group):
             "--auto-reload",
             dest="auto_reload",
             action="store_true",
-            help=(
-                "Watch source directory for file changes and reload on "
-                "changes"
-            ),
+            help=("Watch source directory for file changes and reload on " "changes"),
         )
         self.container.add_argument(
             "-R",
diff --git a/sanic/cli/inspector_client.py b/sanic/cli/inspector_client.py
index fd22bbd8..5249627e 100644
--- a/sanic/cli/inspector_client.py
+++ b/sanic/cli/inspector_client.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
-
 from http.client import RemoteDisconnected
 from textwrap import indent
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any
 from urllib.error import URLError
 from urllib.request import Request as URequest
 from urllib.request import urlopen
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ from sanic.application.logo import get_logo
 from sanic.application.motd import MOTDTTY
 from sanic.log import Colors
 
-
 try:  # no cov
     from ujson import dumps, loads
 except ModuleNotFoundError:  # no cov
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ class InspectorClient:
         port: int,
         secure: bool,
         raw: bool,
-        api_key: Optional[str],
+        api_key: str | None,
     ) -> None:
         self.scheme = "https" if secure else "http"
         self.host = host
@@ -47,11 +45,7 @@ class InspectorClient:
             return
         result = self.request(action, **kwargs).get("result")
         if result:
-            out = (
-                dumps(result)
-                if isinstance(result, (list, dict))
-                else str(result)
-            )
+            out = dumps(result) if isinstance(result, (list, dict)) else str(result)
             sys.stdout.write(out + "\n")
 
     def info(self) -> None:
@@ -89,7 +83,7 @@ class InspectorClient:
 
     def request(self, action: str, method: str = "POST", **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
         url = f"{self.base_url}/{action}"
-        params: Dict[str, Any] = {"method": method, "headers": {}}
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {"method": method, "headers": {}}
         if kwargs:
             params["data"] = dumps(kwargs).encode()
             params["headers"]["content-type"] = "application/json"
diff --git a/sanic/compat.py b/sanic/compat.py
index 62a5df95..2d888fea 100644
--- a/sanic/compat.py
+++ b/sanic/compat.py
@@ -3,25 +3,16 @@ import os
 import platform
 import signal
 import sys
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Awaitable, Union
+from typing import Awaitable, Literal, Union
 
 from multidict import CIMultiDict  # type: ignore
 
 from sanic.helpers import Default
 from sanic.log import error_logger
 
-
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):  # no cov
-    StartMethod = Union[Default, str]
-else:  # no cov
-    from typing import Literal
-
-    StartMethod = Union[
-        Default, Literal["fork"], Literal["forkserver"], Literal["spawn"]
-    ]
+StartMethod = Union[Default, Literal["fork"], Literal["forkserver"], Literal["spawn"]]
 
 OS_IS_WINDOWS = os.name == "nt"
 PYPY_IMPLEMENTATION = platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy"
@@ -142,7 +133,10 @@ if use_trio:  # pragma: no cover
         return trio.Path(path).stat()
 
     open_async = trio.open_file
-    CancelledErrors = tuple([asyncio.CancelledError, trio.Cancelled])
+    CancelledErrors: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (
+        asyncio.CancelledError,
+        trio.Cancelled,
+    )
 else:
     if PYPY_IMPLEMENTATION:
         pypy_os_module_patch()
@@ -156,7 +150,7 @@ else:
     async def open_async(file, mode="r", **kwargs):
         return aio_open(file, mode, **kwargs)
 
-    CancelledErrors = tuple([asyncio.CancelledError])
+    CancelledErrors = (asyncio.CancelledError,)
 
 
 def ctrlc_workaround_for_windows(app):
diff --git a/sanic/config.py b/sanic/config.py
index 305949fb..f7facff4 100644
--- a/sanic/config.py
+++ b/sanic/config.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import sys
-
 from abc import ABCMeta
 from inspect import getmembers, isclass, isdatadescriptor
 from os import environ
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, Sequence, Union
 from warnings import filterwarnings
 
 from sanic.constants import LocalCertCreator
@@ -16,20 +14,14 @@ from sanic.http import Http
 from sanic.log import error_logger
 from sanic.utils import load_module_from_file_location, str_to_bool
 
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
-    from typing import Literal
-
-    FilterWarningType = Union[
-        Literal["default"],
-        Literal["error"],
-        Literal["ignore"],
-        Literal["always"],
-        Literal["module"],
-        Literal["once"],
-    ]
-else:
-    FilterWarningType = str
+FilterWarningType = Union[
+    Literal["default"],
+    Literal["error"],
+    Literal["ignore"],
+    Literal["always"],
+    Literal["module"],
+    Literal["once"],
+]
 
 SANIC_PREFIX = "SANIC_"
 
@@ -100,25 +92,25 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
     EVENT_AUTOREGISTER: bool
     DEPRECATION_FILTER: FilterWarningType
     FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER: str
-    FORWARDED_SECRET: Optional[str]
+    FORWARDED_SECRET: str | None
     GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT: float
     INSPECTOR: bool
     INSPECTOR_HOST: str
     INSPECTOR_PORT: int
-    INSPECTOR_TLS_KEY: Union[Path, str, Default]
-    INSPECTOR_TLS_CERT: Union[Path, str, Default]
+    INSPECTOR_TLS_KEY: Path | str | Default
+    INSPECTOR_TLS_CERT: Path | str | Default
     INSPECTOR_API_KEY: str
     KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT: int
     KEEP_ALIVE: bool
-    LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR: Union[str, LocalCertCreator]
-    LOCAL_TLS_KEY: Union[Path, str, Default]
-    LOCAL_TLS_CERT: Union[Path, str, Default]
+    LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR: str | LocalCertCreator
+    LOCAL_TLS_KEY: Path | str | Default
+    LOCAL_TLS_CERT: Path | str | Default
     LOCALHOST: str
     MOTD: bool
-    MOTD_DISPLAY: Dict[str, str]
+    MOTD_DISPLAY: dict[str, str]
     NOISY_EXCEPTIONS: bool
-    PROXIES_COUNT: Optional[int]
-    REAL_IP_HEADER: Optional[str]
+    PROXIES_COUNT: int | None
+    REAL_IP_HEADER: str | None
     REQUEST_BUFFER_SIZE: int
     REQUEST_MAX_HEADER_SIZE: int
     REQUEST_ID_HEADER: str
@@ -127,21 +119,19 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
     RESPONSE_TIMEOUT: int
     SERVER_NAME: str
     TLS_CERT_PASSWORD: str
-    TOUCHUP: Union[Default, bool]
-    USE_UVLOOP: Union[Default, bool]
+    TOUCHUP: Default | bool
+    USE_UVLOOP: Default | bool
     WEBSOCKET_MAX_SIZE: int
     WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL: int
     WEBSOCKET_PING_TIMEOUT: int
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        defaults: Optional[
-            Dict[str, Union[str, bool, int, float, None]]
-        ] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        keep_alive: Optional[bool] = None,
+        defaults: dict[str, str | bool | int | float | None] | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        keep_alive: bool | None = None,
         *,
-        converters: Optional[Sequence[Callable[[str], Any]]] = None,
+        converters: Sequence[Callable[[str], Any]] | None = None,
     ):
         defaults = defaults or {}
         super().__init__({**DEFAULT_CONFIG, **defaults})
@@ -209,7 +199,7 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
             ```
         """
         kwargs.update({k: v for item in other for k, v in dict(item).items()})
-        setters: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        setters: dict[str, Any] = {
             k: kwargs.pop(k)
             for k in {**kwargs}.keys()
             if k in self.__class__.__setters__
@@ -237,9 +227,7 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
         if attr == "LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR" and not isinstance(
             self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR, LocalCertCreator
         ):
-            self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR = LocalCertCreator[
-                self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR.upper()
-            ]
+            self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR = LocalCertCreator[self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR.upper()]
         elif attr == "DEPRECATION_FILTER":
             self._configure_warnings()
 
@@ -276,7 +264,7 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
             module=r"sanic.*",
         )
 
-    def _check_error_format(self, format: Optional[str] = None):
+    def _check_error_format(self, format: str | None = None):
         check_error_format(format or self.FALLBACK_ERROR_FORMAT)
 
     def load_environment_vars(self, prefix=SANIC_PREFIX):
@@ -332,7 +320,7 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
                 except ValueError:
                     pass
 
-    def update_config(self, config: Union[bytes, str, dict, Any]):
+    def update_config(self, config: bytes | str | dict | Any):
         """Update app.config.
 
         .. note::
diff --git a/sanic/cookies/__init__.py b/sanic/cookies/__init__.py
index a5cbe463..5d605d39 100644
--- a/sanic/cookies/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/cookies/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 from .response import Cookie, CookieJar
 
-
 __all__ = ("Cookie", "CookieJar")
diff --git a/sanic/cookies/request.py b/sanic/cookies/request.py
index 456c8872..90dbd0bb 100644
--- a/sanic/cookies/request.py
+++ b/sanic/cookies/request.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import re
-
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
 from sanic.cookies.response import Cookie
 from sanic.log import deprecation
 from sanic.request.parameters import RequestParameters
 
-
 COOKIE_NAME_RESERVED_CHARS = re.compile(
     '[\x00-\x1F\x7F-\xFF()<>@,;:\\\\"/[\\]?={} \x09]'
 )
@@ -149,9 +147,7 @@ class CookieRequestParameters(RequestParameters):
         except KeyError:
             return super().get(name, default)
 
-    def getlist(
-        self, name: str, default: Optional[Any] = None
-    ) -> Optional[Any]:
+    def getlist(self, name: str, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> Optional[Any]:
         try:
             return self._get_prefixed_cookie(name)
         except KeyError:
diff --git a/sanic/cookies/response.py b/sanic/cookies/response.py
index 0a55cd00..95f65dfb 100644
--- a/sanic/cookies/response.py
+++ b/sanic/cookies/response.py
@@ -2,31 +2,25 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
 import string
-import sys
-
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
 
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.log import deprecation
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.compat import Header
 
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):  # no cov
-    SameSite = str
-else:  # no cov
-    from typing import Literal
+from typing import Literal
 
-    SameSite = Union[
-        Literal["Strict"],
-        Literal["Lax"],
-        Literal["None"],
-        Literal["strict"],
-        Literal["lax"],
-        Literal["none"],
-    ]
+SameSite = Union[
+    Literal["Strict"],
+    Literal["Lax"],
+    Literal["None"],
+    Literal["strict"],
+    Literal["lax"],
+    Literal["none"],
+]
 
 DEFAULT_MAX_AGE = 0
 SAMESITE_VALUES = ("strict", "lax", "none")
@@ -180,7 +174,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         return CookieJar.HEADER_KEY
 
     @property
-    def cookie_headers(self) -> Dict[str, str]:  # no cov
+    def cookie_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:  # no cov
         """Deprecated in v24.3"""
         deprecation(
             "The CookieJar.coookie_headers property has been deprecated "
@@ -191,7 +185,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         return {key: self.header_key for key in self}
 
     @property
-    def cookies(self) -> List[Cookie]:
+    def cookies(self) -> list[Cookie]:
         """A list of cookies in the CookieJar.
 
         Returns:
@@ -203,10 +197,10 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         self,
         key: str,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
-    ) -> Optional[Cookie]:
+    ) -> Cookie | None:
         """Fetch a cookie from the CookieJar.
 
         Args:
@@ -236,7 +230,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         self,
         key: str,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> bool:
@@ -271,14 +265,14 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         value: str,
         *,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         secure: bool = True,
-        max_age: Optional[int] = None,
-        expires: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        max_age: int | None = None,
+        expires: datetime | None = None,
         httponly: bool = False,
-        samesite: Optional[SameSite] = "Lax",
+        samesite: SameSite | None = "Lax",
         partitioned: bool = False,
-        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        comment: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> Cookie:
@@ -362,7 +356,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         key: str,
         *,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -390,7 +384,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         :type secure_prefix: bool
         """
         # remove it from header
-        cookies: List[Cookie] = self.headers.popall(self.HEADER_KEY, [])
+        cookies: list[Cookie] = self.headers.popall(self.HEADER_KEY, [])
         for cookie in cookies:
             if (
                 cookie.key != Cookie.make_key(key, host_prefix, secure_prefix)
@@ -481,14 +475,14 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         value: str,
         *,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         secure: bool = True,
-        max_age: Optional[int] = None,
-        expires: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        max_age: int | None = None,
+        expires: datetime | None = None,
         httponly: bool = False,
-        samesite: Optional[SameSite] = "Lax",
+        samesite: SameSite | None = "Lax",
         partitioned: bool = False,
-        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        comment: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ):
@@ -502,9 +496,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
                     "Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie without secure=True"
                 )
             if path != "/":
-                raise ServerError(
-                    "Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie unless path='/'"
-                )
+                raise ServerError("Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie unless path='/'")
             if domain:
                 raise ServerError(
                     "Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie with a defined domain"
@@ -561,7 +553,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
     # in v24.3 when this is no longer a dict
     def _set_value(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
         if key not in self._keys:
-            raise KeyError("Unknown cookie property: %s=%s" % (key, value))
+            raise KeyError(f"Unknown cookie property: {key}={value}")
 
         if value is not None:
             if key.lower() == "max-age" and not str(value).isdigit():
@@ -604,21 +596,18 @@ class Cookie(dict):
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Format as a Set-Cookie header value."""
-        output = ["%s=%s" % (self.key, _quote(self.value))]
+        output = [f"{self.key}={_quote(self.value)}"]
         key_index = list(self._keys)
-        for key, value in sorted(
-            self.items(), key=lambda x: key_index.index(x[0])
-        ):
+        for key, value in sorted(self.items(), key=lambda x: key_index.index(x[0])):
             if value is not None and value is not False:
                 if key == "max-age":
                     try:
                         output.append("%s=%d" % (self._keys[key], value))
                     except TypeError:
-                        output.append("%s=%s" % (self._keys[key], value))
+                        output.append(f"{self._keys[key]}={value}")
                 elif key == "expires":
                     output.append(
-                        "%s=%s"
-                        % (
+                        "{}={}".format(
                             self._keys[key],
                             value.strftime("%a, %d-%b-%Y %T GMT"),
                         )
@@ -626,7 +615,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
                 elif key in self._flags:
                     output.append(self._keys[key])
                 else:
-                    output.append("%s=%s" % (self._keys[key], value))
+                    output.append(f"{self._keys[key]}={value}")
 
         return "; ".join(output)
 
@@ -640,7 +629,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("path", value)
 
     @property
-    def expires(self) -> Optional[datetime]:  # no cov
+    def expires(self) -> datetime | None:  # no cov
         """The expiration date of the cookie. Defaults to `None`."""
         return self.get("expires")
 
@@ -649,7 +638,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("expires", value)
 
     @property
-    def comment(self) -> Optional[str]:  # no cov
+    def comment(self) -> str | None:  # no cov
         """A comment for the cookie. Defaults to `None`."""
         return self.get("comment")
 
@@ -658,7 +647,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("comment", value)
 
     @property
-    def domain(self) -> Optional[str]:  # no cov
+    def domain(self) -> str | None:  # no cov
         """The domain of the cookie. Defaults to `None`."""
         return self.get("domain")
 
@@ -667,7 +656,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("domain", value)
 
     @property
-    def max_age(self) -> Optional[int]:  # no cov
+    def max_age(self) -> int | None:  # no cov
         """The maximum age of the cookie in seconds. Defaults to `None`."""
         return self.get("max-age")
 
@@ -694,7 +683,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("httponly", value)
 
     @property
-    def samesite(self) -> Optional[SameSite]:  # no cov
+    def samesite(self) -> SameSite | None:  # no cov
         """The SameSite attribute for the cookie. Defaults to `"Lax"`."""
         return self.get("samesite")
 
diff --git a/sanic/errorpages.py b/sanic/errorpages.py
index 08341476..93d45f03 100644
--- a/sanic/errorpages.py
+++ b/sanic/errorpages.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
 import typing as t
-
 from functools import partial
 from traceback import extract_tb
 
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ from sanic.log import deprecation, logger
 from sanic.pages.error import ErrorPage
 from sanic.response import html, json, text
 
-
 dumps: t.Callable[..., str]
 try:
     from ujson import dumps
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ class BaseRenderer:
         self.debug = debug
 
     @property
-    def headers(self) -> t.Dict[str, str]:
+    def headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
         """The headers to be used for the response."""
         if isinstance(self.exception, SanicException):
             return getattr(self.exception, "headers", {})
@@ -192,8 +190,7 @@ class TextRenderer(BaseRenderer):
             lines += [
                 f"{self.exception.__class__.__name__}: {self.exception} while "
                 f"handling path {self.request.path}",
-                f"Traceback of {self.request.app.name} "
-                "(most recent call last):\n",
+                f"Traceback of {self.request.app.name} " "(most recent call last):\n",
             ]
 
             while exc_value:
@@ -326,8 +323,8 @@ def exception_response(
     exception: Exception,
     debug: bool,
     fallback: str,
-    base: t.Type[BaseRenderer],
-    renderer: t.Optional[t.Type[BaseRenderer]] = None,
+    base: type[BaseRenderer],
+    renderer: type[BaseRenderer] | None = None,
 ) -> HTTPResponse:
     """Render a response for the default FALLBACK exception handler."""
     if not renderer:
@@ -390,9 +387,7 @@ def guess_mime(req: Request, fallback: str) -> str:
     if m:
         format = CONFIG_BY_MIME[m.mime]
         source = formats[format]
-        logger.debug(
-            f"The client accepts {m.header}, using '{format}' from {source}"
-        )
+        logger.debug(f"The client accepts {m.header}, using '{format}' from {source}")
     else:
         logger.debug(f"No format found, the client accepts {req.accept!r}")
     return m.mime
diff --git a/sanic/exceptions.py b/sanic/exceptions.py
index 52e21058..c6ec73a0 100644
--- a/sanic/exceptions.py
+++ b/sanic/exceptions.py
@@ -69,9 +69,7 @@ class SanicException(Exception):
     ) -> None:
         self.context = context
         self.extra = extra
-        status_code = status_code or getattr(
-            self.__class__, "status_code", None
-        )
+        status_code = status_code or getattr(self.__class__, "status_code", None)
         quiet = quiet or getattr(self.__class__, "quiet", None)
         headers = headers or getattr(self.__class__, "headers", {})
         if message is None:
@@ -621,9 +619,7 @@ class Unauthorized(HTTPException):
 
         # if auth-scheme is specified, set "WWW-Authenticate" header
         if scheme is not None:
-            values = [
-                '{!s}="{!s}"'.format(k, v) for k, v in challenges.items()
-            ]
+            values = [f'{k!s}="{v!s}"' for k, v in challenges.items()]
             challenge = ", ".join(values)
 
             self.headers = {
diff --git a/sanic/handlers/__init__.py b/sanic/handlers/__init__.py
index 4777a8da..d51d67f9 100644
--- a/sanic/handlers/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/handlers/__init__.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from .content_range import ContentRangeHandler
 from .directory import DirectoryHandler
 from .error import ErrorHandler
 
-
 __all__ = (
     "ContentRangeHandler",
     "DirectoryHandler",
diff --git a/sanic/handlers/content_range.py b/sanic/handlers/content_range.py
index c2db0cc7..f9dbbb6d 100644
--- a/sanic/handlers/content_range.py
+++ b/sanic/handlers/content_range.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
-
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.exceptions import (
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import (
 )
 from sanic.models.protocol_types import Range
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Request
 
@@ -33,27 +31,19 @@ class ContentRangeHandler(Range):
             raise HeaderNotFound("Range Header Not Found")
         unit, _, value = tuple(map(str.strip, _range.partition("=")))
         if unit != "bytes":
-            raise InvalidRangeType(
-                "%s is not a valid Range Type" % (unit,), self
-            )
+            raise InvalidRangeType(f"{unit} is not a valid Range Type", self)
         start_b, _, end_b = tuple(map(str.strip, value.partition("-")))
         try:
             self.start = int(start_b) if start_b else None
         except ValueError:
-            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(
-                "'%s' is invalid for Content Range" % (start_b,), self
-            )
+            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(f"'{start_b}' is invalid for Content Range", self)
         try:
             self.end = int(end_b) if end_b else None
         except ValueError:
-            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(
-                "'%s' is invalid for Content Range" % (end_b,), self
-            )
+            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(f"'{end_b}' is invalid for Content Range", self)
         if self.end is None:
             if self.start is None:
-                raise RangeNotSatisfiable(
-                    "Invalid for Content Range parameters", self
-                )
+                raise RangeNotSatisfiable("Invalid for Content Range parameters", self)
             else:
                 # this case represents `Content-Range: bytes 5-`
                 self.end = self.total - 1
@@ -63,14 +53,9 @@ class ContentRangeHandler(Range):
                 self.start = self.total - self.end
                 self.end = self.total - 1
         if self.start >= self.end:
-            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(
-                "Invalid for Content Range parameters", self
-            )
+            raise RangeNotSatisfiable("Invalid for Content Range parameters", self)
         self.size = self.end - self.start + 1
-        self.headers = {
-            "Content-Range": "bytes %s-%s/%s"
-            % (self.start, self.end, self.total)
-        }
+        self.headers = {"Content-Range": f"bytes {self.start}-{self.end}/{self.total}"}
 
     def __bool__(self):
         return hasattr(self, "size") and self.size > 0
diff --git a/sanic/handlers/directory.py b/sanic/handlers/directory.py
index 319cae45..8581328c 100644
--- a/sanic/handlers/directory.py
+++ b/sanic/handlers/directory.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from datetime import datetime
 from operator import itemgetter
 from pathlib import Path
 from stat import S_ISDIR
-from typing import Dict, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Union, cast
+from typing import Iterable, Sequence, cast
 
 from sanic.exceptions import NotFound
 from sanic.pages.directory_page import DirectoryPage, FileInfo
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
         uri: str,
         directory: Path,
         directory_view: bool = False,
-        index: Optional[Union[str, Sequence[str]]] = None,
+        index: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if isinstance(index, str):
             index = [index]
@@ -60,9 +60,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
                 return await file(index_file)
 
         if self.directory_view:
-            return self._index(
-                self.directory / current, path, request.app.debug
-            )
+            return self._index(self.directory / current, path, request.app.debug)
 
         if self.index:
             raise NotFound("File not found")
@@ -72,20 +70,16 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
     def _index(self, location: Path, path: str, debug: bool):
         # Remove empty path elements, append slash
         if "//" in path or not path.endswith("/"):
-            return redirect(
-                "/" + "".join([f"{p}/" for p in path.split("/") if p])
-            )
+            return redirect("/" + "".join([f"{p}/" for p in path.split("/") if p]))
 
         # Render file browser
         page = DirectoryPage(self._iter_files(location), path, debug)
         return html(page.render())
 
-    def _prepare_file(self, path: Path) -> Dict[str, Union[int, str]]:
+    def _prepare_file(self, path: Path) -> dict[str, int | str]:
         stat = path.stat()
         modified = (
-            datetime.fromtimestamp(stat.st_mtime)
-            .isoformat()[:19]
-            .replace("T", " ")
+            datetime.fromtimestamp(stat.st_mtime).isoformat()[:19].replace("T", " ")
         )
         is_dir = S_ISDIR(stat.st_mode)
         icon = "📁" if is_dir else "📄"
diff --git a/sanic/handlers/error.py b/sanic/handlers/error.py
index 50f73695..2aaa2900 100644
--- a/sanic/handlers/error.py
+++ b/sanic/handlers/error.py
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type
-
 from sanic.errorpages import BaseRenderer, TextRenderer, exception_response
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.log import error_logger
@@ -25,20 +23,20 @@ class ErrorHandler:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        base: Type[BaseRenderer] = TextRenderer,
+        base: type[BaseRenderer] = TextRenderer,
     ):
-        self.cached_handlers: Dict[
-            Tuple[Type[BaseException], Optional[str]], Optional[RouteHandler]
+        self.cached_handlers: dict[
+            tuple[type[BaseException], str | None], RouteHandler | None
         ] = {}
         self.debug = False
         self.base = base
 
-    def _full_lookup(self, exception, route_name: Optional[str] = None):
+    def _full_lookup(self, exception, route_name: str | None = None):
         return self.lookup(exception, route_name)
 
     def _add(
         self,
-        key: Tuple[Type[BaseException], Optional[str]],
+        key: tuple[type[BaseException], str | None],
         handler: RouteHandler,
     ) -> None:
         if key in self.cached_handlers:
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ class ErrorHandler:
             raise ServerError(message)
         self.cached_handlers[key] = handler
 
-    def add(self, exception, handler, route_names: Optional[List[str]] = None):
+    def add(self, exception, handler, route_names: list[str] | None = None):
         """Add a new exception handler to an already existing handler object.
 
         Args:
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ class ErrorHandler:
         else:
             self._add((exception, None), handler)
 
-    def lookup(self, exception, route_name: Optional[str] = None):
+    def lookup(self, exception, route_name: str | None = None):
         """Lookup the existing instance of `ErrorHandler` and fetch the registered handler for a specific type of exception.
 
         This method leverages a dict lookup to speedup the retrieval process.
@@ -98,9 +96,7 @@ class ErrorHandler:
                 exception_key = (ancestor, name)
                 if exception_key in self.cached_handlers:
                     handler = self.cached_handlers[exception_key]
-                    self.cached_handlers[
-                        (exception_class, route_name)
-                    ] = handler
+                    self.cached_handlers[(exception_class, route_name)] = handler
                     return handler
 
                 if ancestor is BaseException:
@@ -135,13 +131,11 @@ class ErrorHandler:
                 url = repr(request.url)
             except AttributeError:  # no cov
                 url = "unknown"
-            response_message = (
-                "Exception raised in exception handler " '"%s" for uri: %s'
-            )
-            error_logger.exception(response_message, handler.__name__, url)
+            response_message = f'Exception raised in exception handler "{handler.__name__}" for uri: {url}'
+            error_logger.exception(response_message)
 
             if self.debug:
-                return text(response_message % (handler.__name__, url), 500)
+                return text(response_message, 500)
             else:
                 return text("An error occurred while handling an error", 500)
         return response
@@ -200,6 +194,4 @@ class ErrorHandler:
             except AttributeError:  # no cov
                 url = "unknown"
 
-            error_logger.exception(
-                "Exception occurred while handling uri: %s", url
-            )
+            error_logger.exception("Exception occurred while handling uri: %s", url)
diff --git a/sanic/headers.py b/sanic/headers.py
index 5a7e1664..73686214 100644
--- a/sanic/headers.py
+++ b/sanic/headers.py
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
-
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Tuple, Union
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
 from sanic.exceptions import InvalidHeader
 from sanic.helpers import STATUS_CODES
 
-
 # TODO:
 # - the Options object should be a typed object to allow for less casting
 #   across the application (in request.py for example)
@@ -21,9 +19,7 @@ _token, _quoted = r"([\w!#$%&'*+\-.^_`|~]+)", r'"([^"]*)"'
 _param = re.compile(rf";\s*{_token}=(?:{_token}|{_quoted})", re.ASCII)
 _ipv6 = "(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{0,4}:){2,7}[0-9A-Fa-f]{0,4}"
 _ipv6_re = re.compile(_ipv6)
-_host_re = re.compile(
-    r"((?:\[" + _ipv6 + r"\])|[a-zA-Z0-9.\-]{1,253})(?::(\d{1,5}))?"
-)
+_host_re = re.compile(r"((?:\[" + _ipv6 + r"\])|[a-zA-Z0-9.\-]{1,253})(?::(\d{1,5}))?")
 
 # RFC's quoted-pair escapes are mostly ignored by browsers. Chrome, Firefox and
 # curl all have different escaping, that we try to handle as well as possible,
@@ -85,8 +81,8 @@ class MediaType:
 
     def match(
         self,
-        mime_with_params: Union[str, MediaType],
-    ) -> Optional[MediaType]:
+        mime_with_params: str | MediaType,
+    ) -> MediaType | None:
         """Match this media type against another media type.
 
         Check if this media type matches the given mime type/subtype.
@@ -124,9 +120,7 @@ class MediaType:
                     or mt.subtype == "*"
                 )
                 # Type match
-                and (
-                    self.type == mt.type or self.type == "*" or mt.type == "*"
-                )
+                and (self.type == mt.type or self.type == "*" or mt.type == "*")
             )
             else None
         )
@@ -141,7 +135,7 @@ class MediaType:
         return any(part == "*" for part in (self.subtype, self.type))
 
     @classmethod
-    def _parse(cls, mime_with_params: str) -> Optional[MediaType]:
+    def _parse(cls, mime_with_params: str) -> MediaType | None:
         mtype = mime_with_params.strip()
         if "/" not in mime_with_params:
             return None
@@ -151,12 +145,10 @@ class MediaType:
         if not type_ or not subtype:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid media type: {mtype}")
 
-        params = dict(
-            [
-                (key.strip(), value.strip())
-                for key, value in (param.split("=", 1) for param in raw_params)
-            ]
-        )
+        params = {
+            key.strip(): value.strip()
+            for key, value in (param.split("=", 1) for param in raw_params)
+        }
 
         return cls(type_.lstrip(), subtype.rstrip(), **params)
 
@@ -173,7 +165,7 @@ class Matched:
         header (MediaType): The header to match against, if any.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, mime: str, header: Optional[MediaType]):
+    def __init__(self, mime: str, header: MediaType | None):
         self.mime = mime
         self.header = header
 
@@ -200,7 +192,7 @@ class Matched:
             )
         )
 
-    def _compare(self, other) -> Tuple[bool, Matched]:
+    def _compare(self, other) -> tuple[bool, Matched]:
         if isinstance(other, str):
             parsed = Matched.parse(other)
             if self.mime == other:
@@ -215,7 +207,7 @@ class Matched:
             f"mime types of '{self.mime}' and '{other}'"
         )
 
-    def match(self, other: Union[str, Matched]) -> Optional[Matched]:
+    def match(self, other: str | Matched) -> Matched | None:
         """Match this MIME string against another MIME string.
 
         Check if this MIME string matches the given MIME string. Wildcards are supported both ways on both type and subtype.
@@ -296,7 +288,7 @@ class AcceptList(list):
         return ", ".join(str(m) for m in self)
 
 
-def parse_accept(accept: Optional[str]) -> AcceptList:
+def parse_accept(accept: str | None) -> AcceptList:
     """Parse an Accept header and order the acceptable media types according to RFC 7231, s. 5.3.2
 
     https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2
@@ -316,9 +308,7 @@ def parse_accept(accept: Optional[str]) -> AcceptList:
         accept = "*/*"  # No header means that all types are accepted
     try:
         a = [
-            mt
-            for mt in [MediaType._parse(mtype) for mtype in accept.split(",")]
-            if mt
+            mt for mt in [MediaType._parse(mtype) for mtype in accept.split(",")] if mt
         ]
         if not a:
             raise ValueError
@@ -327,7 +317,7 @@ def parse_accept(accept: Optional[str]) -> AcceptList:
         raise InvalidHeader(f"Invalid header value in Accept: {accept}")
 
 
-def parse_content_header(value: str) -> Tuple[str, Options]:
+def parse_content_header(value: str) -> tuple[str, Options]:
     """Parse content-type and content-disposition header values.
 
     E.g. `form-data; name=upload; filename="file.txt"` to
@@ -346,11 +336,10 @@ def parse_content_header(value: str) -> Tuple[str, Options]:
     """
     pos = value.find(";")
     if pos == -1:
-        options: Dict[str, Union[int, str]] = {}
+        options: dict[str, int | str] = {}
     else:
         options = {
-            m.group(1)
-            .lower(): (m.group(2) or m.group(3))
+            m.group(1).lower(): (m.group(2) or m.group(3))
             .replace("%22", '"')
             .replace("%0D%0A", "\n")
             for m in _param.finditer(value[pos:])
@@ -367,7 +356,7 @@ def parse_content_header(value: str) -> Tuple[str, Options]:
 _rparam = re.compile(f"(?:{_token}|{_quoted})={_token}\\s*($|[;,])", re.ASCII)
 
 
-def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
+def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Options | None:
     """Parse RFC 7239 Forwarded headers.
     The value of `by` or `secret` must match `config.FORWARDED_SECRET`
     :return: dict with keys and values, or None if nothing matched
@@ -381,7 +370,7 @@ def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
         return None
     # Loop over <separator><key>=<value> elements from right to left
     sep = pos = None
-    options: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
+    options: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
     found = False
     for m in _rparam.finditer(header[::-1]):
         # Start of new element? (on parser skips and non-semicolon right sep)
@@ -405,7 +394,7 @@ def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
     return fwd_normalize(reversed(options)) if found else None
 
 
-def parse_xforwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
+def parse_xforwarded(headers, config) -> Options | None:
     """Parse traditional proxy headers."""
     real_ip_header = config.REAL_IP_HEADER
     proxies_count = config.PROXIES_COUNT
@@ -416,11 +405,7 @@ def parse_xforwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
             # Combine, split and filter multiple headers' entries
             forwarded_for = headers.getall(config.FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER)
             proxies = [
-                p
-                for p in (
-                    p.strip() for h in forwarded_for for p in h.split(",")
-                )
-                if p
+                p for p in (p.strip() for h in forwarded_for for p in h.split(",")) if p
             ]
             addr = proxies[-proxies_count]
         except (KeyError, IndexError):
@@ -452,7 +437,7 @@ def fwd_normalize(fwd: OptionsIterable) -> Options:
     Returns:
         Options: A dict of normalized key-value pairs.
     """
-    ret: Dict[str, Union[int, str]] = {}
+    ret: dict[str, int | str] = {}
     for key, val in fwd:
         if val is not None:
             try:
@@ -489,7 +474,7 @@ def fwd_normalize_address(addr: str) -> str:
     return addr.lower()
 
 
-def parse_host(host: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int]]:
+def parse_host(host: str) -> tuple[str | None, int | None]:
     """Split host:port into hostname and port.
 
     Args:
@@ -531,9 +516,9 @@ def format_http1_response(status: int, headers: HeaderBytesIterable) -> bytes:
 
 
 def parse_credentials(
-    header: Optional[str],
-    prefixes: Optional[Union[List, Tuple, Set]] = None,
-) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]:
+    header: str | None,
+    prefixes: list | tuple | set | None = None,
+) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
     """Parses any header with the aim to retrieve any credentials from it.
 
     Args:
diff --git a/sanic/helpers.py b/sanic/helpers.py
index d7ac8968..44077ddc 100644
--- a/sanic/helpers.py
+++ b/sanic/helpers.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 """Defines basics of HTTP standard."""
 
 import sys
-
 from importlib import import_module
 from inspect import ismodule
 from typing import Dict
 
-
 STATUS_CODES: Dict[int, bytes] = {
     100: b"Continue",
     101: b"Switching Protocols",
@@ -132,7 +130,7 @@ def remove_entity_headers(headers, allowed=("content-location", "expires")):
 
     returns the headers without the entity headers
     """
-    allowed = set([h.lower() for h in allowed])
+    allowed = {h.lower() for h in allowed}
     headers = {
         header: value
         for header, value in headers.items()
diff --git a/sanic/http/__init__.py b/sanic/http/__init__.py
index 10451282..fdf45874 100644
--- a/sanic/http/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/http/__init__.py
@@ -2,5 +2,4 @@ from .constants import Stage
 from .http1 import Http
 from .http3 import Http3
 
-
 __all__ = ("Http", "Stage", "Http3")
diff --git a/sanic/http/http1.py b/sanic/http/http1.py
index 07fb7d8f..0446e59e 100644
--- a/sanic/http/http1.py
+++ b/sanic/http/http1.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
-
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.request import Request
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ from sanic.http.stream import Stream
 from sanic.log import access_logger, error_logger, logger
 from sanic.touchup import TouchUpMeta
 
-
 HTTP_CONTINUE = b"HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n"
 
 
@@ -363,26 +361,20 @@ class Http(Stream, metaclass=TouchUpMeta):
             self.response_func = None
             self.stage = Stage.IDLE
 
-    async def http1_response_chunked(
-        self, data: bytes, end_stream: bool
-    ) -> None:
+    async def http1_response_chunked(self, data: bytes, end_stream: bool) -> None:
         """Format a part of response body in chunked encoding."""
         # Chunked encoding
         size = len(data)
         if end_stream:
             await self._send(
-                b"%x\r\n%b\r\n0\r\n\r\n" % (size, data)
-                if size
-                else b"0\r\n\r\n"
+                b"%x\r\n%b\r\n0\r\n\r\n" % (size, data) if size else b"0\r\n\r\n"
             )
             self.response_func = None
             self.stage = Stage.IDLE
         elif size:
             await self._send(b"%x\r\n%b\r\n" % (size, data))
 
-    async def http1_response_normal(
-        self, data: bytes, end_stream: bool
-    ) -> None:
+    async def http1_response_normal(self, data: bytes, end_stream: bool) -> None:
         """Format / keep track of non-chunked response."""
         bytes_left = self.response_bytes_left - len(data)
         if bytes_left <= 0:
@@ -420,9 +412,7 @@ class Http(Stream, metaclass=TouchUpMeta):
                 exception, (ServiceUnavailable, RequestCancelled)
             )
             try:
-                await app.handle_exception(
-                    self.request, exception, request_middleware
-                )
+                await app.handle_exception(self.request, exception, request_middleware)
             except Exception as e:
                 await app.handle_exception(self.request, e, False)
 
@@ -481,7 +471,7 @@ class Http(Stream, metaclass=TouchUpMeta):
             if data:
                 yield data
 
-    async def read(self) -> Optional[bytes]:  # no cov
+    async def read(self) -> bytes | None:  # no cov
         """Read some bytes of request body."""
 
         # Send a 100-continue if needed
diff --git a/sanic/http/http3.py b/sanic/http/http3.py
index d53a9637..c7e68df7 100644
--- a/sanic/http/http3.py
+++ b/sanic/http/http3.py
@@ -1,17 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
-
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from ssl import SSLContext
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Callable,
-    Dict,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Tuple,
     Union,
     cast,
 )
@@ -32,7 +27,6 @@ from sanic.log import Colors, logger
 from sanic.models.protocol_types import TransportProtocol
 from sanic.models.server_types import ConnInfo
 
-
 try:
     from aioquic.h0.connection import H0_ALPN, H0Connection
     from aioquic.h3.connection import H3_ALPN, H3Connection
@@ -71,10 +65,7 @@ class HTTP3Transport(TransportProtocol):
         return self._protocol
 
     def get_extra_info(self, info: str, default: Any = None) -> Any:
-        if (
-            info in ("socket", "sockname", "peername")
-            and self._protocol._transport
-        ):
+        if info in ("socket", "sockname", "peername") and self._protocol._transport:
             return self._protocol._transport.get_extra_info(info, default)
         elif info == "network_paths":
             return self._protocol._quic._network_paths
@@ -109,19 +100,18 @@ class HTTPReceiver(Receiver, Stream):
         self.request_body = None
         self.stage = Stage.IDLE
         self.headers_sent = False
-        self.response: Optional[BaseHTTPResponse] = None
+        self.response: BaseHTTPResponse | None = None
         self.request_max_size = self.protocol.request_max_size
         self.request_bytes = 0
 
-    async def run(self, exception: Optional[Exception] = None):
+    async def run(self, exception: Exception | None = None):
         """Handle the request and response cycle."""
         self.stage = Stage.HANDLER
         self.head_only = self.request.method.upper() == "HEAD"
 
         if exception:
             logger.info(  # no cov
-                f"{Colors.BLUE}[exception]: "
-                f"{Colors.RED}{exception}{Colors.END}",
+                f"{Colors.BLUE}[exception]: " f"{Colors.RED}{exception}{Colors.END}",
                 exc_info=True,
                 extra={"verbosity": 1},
             )
@@ -146,17 +136,13 @@ class HTTPReceiver(Receiver, Stream):
 
         await app.handle_exception(self.request, exception)
 
-    def _prepare_headers(
-        self, response: BaseHTTPResponse
-    ) -> List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+    def _prepare_headers(self, response: BaseHTTPResponse) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
         size = len(response.body) if response.body else 0
         headers = response.headers
         status = response.status
 
         if not has_message_body(status) and (
-            size
-            or "content-length" in headers
-            or "transfer-encoding" in headers
+            size or "content-length" in headers or "transfer-encoding" in headers
         ):
             headers.pop("content-length", None)
             headers.pop("transfer-encoding", None)
@@ -249,11 +235,7 @@ class HTTPReceiver(Receiver, Stream):
         ):
             size = len(data)
             if end_stream:
-                data = (
-                    b"%x\r\n%b\r\n0\r\n\r\n" % (size, data)
-                    if size
-                    else b"0\r\n\r\n"
-                )
+                data = b"%x\r\n%b\r\n0\r\n\r\n" % (size, data) if size else b"0\r\n\r\n"
             elif size:
                 data = b"%x\r\n%b\r\n" % (size, data)
 
@@ -304,7 +286,7 @@ class Http3:
     ) -> None:
         self.protocol = protocol
         self.transmit = transmit
-        self.receivers: Dict[int, Receiver] = {}
+        self.receivers: dict[int, Receiver] = {}
 
     def http_event_received(self, event: H3Event) -> None:
         logger.debug(  # no cov
@@ -330,11 +312,8 @@ class Http3:
                 extra={"verbosity": 2},
             )
 
-    def get_or_make_receiver(self, event: H3Event) -> Tuple[Receiver, bool]:
-        if (
-            isinstance(event, HeadersReceived)
-            and event.stream_id not in self.receivers
-        ):
+    def get_or_make_receiver(self, event: H3Event) -> tuple[Receiver, bool]:
+        if isinstance(event, HeadersReceived) and event.stream_id not in self.receivers:
             request = self._make_request(event)
             receiver = HTTPReceiver(self.transmit, self.protocol, request)
             request.stream = receiver
@@ -357,9 +336,7 @@ class Http3:
                 )
             )
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            raise BadRequest(
-                "Header names may only contain US-ASCII characters."
-            )
+            raise BadRequest("Header names may only contain US-ASCII characters.")
         method = headers[":method"]
         path = headers[":path"]
         scheme = headers.pop(":scheme", "")
@@ -396,18 +373,16 @@ class SessionTicketStore:
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.tickets: Dict[bytes, SessionTicket] = {}
+        self.tickets: dict[bytes, SessionTicket] = {}
 
     def add(self, ticket: SessionTicket) -> None:
         self.tickets[ticket.ticket] = ticket
 
-    def pop(self, label: bytes) -> Optional[SessionTicket]:
+    def pop(self, label: bytes) -> SessionTicket | None:
         return self.tickets.pop(label, None)
 
 
-def get_config(
-    app: Sanic, ssl: Union[SanicSSLContext, CertSelector, SSLContext]
-):
+def get_config(app: Sanic, ssl: SanicSSLContext | CertSelector | SSLContext):
     # TODO:
     # - proper selection needed if service with multiple certs insted of
     #   just taking the first
@@ -430,8 +405,6 @@ def get_config(
     )
     password = app.config.TLS_CERT_PASSWORD or None
 
-    config.load_cert_chain(
-        ssl.sanic["cert"], ssl.sanic["key"], password=password
-    )
+    config.load_cert_chain(ssl.sanic["cert"], ssl.sanic["key"], password=password)
 
     return config
diff --git a/sanic/http/stream.py b/sanic/http/stream.py
index f6436916..64eb0fcd 100644
--- a/sanic/http/stream.py
+++ b/sanic/http/stream.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.http.constants import Stage
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.response import BaseHTTPResponse
     from sanic.server.protocols.http_protocol import HttpProtocol
@@ -12,16 +11,14 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 class Stream:
     stage: Stage
-    response: Optional[BaseHTTPResponse]
+    response: BaseHTTPResponse | None
     protocol: HttpProtocol
-    url: Optional[str]
-    request_body: Optional[bytes]
-    request_max_size: Union[int, float]
+    url: str | None
+    request_body: bytes | None
+    request_max_size: int | float
 
-    __touchup__: Tuple[str, ...] = tuple()
+    __touchup__: tuple[str, ...] = ()
     __slots__ = ("request_max_size",)
 
-    def respond(
-        self, response: BaseHTTPResponse
-    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:  # no cov
+    def respond(self, response: BaseHTTPResponse) -> BaseHTTPResponse:  # no cov
         raise NotImplementedError("Not implemented")
diff --git a/sanic/http/tls/__init__.py b/sanic/http/tls/__init__.py
index b12fe529..ad3e69b9 100644
--- a/sanic/http/tls/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/http/tls/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .context import process_to_context
 from .creators import get_ssl_context
 
-
 __all__ = ("get_ssl_context", "process_to_context")
diff --git a/sanic/http/tls/context.py b/sanic/http/tls/context.py
index b210530f..9fa95b21 100644
--- a/sanic/http/tls/context.py
+++ b/sanic/http/tls/context.py
@@ -2,12 +2,10 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 import ssl
-
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Iterable
 
 from sanic.log import logger
 
-
 # Only allow secure ciphers, notably leaving out AES-CBC mode
 # OpenSSL chooses ECDSA or RSA depending on the cert in use
 CIPHERS_TLS12 = [
@@ -19,11 +17,14 @@ CIPHERS_TLS12 = [
     "ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256",
 ]
 
+TlsDef = None | ssl.SSLContext | dict[str, Any] | str
+TlsDefs = TlsDef | list[TlsDef] | tuple[TlsDef, ...]
+
 
 def create_context(
-    certfile: Optional[str] = None,
-    keyfile: Optional[str] = None,
-    password: Optional[str] = None,
+    certfile: str | None = None,
+    keyfile: str | None = None,
+    password: str | None = None,
     purpose: ssl.Purpose = ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH,
 ) -> ssl.SSLContext:
     """Create a context with secure crypto and HTTP/1.1 in protocols."""
@@ -38,9 +39,7 @@ def create_context(
     return context
 
 
-def shorthand_to_ctx(
-    ctxdef: Union[None, ssl.SSLContext, dict, str]
-) -> Optional[ssl.SSLContext]:
+def shorthand_to_ctx(ctxdef: TlsDef) -> ssl.SSLContext | None:
     """Convert an ssl argument shorthand to an SSLContext object."""
     if ctxdef is None or isinstance(ctxdef, ssl.SSLContext):
         return ctxdef
@@ -54,9 +53,7 @@ def shorthand_to_ctx(
     )
 
 
-def process_to_context(
-    ssldef: Union[None, ssl.SSLContext, dict, str, list, tuple]
-) -> Optional[ssl.SSLContext]:
+def process_to_context(ssldef: TlsDefs) -> ssl.SSLContext | None:
     """Process app.run ssl argument from easy formats to full SSLContext."""
     return (
         CertSelector(map(shorthand_to_ctx, ssldef))
@@ -71,13 +68,9 @@ def load_cert_dir(p: str) -> ssl.SSLContext:
     keyfile = os.path.join(p, "privkey.pem")
     certfile = os.path.join(p, "fullchain.pem")
     if not os.access(keyfile, os.R_OK):
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"Certificate not found or permission denied {keyfile}"
-        )
+        raise ValueError(f"Certificate not found or permission denied {keyfile}")
     if not os.access(certfile, os.R_OK):
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"Certificate not found or permission denied {certfile}"
-        )
+        raise ValueError(f"Certificate not found or permission denied {certfile}")
     return CertSimple(certfile, keyfile)
 
 
@@ -89,9 +82,7 @@ def find_cert(self: CertSelector, server_name: str):
     if not server_name:
         if self.sanic_fallback:
             return self.sanic_fallback
-        raise ValueError(
-            "The client provided no SNI to match for certificate."
-        )
+        raise ValueError("The client provided no SNI to match for certificate.")
     for ctx in self.sanic_select:
         if match_hostname(ctx, server_name):
             return ctx
@@ -100,9 +91,7 @@ def find_cert(self: CertSelector, server_name: str):
     raise ValueError(f"No certificate found matching hostname {server_name!r}")
 
 
-def match_hostname(
-    ctx: Union[ssl.SSLContext, CertSelector], hostname: str
-) -> bool:
+def match_hostname(ctx: ssl.SSLContext | CertSelector, hostname: str) -> bool:
     """Match names from CertSelector against a received hostname."""
     # Local certs are considered trusted, so this can be less pedantic
     # and thus faster than the deprecated ssl.match_hostname function is.
@@ -119,7 +108,7 @@ def match_hostname(
 
 def selector_sni_callback(
     sslobj: ssl.SSLObject, server_name: str, ctx: CertSelector
-) -> Optional[int]:
+) -> int | None:
     """Select a certificate matching the SNI."""
     # Call server_name_callback to store the SNI on sslobj
     server_name_callback(sslobj, server_name, ctx)
@@ -142,7 +131,7 @@ def server_name_callback(
 
 
 class SanicSSLContext(ssl.SSLContext):
-    sanic: Dict[str, os.PathLike]
+    sanic: dict[str, os.PathLike]
 
     @classmethod
     def create_from_ssl_context(cls, context: ssl.SSLContext):
@@ -153,7 +142,7 @@ class SanicSSLContext(ssl.SSLContext):
 class CertSimple(SanicSSLContext):
     """A wrapper for creating SSLContext with a sanic attribute."""
 
-    sanic: Dict[str, Any]
+    sanic: dict[str, Any]
 
     def __new__(cls, cert, key, **kw):
         # try common aliases, rename to cert/key
@@ -166,9 +155,7 @@ class CertSimple(SanicSSLContext):
         if "names" not in kw:
             cert = ssl._ssl._test_decode_cert(certfile)  # type: ignore
             kw["names"] = [
-                name
-                for t, name in cert["subjectAltName"]
-                if t in ["DNS", "IP Address"]
+                name for t, name in cert["subjectAltName"] if t in ["DNS", "IP Address"]
             ]
             subject = {k: v for item in cert["subject"] for k, v in item}
         self = create_context(certfile, keyfile, password)
@@ -190,7 +177,7 @@ class CertSelector(ssl.SSLContext):
     def __new__(cls, ctxs):
         return super().__new__(cls)
 
-    def __init__(self, ctxs: Iterable[Optional[ssl.SSLContext]]):
+    def __init__(self, ctxs: Iterable[ssl.SSLContext | None]):
         super().__init__()
         self.sni_callback = selector_sni_callback  # type: ignore
         self.sanic_select = []
@@ -205,7 +192,5 @@ class CertSelector(ssl.SSLContext):
             if i == 0:
                 self.sanic_fallback = ctx
         if not all_names:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "No certificates with SubjectAlternativeNames found."
-            )
+            raise ValueError("No certificates with SubjectAlternativeNames found.")
         logger.info(f"Certificate vhosts: {', '.join(all_names)}")
diff --git a/sanic/http/tls/creators.py b/sanic/http/tls/creators.py
index ad3b1b4f..a33d0cb8 100644
--- a/sanic/http/tls/creators.py
+++ b/sanic/http/tls/creators.py
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import ssl
 import subprocess
 import sys
-
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from contextlib import suppress
 from pathlib import Path
 from tempfile import mkdtemp
 from types import ModuleType
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, cast
 
 from sanic.application.constants import Mode
 from sanic.application.spinner import loading
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import SanicException
 from sanic.helpers import Default
 from sanic.http.tls.context import CertSimple, SanicSSLContext
 
-
 try:
     import trustme
 
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ CIPHERS_TLS12 = [
 ]
 
 
-def _make_path(maybe_path: Union[Path, str], tmpdir: Optional[Path]) -> Path:
+def _make_path(maybe_path: Path | str, tmpdir: Path | None) -> Path:
     if isinstance(maybe_path, Path):
         return maybe_path
     else:
@@ -60,9 +58,7 @@ def _make_path(maybe_path: Union[Path, str], tmpdir: Optional[Path]) -> Path:
     return path
 
 
-def get_ssl_context(
-    app: Sanic, ssl: Optional[ssl.SSLContext]
-) -> ssl.SSLContext:
+def get_ssl_context(app: Sanic, ssl: ssl.SSLContext | None) -> ssl.SSLContext:
     if ssl:
         return ssl
 
@@ -96,16 +92,8 @@ class CertCreator(ABC):
         if isinstance(self.key, Default) or isinstance(self.cert, Default):
             self.tmpdir = Path(mkdtemp())
 
-        key = (
-            DEFAULT_LOCAL_TLS_KEY
-            if isinstance(self.key, Default)
-            else self.key
-        )
-        cert = (
-            DEFAULT_LOCAL_TLS_CERT
-            if isinstance(self.cert, Default)
-            else self.cert
-        )
+        key = DEFAULT_LOCAL_TLS_KEY if isinstance(self.key, Default) else self.key
+        cert = DEFAULT_LOCAL_TLS_CERT if isinstance(self.cert, Default) else self.cert
 
         self.key_path = _make_path(key, self.tmpdir)
         self.cert_path = _make_path(cert, self.tmpdir)
@@ -126,11 +114,9 @@ class CertCreator(ABC):
         local_tls_key,
         local_tls_cert,
     ) -> CertCreator:
-        creator: Optional[CertCreator] = None
+        creator: CertCreator | None = None
 
-        cert_creator_options: Tuple[
-            Tuple[Type[CertCreator], LocalCertCreator], ...
-        ] = (
+        cert_creator_options: tuple[tuple[type[CertCreator], LocalCertCreator], ...] = (
             (MkcertCreator, LocalCertCreator.MKCERT),
             (TrustmeCreator, LocalCertCreator.TRUSTME),
         )
@@ -160,8 +146,8 @@ class CertCreator(ABC):
     @staticmethod
     def _try_select(
         app: Sanic,
-        creator: Optional[CertCreator],
-        creator_class: Type[CertCreator],
+        creator: CertCreator | None,
+        creator_class: type[CertCreator],
         creator_requirement: LocalCertCreator,
         creator_requested: LocalCertCreator,
         local_tls_key,
diff --git a/sanic/log.py b/sanic/log.py
index 013d9c23..f65848a4 100644
--- a/sanic/log.py
+++ b/sanic/log.py
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 import logging
 import sys
-
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict
 from warnings import warn
 
 from sanic.helpers import is_atty
 
-
 # Python 3.11 changed the way Enum formatting works for mixed-in types.
 if sys.version_info < (3, 11, 0):
 
@@ -19,10 +17,10 @@ else:
         from enum import StrEnum
 
 
-LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS: Dict[str, Any] = dict(  # no cov
-    version=1,
-    disable_existing_loggers=False,
-    loggers={
+LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS: Dict[str, Any] = {  # no cov
+    "version": 1,
+    "disable_existing_loggers": False,
+    "loggers": {
         "sanic.root": {"level": "INFO", "handlers": ["console"]},
         "sanic.error": {
             "level": "INFO",
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@ LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS: Dict[str, Any] = dict(  # no cov
             "qualname": "sanic.server",
         },
     },
-    handlers={
+    "handlers": {
         "console": {
             "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
             "formatter": "generic",
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS: Dict[str, Any] = dict(  # no cov
             "stream": sys.stdout,
         },
     },
-    formatters={
+    "formatters": {
         "generic": {
             "format": "%(asctime)s [%(process)s] [%(levelname)s] %(message)s",
             "datefmt": "[%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z]",
@@ -68,12 +66,12 @@ LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS: Dict[str, Any] = dict(  # no cov
         },
         "access": {
             "format": "%(asctime)s - (%(name)s)[%(levelname)s][%(host)s]: "
-            + "%(request)s %(message)s %(status)s %(byte)s",
+            "%(request)s %(message)s %(status)s %(byte)s",
             "datefmt": "[%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z]",
             "class": "logging.Formatter",
         },
     },
-)
+}
 """
 Defult logging configuration
 """
diff --git a/sanic/middleware.py b/sanic/middleware.py
index e624b5ef..30b9bc03 100644
--- a/sanic/middleware.py
+++ b/sanic/middleware.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from collections import deque
 from enum import IntEnum, auto
 from itertools import count
-from typing import Deque, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Sequence
 
 from sanic.models.handler_types import MiddlewareType
 
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ class Middleware:
     @classmethod
     def convert(
         cls,
-        *middleware_collections: Sequence[Union[Middleware, MiddlewareType]],
+        *middleware_collections: Sequence[Middleware | MiddlewareType],
         location: MiddlewareLocation,
-    ) -> Deque[Middleware]:
+    ) -> deque[Middleware]:
         """Convert middleware collections to a deque of Middleware objects.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/sanic/mixins/exceptions.py b/sanic/mixins/exceptions.py
index e52efb56..d6e2b70a 100644
--- a/sanic/mixins/exceptions.py
+++ b/sanic/mixins/exceptions.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class ExceptionMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
     def exception(
         self,
         *exceptions: Union[Type[Exception], List[Type[Exception]]],
-        apply: bool = True
+        apply: bool = True,
     ) -> Callable:
         """Decorator used to register an exception handler for the current application or blueprint instance.
 
@@ -79,9 +79,7 @@ class ExceptionMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
         return decorator
 
-    def all_exceptions(
-        self, handler: Callable[..., Any]
-    ) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+    def all_exceptions(self, handler: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
         """Enables the process of creating a global exception handler as a convenience.
 
         This following two examples are equivalent:
diff --git a/sanic/mixins/listeners.py b/sanic/mixins/listeners.py
index 6b547ca9..0894f9cb 100644
--- a/sanic/mixins/listeners.py
+++ b/sanic/mixins/listeners.py
@@ -120,16 +120,12 @@ class ListenerMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
         if callable(listener_or_event):
             if event_or_none is None:
-                raise BadRequest(
-                    "Invalid event registration: Missing event name."
-                )
+                raise BadRequest("Invalid event registration: Missing event name.")
             return register_listener(listener_or_event, event_or_none)
         else:
             return partial(register_listener, event=listener_or_event)
 
-    def main_process_start(
-        self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]
-    ) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
+    def main_process_start(self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
         """Decorator for registering a listener for the main_process_start event.
 
         This event is fired only on the main process and **NOT** on any
@@ -151,9 +147,7 @@ class ListenerMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         """  # noqa: E501
         return self.listener(listener, "main_process_start")
 
-    def main_process_ready(
-        self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]
-    ) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
+    def main_process_ready(self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
         """Decorator for registering a listener for the main_process_ready event.
 
         This event is fired only on the main process and **NOT** on any
@@ -176,9 +170,7 @@ class ListenerMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         """  # noqa: E501
         return self.listener(listener, "main_process_ready")
 
-    def main_process_stop(
-        self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]
-    ) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
+    def main_process_stop(self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
         """Decorator for registering a listener for the main_process_stop event.
 
         This event is fired only on the main process and **NOT** on any
@@ -222,9 +214,7 @@ class ListenerMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         """  # noqa: E501
         return self.listener(listener, "reload_process_start")
 
-    def reload_process_stop(
-        self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]
-    ) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
+    def reload_process_stop(self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
         """Decorator for registering a listener for the reload_process_stop event.
 
         This event is fired only on the reload process and **NOT** on any
@@ -293,9 +283,7 @@ class ListenerMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         """  # noqa: E501
         return self.listener(listener, "after_reload_trigger")
 
-    def before_server_start(
-        self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]
-    ) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
+    def before_server_start(self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
         """Decorator for registering a listener for the before_server_start event.
 
         This event is fired on all worker processes. You should typically
@@ -319,9 +307,7 @@ class ListenerMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         """  # noqa: E501
         return self.listener(listener, "before_server_start")
 
-    def after_server_start(
-        self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]
-    ) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
+    def after_server_start(self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
         """Decorator for registering a listener for the after_server_start event.
 
         This event is fired on all worker processes. You should typically
@@ -349,9 +335,7 @@ class ListenerMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         """  # noqa: E501
         return self.listener(listener, "after_server_start")
 
-    def before_server_stop(
-        self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]
-    ) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
+    def before_server_stop(self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
         """Decorator for registering a listener for the before_server_stop event.
 
         This event is fired on all worker processes. This event is fired
@@ -376,9 +360,7 @@ class ListenerMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         """  # noqa: E501
         return self.listener(listener, "before_server_stop")
 
-    def after_server_stop(
-        self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]
-    ) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
+    def after_server_stop(self, listener: ListenerType[Sanic]) -> ListenerType[Sanic]:
         """Decorator for registering a listener for the after_server_stop event.
 
         This event is fired on all worker processes. This event is fired
diff --git a/sanic/mixins/middleware.py b/sanic/mixins/middleware.py
index 358c1b8d..8953548a 100644
--- a/sanic/mixins/middleware.py
+++ b/sanic/mixins/middleware.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class MiddlewareMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         attach_to: str = "request",
         apply: bool = True,
         *,
-        priority: int = 0
+        priority: int = 0,
     ) -> MiddlewareType:
         ...
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class MiddlewareMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         attach_to: str = "request",
         apply: bool = True,
         *,
-        priority: int = 0
+        priority: int = 0,
     ) -> Callable[[MiddlewareType], MiddlewareType]:
         ...
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class MiddlewareMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         attach_to: str = "request",
         apply: bool = True,
         *,
-        priority: int = 0
+        priority: int = 0,
     ) -> Union[MiddlewareType, Callable[[MiddlewareType], MiddlewareType]]:
         """Decorator for registering middleware.
 
@@ -99,13 +99,9 @@ class MiddlewareMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
         # Detect which way this was called, @middleware or @middleware('AT')
         if callable(middleware_or_request):
-            return register_middleware(
-                middleware_or_request, attach_to=attach_to
-            )
+            return register_middleware(middleware_or_request, attach_to=attach_to)
         else:
-            return partial(
-                register_middleware, attach_to=middleware_or_request
-            )
+            return partial(register_middleware, attach_to=middleware_or_request)
 
     def on_request(self, middleware=None, *, priority=0) -> MiddlewareType:
         """Register a middleware to be called before a request is handled.
@@ -157,9 +153,7 @@ class MiddlewareMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         if callable(middleware):
             return self.middleware(middleware, "response", priority=priority)
         else:
-            return partial(
-                self.middleware, attach_to="response", priority=priority
-            )
+            return partial(self.middleware, attach_to="response", priority=priority)
 
     def finalize_middleware(self) -> None:
         """Finalize the middleware configuration for the Sanic application.
diff --git a/sanic/mixins/routes.py b/sanic/mixins/routes.py
index bc194db8..f5e25f0d 100644
--- a/sanic/mixins/routes.py
+++ b/sanic/mixins/routes.py
@@ -25,10 +25,7 @@ from sanic.models.futures import FutureRoute, FutureStatic
 from sanic.models.handler_types import RouteHandler
 from sanic.types import HashableDict
 
-
-RouteWrapper = Callable[
-    [RouteHandler], Union[RouteHandler, Tuple[Route, RouteHandler]]
-]
+RouteWrapper = Callable[[RouteHandler], Union[RouteHandler, Tuple[Route, RouteHandler]]]
 
 
 class RouteMixin(BaseMixin, metaclass=SanicMeta):
@@ -815,7 +812,5 @@ class RouteMixin(BaseMixin, metaclass=SanicMeta):
         }
         if raw:
             unexpected_arguments = ", ".join(raw.keys())
-            raise TypeError(
-                f"Unexpected keyword arguments: {unexpected_arguments}"
-            )
+            raise TypeError(f"Unexpected keyword arguments: {unexpected_arguments}")
         return HashableDict(ctx_kwargs)
diff --git a/sanic/mixins/signals.py b/sanic/mixins/signals.py
index f1419dc4..6f1247cf 100644
--- a/sanic/mixins/signals.py
+++ b/sanic/mixins/signals.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Any, Callable, Coroutine, Dict, Optional, Set, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Coroutine
 
 from sanic.base.meta import SanicMeta
 from sanic.models.futures import FutureSignal
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ from sanic.types import HashableDict
 
 class SignalMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
-        self._future_signals: Set[FutureSignal] = set()
+        self._future_signals: set[FutureSignal] = set()
 
     def _apply_signal(self, signal: FutureSignal) -> Signal:
         raise NotImplementedError  # noqa
 
     def signal(
         self,
-        event: Union[str, Enum],
+        event: str | Enum,
         *,
         apply: bool = True,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         exclusive: bool = True,
     ) -> Callable[[SignalHandler], SignalHandler]:
         """
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ class SignalMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
     def add_signal(
         self,
-        handler: Optional[Callable[..., Any]],
+        handler: Callable[..., Any] | None,
         event: str,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         exclusive: bool = True,
     ) -> Callable[..., Any]:
         """Registers a signal handler for a specific event.
@@ -92,9 +92,7 @@ class SignalMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
                 ...
 
             handler = noop
-        self.signal(event=event, condition=condition, exclusive=exclusive)(
-            handler
-        )
+        self.signal(event=event, condition=condition, exclusive=exclusive)(handler)
         return handler
 
     def event(self, event: str):
diff --git a/sanic/mixins/startup.py b/sanic/mixins/startup.py
index 54428e7d..7fe8b51b 100644
--- a/sanic/mixins/startup.py
+++ b/sanic/mixins/startup.py
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 import platform
-import sys
-
 from asyncio import (
     AbstractEventLoop,
     CancelledError,
@@ -32,13 +30,7 @@ from typing import (
     Any,
     Callable,
     ClassVar,
-    Dict,
-    List,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    Type,
     Union,
     cast,
 )
@@ -71,7 +63,6 @@ from sanic.worker.multiplexer import WorkerMultiplexer
 from sanic.worker.reloader import Reloader
 from sanic.worker.serve import worker_serve
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
     from sanic.application.state import ApplicationState
@@ -79,20 +70,17 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 SANIC_PACKAGES = ("sanic-routing", "sanic-testing", "sanic-ext")
 
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):  # no cov
-    HTTPVersion = Union[HTTP, int]
-else:  # no cov
-    from typing import Literal
+from typing import Literal
 
-    HTTPVersion = Union[HTTP, Literal[1], Literal[3]]
+HTTPVersion = Union[HTTP, Literal[1], Literal[3]]
 
 
 class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
-    _app_registry: ClassVar[Dict[str, Sanic]]
+    _app_registry: ClassVar[dict[str, Sanic]]
 
     asgi: bool
     config: Config
-    listeners: Dict[str, List[ListenerType[Any]]]
+    listeners: dict[str, list[ListenerType[Any]]]
     state: ApplicationState
     websocket_enabled: bool
     multiplexer: WorkerMultiplexer
@@ -112,8 +100,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         """
         if not self.asgi:
             if self.config.USE_UVLOOP is True or (
-                isinstance(self.config.USE_UVLOOP, Default)
-                and not OS_IS_WINDOWS
+                isinstance(self.config.USE_UVLOOP, Default) and not OS_IS_WINDOWS
             ):
                 try_use_uvloop()
             elif OS_IS_WINDOWS:
@@ -159,28 +146,28 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
     def run(
         self,
-        host: Optional[str] = None,
-        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        port: int | None = None,
         *,
         dev: bool = False,
         debug: bool = False,
-        auto_reload: Optional[bool] = None,
+        auto_reload: bool | None = None,
         version: HTTPVersion = HTTP.VERSION_1,
-        ssl: Union[None, SSLContext, dict, str, list, tuple] = None,
-        sock: Optional[socket] = None,
+        ssl: None | SSLContext | dict | str | list | tuple = None,
+        sock: socket | None = None,
         workers: int = 1,
-        protocol: Optional[Type[Protocol]] = None,
+        protocol: type[Protocol] | None = None,
         backlog: int = 100,
         register_sys_signals: bool = True,
-        access_log: Optional[bool] = None,
-        unix: Optional[str] = None,
-        loop: Optional[AbstractEventLoop] = None,
-        reload_dir: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
-        noisy_exceptions: Optional[bool] = None,
+        access_log: bool | None = None,
+        unix: str | None = None,
+        loop: AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
+        reload_dir: list[str] | str | None = None,
+        noisy_exceptions: bool | None = None,
         motd: bool = True,
         fast: bool = False,
         verbosity: int = 0,
-        motd_display: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        motd_display: dict[str, str] | None = None,
         auto_tls: bool = False,
         single_process: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -289,28 +276,28 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
     def prepare(
         self,
-        host: Optional[str] = None,
-        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        port: int | None = None,
         *,
         dev: bool = False,
         debug: bool = False,
-        auto_reload: Optional[bool] = None,
+        auto_reload: bool | None = None,
         version: HTTPVersion = HTTP.VERSION_1,
-        ssl: Union[None, SSLContext, dict, str, list, tuple] = None,
-        sock: Optional[socket] = None,
+        ssl: None | SSLContext | dict | str | list | tuple = None,
+        sock: socket | None = None,
         workers: int = 1,
-        protocol: Optional[Type[Protocol]] = None,
+        protocol: type[Protocol] | None = None,
         backlog: int = 100,
         register_sys_signals: bool = True,
-        access_log: Optional[bool] = None,
-        unix: Optional[str] = None,
-        loop: Optional[AbstractEventLoop] = None,
-        reload_dir: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
-        noisy_exceptions: Optional[bool] = None,
+        access_log: bool | None = None,
+        unix: str | None = None,
+        loop: AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
+        reload_dir: list[str] | str | None = None,
+        noisy_exceptions: bool | None = None,
         motd: bool = True,
         fast: bool = False,
         verbosity: int = 0,
-        motd_display: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        motd_display: dict[str, str] | None = None,
         coffee: bool = False,
         auto_tls: bool = False,
         single_process: bool = False,
@@ -385,8 +372,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
         if single_process and (fast or (workers > 1) or auto_reload):
             raise RuntimeError(
-                "Single process cannot be run with multiple workers "
-                "or auto-reload"
+                "Single process cannot be run with multiple workers " "or auto-reload"
             )
 
         if register_sys_signals is False and not single_process:
@@ -405,9 +391,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             for directory in reload_dir:
                 direc = Path(directory)
                 if not direc.is_dir():
-                    logger.warning(
-                        f"Directory {directory} could not be located"
-                    )
+                    logger.warning(f"Directory {directory} could not be located")
                 self.state.reload_dirs.add(Path(directory))
 
         if loop is not None:
@@ -422,9 +406,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             host, port = self.get_address(host, port, version, auto_tls)
 
         if protocol is None:
-            protocol = (
-                WebSocketProtocol if self.websocket_enabled else HttpProtocol
-            )
+            protocol = WebSocketProtocol if self.websocket_enabled else HttpProtocol
 
         # Set explicitly passed configuration values
         for attribute, value in {
@@ -460,9 +442,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             register_sys_signals=register_sys_signals,
             auto_tls=auto_tls,
         )
-        self.state.server_info.append(
-            ApplicationServerInfo(settings=server_settings)
-        )
+        self.state.server_info.append(ApplicationServerInfo(settings=server_settings))
 
         # if self.config.USE_UVLOOP is True or (
         #     self.config.USE_UVLOOP is _default and not OS_IS_WINDOWS
@@ -471,20 +451,20 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
     async def create_server(
         self,
-        host: Optional[str] = None,
-        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        port: int | None = None,
         *,
         debug: bool = False,
-        ssl: Union[None, SSLContext, dict, str, list, tuple] = None,
-        sock: Optional[socket] = None,
-        protocol: Optional[Type[Protocol]] = None,
+        ssl: None | SSLContext | dict | str | list | tuple = None,
+        sock: socket | None = None,
+        protocol: type[Protocol] | None = None,
         backlog: int = 100,
-        access_log: Optional[bool] = None,
-        unix: Optional[str] = None,
+        access_log: bool | None = None,
+        unix: str | None = None,
         return_asyncio_server: bool = True,
-        asyncio_server_kwargs: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        noisy_exceptions: Optional[bool] = None,
-    ) -> Optional[AsyncioServer]:
+        asyncio_server_kwargs: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        noisy_exceptions: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncioServer | None:
         """
         Low level API for creating a Sanic Server instance.
 
@@ -558,9 +538,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             host, port = host, port = self.get_address(host, port)
 
         if protocol is None:
-            protocol = (
-                WebSocketProtocol if self.websocket_enabled else HttpProtocol
-            )
+            protocol = WebSocketProtocol if self.websocket_enabled else HttpProtocol
 
         # Set explicitly passed configuration values
         for attribute, value in {
@@ -637,21 +615,21 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
     def _helper(
         self,
-        host: Optional[str] = None,
-        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        port: int | None = None,
         debug: bool = False,
         version: HTTPVersion = HTTP.VERSION_1,
-        ssl: Union[None, SSLContext, dict, str, list, tuple] = None,
-        sock: Optional[socket] = None,
-        unix: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl: None | SSLContext | dict | str | list | tuple = None,
+        sock: socket | None = None,
+        unix: str | None = None,
         workers: int = 1,
-        loop: Optional[AbstractEventLoop] = None,
-        protocol: Type[Protocol] = HttpProtocol,
+        loop: AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
+        protocol: type[Protocol] = HttpProtocol,
         backlog: int = 100,
         register_sys_signals: bool = True,
         run_async: bool = False,
         auto_tls: bool = False,
-    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Helper function used by `run` and `create_server`."""
         if self.config.PROXIES_COUNT and self.config.PROXIES_COUNT < 0:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -726,7 +704,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
     def motd(
         self,
-        server_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        server_settings: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Outputs the message of the day (MOTD).
 
@@ -755,8 +733,8 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             MOTD.output(logo, serve_location, display, extra)
 
     def get_motd_data(
-        self, server_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
-    ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+        self, server_settings: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    ) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]:
         """Retrieves the message of the day (MOTD) data.
 
         Args:
@@ -802,10 +780,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
                 reload_display += ", ".join(
                     [
                         "",
-                        *(
-                            str(path.absolute())
-                            for path in self.state.reload_dirs
-                        ),
+                        *(str(path.absolute()) for path in self.state.reload_dirs),
                     ]
                 )
             display["auto-reload"] = reload_display
@@ -844,9 +819,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             return f"http://<{location}>"
 
     @staticmethod
-    def get_server_location(
-        server_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
-    ) -> str:
+    def get_server_location(server_settings: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> str:
         """Using the server settings, retrieve the server location.
 
         Args:
@@ -880,11 +853,11 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_address(
-        host: Optional[str],
-        port: Optional[int],
+        host: str | None,
+        port: int | None,
         version: HTTPVersion = HTTP.VERSION_1,
         auto_tls: bool = False,
-    ) -> Tuple[str, int]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, int]:
         """Retrieve the host address and port, with default values based on the given parameters.
 
         Args:
@@ -913,9 +886,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
     @classmethod
     def _get_startup_method(cls) -> str:
         return (
-            cls.start_method
-            if not isinstance(cls.start_method, Default)
-            else "spawn"
+            cls.start_method if not isinstance(cls.start_method, Default) else "spawn"
         )
 
     @classmethod
@@ -942,10 +913,10 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
     @classmethod
     def serve(
         cls,
-        primary: Optional[Sanic] = None,
+        primary: Sanic | None = None,
         *,
-        app_loader: Optional[AppLoader] = None,
-        factory: Optional[Callable[[], Sanic]] = None,
+        app_loader: AppLoader | None = None,
+        factory: Callable[[], Sanic] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Serve one or more Sanic applications.
 
@@ -996,9 +967,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
                     try:
                         primary = apps[0]
                     except IndexError:
-                        raise RuntimeError(
-                            "Did not find any applications."
-                        ) from None
+                        raise RuntimeError("Did not find any applications.") from None
 
             # This exists primarily for unit testing
             if not primary.state.server_info:  # no cov
@@ -1040,7 +1009,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             primary_server_info.settings["run_multiple"] = True
             monitor_sub, monitor_pub = Pipe(True)
             worker_state: Mapping[str, Any] = sync_manager.dict()
-            kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
                 **primary_server_info.settings,
                 "monitor_publisher": monitor_pub,
                 "worker_state": worker_state,
@@ -1092,7 +1061,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
                 worker_state,
             )
             if cls.should_auto_reload():
-                reload_dirs: Set[Path] = primary.state.reload_dirs.union(
+                reload_dirs: set[Path] = primary.state.reload_dirs.union(
                     *(app.state.reload_dirs for app in apps)
                 )
                 reloader = Reloader(monitor_pub, 0, reload_dirs, app_loader)
@@ -1101,9 +1070,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             inspector = None
             if primary.config.INSPECTOR:
                 display, extra = primary.get_motd_data()
-                packages = [
-                    pkg.strip() for pkg in display["packages"].split(",")
-                ]
+                packages = [pkg.strip() for pkg in display["packages"].split(",")]
                 module = import_module("sanic")
                 sanic_version = f"sanic=={module.__version__}"  # type: ignore
                 app_info = {
@@ -1134,9 +1101,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             exit_code = 1
         except BaseException:
             kwargs = primary_server_info.settings
-            error_logger.exception(
-                "Experienced exception while trying to serve"
-            )
+            error_logger.exception("Experienced exception while trying to serve")
             raise
         finally:
             logger.info("Server Stopped")
@@ -1164,7 +1129,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
             os._exit(exit_code)
 
     @classmethod
-    def serve_single(cls, primary: Optional[Sanic] = None) -> None:
+    def serve_single(cls, primary: Sanic | None = None) -> None:
         """Serve a single process of a Sanic application.
 
         Similar to `serve`, but only serves a single process. When used,
@@ -1242,9 +1207,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         try:
             worker_serve(monitor_publisher=None, **kwargs)
         except BaseException:
-            error_logger.exception(
-                "Experienced exception while trying to serve"
-            )
+            error_logger.exception("Experienced exception while trying to serve")
             raise
         finally:
             logger.info("Server Stopped")
@@ -1263,7 +1226,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
         self,
         primary: Sanic,
         _,
-        apps: List[Sanic],
+        apps: list[Sanic],
     ) -> None:
         for app in apps:
             if (
@@ -1308,7 +1271,7 @@ class StartupMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
                     if not server_info.settings["loop"]:
                         server_info.settings["loop"] = get_running_loop()
 
-                    serve_args: Dict[str, Any] = {
+                    serve_args: dict[str, Any] = {
                         **server_info.settings,
                         "run_async": True,
                         "reuse_port": bool(primary.state.workers - 1),
diff --git a/sanic/mixins/static.py b/sanic/mixins/static.py
index 88f7ab26..291399bf 100644
--- a/sanic/mixins/static.py
+++ b/sanic/mixins/static.py
@@ -205,17 +205,12 @@ class StaticHandleMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
                 )
             uri = uri.rstrip("/")
             uri += "/<__file_uri__:path>"
-        elif static.resource_type == "file" and not path.isfile(
-            file_or_directory
-        ):
+        elif static.resource_type == "file" and not path.isfile(file_or_directory):
             raise TypeError(
-                "Resource type improperly identified as file. "
-                f"'{file_or_directory}'"
+                "Resource type improperly identified as file. " f"'{file_or_directory}'"
             )
         elif static.resource_type != "file":
-            raise ValueError(
-                "The resource_type should be set to 'file' or 'dir'"
-            )
+            raise ValueError("The resource_type should be set to 'file' or 'dir'")
 
         # special prefix for static files
         # if not static.name.startswith("_static_"):
@@ -278,9 +273,7 @@ class StaticHandleMixin(metaclass=SanicMeta):
                 response = await validate_file(request.headers, modified_since)
                 if response:
                     return response
-                headers["Last-Modified"] = formatdate(
-                    modified_since, usegmt=True
-                )
+                headers["Last-Modified"] = formatdate(modified_since, usegmt=True)
             _range = None
             if use_content_range:
                 _range = None
diff --git a/sanic/models/asgi.py b/sanic/models/asgi.py
index 074f39bc..48133b61 100644
--- a/sanic/models/asgi.py
+++ b/sanic/models/asgi.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import asyncio
-
 from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, MutableMapping, Optional, Union
 
 from sanic.exceptions import BadRequest
 from sanic.models.protocol_types import TransportProtocol
 from sanic.server.websockets.connection import WebSocketConnection
 
-
 ASGIScope = MutableMapping[str, Any]
 ASGIMessage = MutableMapping[str, Any]
 ASGISend = Callable[[ASGIMessage], Awaitable[None]]
@@ -49,9 +47,7 @@ class MockProtocol:  # no cov
 class MockTransport(TransportProtocol):  # no cov
     _protocol: Optional[MockProtocol]
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, scope: ASGIScope, receive: ASGIReceive, send: ASGISend
-    ) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, scope: ASGIScope, receive: ASGIReceive, send: ASGISend) -> None:
         self.scope = scope
         self._receive = receive
         self._send = send
@@ -63,9 +59,7 @@ class MockTransport(TransportProtocol):  # no cov
             self._protocol = MockProtocol(self, self.loop)
         return self._protocol
 
-    def get_extra_info(
-        self, info: str, default=None
-    ) -> Optional[Union[str, bool]]:
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str, default=None) -> Optional[Union[str, bool]]:
         if info == "peername":
             return self.scope.get("client")
         elif info == "sslcontext":
diff --git a/sanic/models/handler_types.py b/sanic/models/handler_types.py
index 7d123d0b..b9b5bfc1 100644
--- a/sanic/models/handler_types.py
+++ b/sanic/models/handler_types.py
@@ -2,11 +2,9 @@ from asyncio.events import AbstractEventLoop
 from typing import Any, Callable, Coroutine, Optional, TypeVar, Union
 
 import sanic
-
 from sanic import request
 from sanic.response import BaseHTTPResponse, HTTPResponse
 
-
 Sanic = TypeVar("Sanic", bound="sanic.Sanic")
 Request = TypeVar("Request", bound="request.Request")
 
@@ -14,9 +12,7 @@ MiddlewareResponse = Union[
     Optional[HTTPResponse], Coroutine[Any, Any, Optional[HTTPResponse]]
 ]
 RequestMiddlewareType = Callable[[Request], MiddlewareResponse]
-ResponseMiddlewareType = Callable[
-    [Request, BaseHTTPResponse], MiddlewareResponse
-]
+ResponseMiddlewareType = Callable[[Request, BaseHTTPResponse], MiddlewareResponse]
 ErrorMiddlewareType = Callable[
     [Request, BaseException], Optional[Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]
 ]
diff --git a/sanic/models/http_types.py b/sanic/models/http_types.py
index 595eaf0e..fc86b6ca 100644
--- a/sanic/models/http_types.py
+++ b/sanic/models/http_types.py
@@ -2,15 +2,14 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from base64 import b64decode
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Optional
 
 
 @dataclass()
 class Credentials:
-    auth_type: Optional[str]
-    token: Optional[str]
-    _username: Optional[str] = field(default=None)
-    _password: Optional[str] = field(default=None)
+    auth_type: str | None
+    token: str | None
+    _username: str | None = field(default=None)
+    _password: str | None = field(default=None)
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         if self._auth_is_basic:
diff --git a/sanic/models/protocol_types.py b/sanic/models/protocol_types.py
index 61924a6c..7d40a44e 100644
--- a/sanic/models/protocol_types.py
+++ b/sanic/models/protocol_types.py
@@ -1,36 +1,30 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import sys
-
 from asyncio import BaseTransport
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, AnyStr, Optional
-
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.http.constants import HTTP
     from sanic.models.asgi import ASGIScope
 
 
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
-    Range = Any
-    HTMLProtocol = Any
-else:
-    # Protocol is a 3.8+ feature
-    from typing import Protocol
+from typing import Protocol
 
-    class HTMLProtocol(Protocol):
-        def __html__(self) -> AnyStr:
-            ...
 
-        def _repr_html_(self) -> AnyStr:
-            ...
+class HTMLProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __html__(self) -> str:
+        ...
 
-    class Range(Protocol):
-        start: Optional[int]
-        end: Optional[int]
-        size: Optional[int]
-        total: Optional[int]
-        __slots__ = ()
+    def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
+        ...
+
+
+class Range(Protocol):
+    start: int | None
+    end: int | None
+    size: int | None
+    total: int | None
+    __slots__ = ()
 
 
 class TransportProtocol(BaseTransport):
diff --git a/sanic/models/server_types.py b/sanic/models/server_types.py
index fe9d3d1f..d5d1c30d 100644
--- a/sanic/models/server_types.py
+++ b/sanic/models/server_types.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from ssl import SSLContext, SSLObject
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Any
 
 from sanic.models.protocol_types import TransportProtocol
 
@@ -35,21 +35,17 @@ class ConnInfo:
     def __init__(self, transport: TransportProtocol, unix=None):
         self.ctx = SimpleNamespace()
         self.lost = False
-        self.peername: Optional[Tuple[str, int]] = None
+        self.peername: tuple[str, int] | None = None
         self.server = self.client = ""
         self.server_port = self.client_port = 0
         self.client_ip = ""
         self.sockname = addr = transport.get_extra_info("sockname")
         self.ssl = False
         self.server_name = ""
-        self.cert: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-        self.network_paths: List[Any] = []
-        sslobj: Optional[SSLObject] = transport.get_extra_info(
-            "ssl_object"
-        )  # type: ignore
-        sslctx: Optional[SSLContext] = transport.get_extra_info(
-            "ssl_context"
-        )  # type: ignore
+        self.cert: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self.network_paths: list[Any] = []
+        sslobj: SSLObject | None = transport.get_extra_info("ssl_object")  # type: ignore
+        sslctx: SSLContext | None = transport.get_extra_info("ssl_context")  # type: ignore
         if sslobj:
             self.ssl = True
             self.server_name = getattr(sslobj, "sanic_server_name", None) or ""
diff --git a/sanic/pages/css.py b/sanic/pages/css.py
index 8852d31a..b74e3733 100644
--- a/sanic/pages/css.py
+++ b/sanic/pages/css.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from abc import ABCMeta
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Optional
 
-
 CURRENT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
 
 
@@ -28,8 +27,6 @@ class CSS(ABCMeta):
         Page.STYLE += attrs.get("STYLE_APPEND", "")
         # Combine with all ancestor styles
         Page.CSS = "".join(
-            Class.STYLE
-            for Class in reversed(Page.__mro__)
-            if type(Class) is CSS
+            Class.STYLE for Class in reversed(Page.__mro__) if type(Class) is CSS
         )
         return Page
diff --git a/sanic/pages/directory_page.py b/sanic/pages/directory_page.py
index 7d0faf5a..376b5595 100644
--- a/sanic/pages/directory_page.py
+++ b/sanic/pages/directory_page.py
@@ -1,25 +1,17 @@
-import sys
-
-from typing import Dict, Iterable
+from typing import Iterable, TypedDict
 
 from html5tagger import E
 
 from .base import BasePage
 
 
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):  # no cov
-    FileInfo = Dict
+class FileInfo(TypedDict):
+    """Type for file info."""
 
-else:
-    from typing import TypedDict
-
-    class FileInfo(TypedDict):
-        """Type for file info."""
-
-        icon: str
-        file_name: str
-        file_access: str
-        file_size: str
+    icon: str
+    file_name: str
+    file_access: str
+    file_size: str
 
 
 class DirectoryPage(BasePage):  # no cov
@@ -27,9 +19,7 @@ class DirectoryPage(BasePage):  # no cov
 
     TITLE = "Directory Viewer"
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, files: Iterable[FileInfo], url: str, debug: bool
-    ) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, files: Iterable[FileInfo], url: str, debug: bool) -> None:
         super().__init__(debug)
         self.files = files
         self.url = url
diff --git a/sanic/pages/error.py b/sanic/pages/error.py
index 11580db4..75b6cc89 100644
--- a/sanic/pages/error.py
+++ b/sanic/pages/error.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from typing import Any, Mapping
 
 import tracerite.html
-
 from html5tagger import E
 from tracerite import html_traceback, inspector
 
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@ from sanic.request import Request
 
 from .base import BasePage
 
-
 # Avoid showing the request in the traceback variable inspectors
 inspector.blacklist_types += (Request,)
 
@@ -39,9 +37,7 @@ class ErrorPage(BasePage):
         if name.islower():
             name = name.title()
         self.TITLE = f"Application {name} cannot handle your request"
-        self.HEADING = E("Application ").strong(name)(
-            " cannot handle your request"
-        )
+        self.HEADING = E("Application ").strong(name)(" cannot handle your request")
         self.title = title
         self.text = text
         self.request = request
@@ -60,9 +56,7 @@ class ErrorPage(BasePage):
             # Show context details if available on the exception
             context = getattr(self.exc, "context", None)
             if context:
-                self._key_value_table(
-                    "Issue context", "exception-context", context
-                )
+                self._key_value_table("Issue context", "exception-context", context)
 
             if not debug:
                 with self.doc.div(id="enduser"):
@@ -74,19 +68,13 @@ class ErrorPage(BasePage):
                 # Show extra details if available on the exception
                 extra = getattr(self.exc, "extra", None)
                 if extra:
-                    self._key_value_table(
-                        "Issue extra data", "exception-extra", extra
-                    )
+                    self._key_value_table("Issue extra data", "exception-extra", extra)
 
-                self.doc.summary(
-                    "Details for developers (Sanic debug mode only)"
-                )
+                self.doc.summary("Details for developers (Sanic debug mode only)")
                 if self.exc:
                     with self.doc.div(class_="exception-wrapper"):
                         self.doc.h2(f"Exception in {route_name}:")
-                        self.doc(
-                            html_traceback(self.exc, include_js_css=False)
-                        )
+                        self.doc(html_traceback(self.exc, include_js_css=False))
 
                 self._key_value_table(
                     f"{self.request.method} {self.request.path}",
@@ -106,6 +94,4 @@ class ErrorPage(BasePage):
                         value = str(value)
                     except Exception:
                         value = E.em("Unable to display value")
-                    self.doc.dt.span(key, class_="nobr key").span(": ").dd(
-                        value
-                    )
+                    self.doc.dt.span(key, class_="nobr key").span(": ").dd(value)
diff --git a/sanic/request/__init__.py b/sanic/request/__init__.py
index 3321f234..37037937 100644
--- a/sanic/request/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/request/__init__.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from .form import File, parse_multipart_form
 from .parameters import RequestParameters
 from .types import Request
 
-
 __all__ = (
     "File",
     "parse_multipart_form",
diff --git a/sanic/request/form.py b/sanic/request/form.py
index 3f3a4166..805f3ad9 100644
--- a/sanic/request/form.py
+++ b/sanic/request/form.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import email.utils
 import unicodedata
-
 from typing import NamedTuple
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
@@ -61,9 +60,7 @@ def parse_multipart_form(body, boundary):
             colon_index = form_line.index(":")
             idx = colon_index + 2
             form_header_field = form_line[0:colon_index].lower()
-            form_header_value, form_parameters = parse_content_header(
-                form_line[idx:]
-            )
+            form_header_value, form_parameters = parse_content_header(form_line[idx:])
 
             if form_header_field == "content-disposition":
                 field_name = form_parameters.get("name")
@@ -98,9 +95,7 @@ def parse_multipart_form(body, boundary):
                 else:
                     fields[field_name] = [value]
             else:
-                form_file = File(
-                    type=content_type, name=file_name, body=post_data
-                )
+                form_file = File(type=content_type, name=file_name, body=post_data)
                 if field_name in files:
                     files[field_name].append(form_file)
                 else:
diff --git a/sanic/request/parameters.py b/sanic/request/parameters.py
index 0ae6b087..9e9e7ad7 100644
--- a/sanic/request/parameters.py
+++ b/sanic/request/parameters.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 
 class RequestParameters(dict):
     """Hosts a dict with lists as values where get returns the first value of the list and getlist returns the whole shebang"""  # noqa: E501
 
-    def get(self, name: str, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> Optional[Any]:
+    def get(self, name: str, default: Any = None) -> Any:
         """Return the first value, either the default or actual
 
         Args:
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ class RequestParameters(dict):
         """  # noqa: E501
         return super().get(name, [default])[0]
 
-    def getlist(
-        self, name: str, default: Optional[Any] = None
-    ) -> Optional[Any]:
+    def getlist(self, name: str, default: Any = None) -> Any:
         """Return the entire list
 
         Args:
diff --git a/sanic/request/types.py b/sanic/request/types.py
index 45fbd208..294a46dc 100644
--- a/sanic/request/types.py
+++ b/sanic/request/types.py
@@ -7,13 +7,7 @@ from types import SimpleNamespace
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    DefaultDict,
-    Dict,
     Generic,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
     cast,
 )
 
@@ -25,14 +19,12 @@ from sanic.http.stream import Stream
 from sanic.models.asgi import ASGIScope
 from sanic.models.http_types import Credentials
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.app import Sanic
     from sanic.config import Config
     from sanic.server import ConnInfo
 
 import uuid
-
 from collections import defaultdict
 from urllib.parse import parse_qs, parse_qsl, urlunparse
 
@@ -66,7 +58,6 @@ from sanic.response import BaseHTTPResponse, HTTPResponse
 from .form import parse_multipart_form
 from .parameters import RequestParameters
 
-
 try:
     from ujson import loads as json_loads  # type: ignore
 except ImportError:
@@ -161,8 +152,8 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         except HttpParserInvalidURLError:
             url = url_bytes.decode(errors="backslashreplace")
             raise BadURL(f"Bad URL: {url}")
-        self._id: Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, str, int]] = None
-        self._name: Optional[str] = None
+        self._id: uuid.UUID | str | int | None = None
+        self._name: str | None = None
         self._stream_id = stream_id
         self.app = app
 
@@ -174,29 +165,29 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
 
         # Init but do not inhale
         self.body = b""
-        self.conn_info: Optional[ConnInfo] = None
-        self._ctx: Optional[ctx_type] = None
-        self.parsed_accept: Optional[AcceptList] = None
-        self.parsed_args: DefaultDict[
-            Tuple[bool, bool, str, str], RequestParameters
+        self.conn_info: ConnInfo | None = None
+        self._ctx: ctx_type | None = None
+        self.parsed_accept: AcceptList | None = None
+        self.parsed_args: defaultdict[
+            tuple[bool, bool, str, str], RequestParameters
         ] = defaultdict(RequestParameters)
-        self.parsed_cookies: Optional[RequestParameters] = None
-        self.parsed_credentials: Optional[Credentials] = None
-        self.parsed_files: Optional[RequestParameters] = None
-        self.parsed_form: Optional[RequestParameters] = None
-        self.parsed_forwarded: Optional[Options] = None
+        self.parsed_cookies: RequestParameters | None = None
+        self.parsed_credentials: Credentials | None = None
+        self.parsed_files: RequestParameters | None = None
+        self.parsed_form: RequestParameters | None = None
+        self.parsed_forwarded: Options | None = None
         self.parsed_json = None
-        self.parsed_not_grouped_args: DefaultDict[
-            Tuple[bool, bool, str, str], List[Tuple[str, str]]
+        self.parsed_not_grouped_args: defaultdict[
+            tuple[bool, bool, str, str], list[tuple[str, str]]
         ] = defaultdict(list)
-        self.parsed_token: Optional[str] = None
+        self.parsed_token: str | None = None
         self._request_middleware_started = False
         self._response_middleware_started = False
         self.responded: bool = False
-        self.route: Optional[Route] = None
-        self.stream: Optional[Stream] = None
-        self._match_info: Dict[str, Any] = {}
-        self._protocol: Optional[BaseProtocol] = None
+        self.route: Route | None = None
+        self.stream: Stream | None = None
+        self._match_info: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self._protocol: BaseProtocol | None = None
 
     def __repr__(self):
         class_name = self.__class__.__name__
@@ -251,7 +242,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return request
 
     @classmethod
-    def generate_id(*_) -> Union[uuid.UUID, str, int]:
+    def generate_id(*_) -> uuid.UUID | str | int:
         """Generate a unique ID for the request.
 
         This method is called to generate a unique ID for each request.
@@ -288,9 +279,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
             int: The HTTP/3 stream ID.
         """
         if self.protocol.version is not HTTP.VERSION_3:
-            raise ServerError(
-                "Stream ID is only a property of a HTTP/3 request"
-            )
+            raise ServerError("Stream ID is only a property of a HTTP/3 request")
         return self._stream_id
 
     def reset_response(self) -> None:
@@ -305,10 +294,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
                 sent.
         """
         try:
-            if (
-                self.stream is not None
-                and self.stream.stage is not Stage.HANDLER
-            ):
+            if self.stream is not None and self.stream.stage is not Stage.HANDLER:
                 raise ServerError(
                     "Cannot reset response because previous response was sent."
                 )
@@ -320,11 +306,11 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
 
     async def respond(
         self,
-        response: Optional[BaseHTTPResponse] = None,
+        response: BaseHTTPResponse | None = None,
         *,
         status: int = 200,
-        headers: Optional[Union[Header, Dict[str, str]]] = None,
-        content_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        headers: Header | dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        content_type: str | None = None,
     ):
         """Respond to the request without returning.
 
@@ -424,7 +410,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
             self.body = b"".join([data async for data in self.stream])
 
     @property
-    def name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def name(self) -> str | None:
         """The route name
 
         In the following pattern:
@@ -443,7 +429,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return None
 
     @property
-    def endpoint(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def endpoint(self) -> str | None:
         """Alias of `sanic.request.Request.name`
 
         Returns:
@@ -452,7 +438,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return self.name
 
     @property
-    def uri_template(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def uri_template(self) -> str | None:
         """The defined URI template
 
         Returns:
@@ -494,7 +480,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return bytes(reqline)
 
     @property
-    def id(self) -> Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, str, int]]:
+    def id(self) -> uuid.UUID | str | int | None:
         """A request ID passed from the client, or generated from the backend.
 
         By default, this will look in a request header defined at:
@@ -593,7 +579,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return self.parsed_accept
 
     @property
-    def token(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def token(self) -> str | None:
         """Attempt to return the auth header token.
 
         Returns:
@@ -608,7 +594,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return self.parsed_token
 
     @property
-    def credentials(self) -> Optional[Credentials]:
+    def credentials(self) -> Credentials | None:
         """Attempt to return the auth header value.
 
         Covers NoAuth, Basic Auth, Bearer Token, Api Token authentication
@@ -631,9 +617,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
                 pass
         return self.parsed_credentials
 
-    def get_form(
-        self, keep_blank_values: bool = False
-    ) -> Optional[RequestParameters]:
+    def get_form(self, keep_blank_values: bool = False) -> RequestParameters | None:
         """Method to extract and parse the form data from a request.
 
         Args:
@@ -644,9 +628,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         """  # noqa: E501
         self.parsed_form = RequestParameters()
         self.parsed_files = RequestParameters()
-        content_type = self.headers.getone(
-            "content-type", DEFAULT_HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE
-        )
+        content_type = self.headers.getone("content-type", DEFAULT_HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE)
         content_type, parameters = parse_content_header(content_type)
         try:
             if content_type == "application/x-www-form-urlencoded":
@@ -670,7 +652,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return self.parsed_form
 
     @property
-    def form(self) -> Optional[RequestParameters]:
+    def form(self) -> RequestParameters | None:
         """The request body parsed as form data
 
         Returns:
@@ -682,7 +664,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return self.parsed_form
 
     @property
-    def files(self) -> Optional[RequestParameters]:
+    def files(self) -> RequestParameters | None:
         """The request body parsed as uploaded files
 
         Returns:
@@ -744,9 +726,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
                     )
                 )
 
-        return self.parsed_args[
-            (keep_blank_values, strict_parsing, encoding, errors)
-        ]
+        return self.parsed_args[(keep_blank_values, strict_parsing, encoding, errors)]
 
     args = property(get_args)
     """Convenience property to access `Request.get_args` with default values.
@@ -836,7 +816,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return self.headers.getone("content-type", DEFAULT_HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE)
 
     @property
-    def match_info(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def match_info(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Matched path parameters after resolving route
 
         Returns:
@@ -867,7 +847,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return self.conn_info.client_port if self.conn_info else 0
 
     @property
-    def socket(self) -> Union[Tuple[str, int], Tuple[None, None]]:
+    def socket(self) -> tuple[str, int] | tuple[None, None]:
         """Information about the connected socket if available
 
         Returns:
@@ -891,7 +871,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         return self._parsed_url.path.decode("utf-8")
 
     @property
-    def network_paths(self) -> Optional[List[Any]]:
+    def network_paths(self) -> list[Any] | None:
         """Access the network paths if available
 
         Returns:
@@ -999,9 +979,7 @@ class Request(Generic[sanic_type, ctx_type]):
         server_name = self.app.config.get("SERVER_NAME")
         if server_name:
             return server_name.split("//", 1)[-1].split("/", 1)[0]
-        return str(
-            self.forwarded.get("host") or self.headers.getone("host", "")
-        )
+        return str(self.forwarded.get("host") or self.headers.getone("host", ""))
 
     @property
     def server_name(self) -> str:
diff --git a/sanic/response/__init__.py b/sanic/response/__init__.py
index 99b93075..2a597cab 100644
--- a/sanic/response/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/response/__init__.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from .types import (
     json_dumps,
 )
 
-
 __all__ = (
     "BaseHTTPResponse",
     "HTTPResponse",
diff --git a/sanic/response/convenience.py b/sanic/response/convenience.py
index 13f7ee65..cbb68305 100644
--- a/sanic/response/convenience.py
+++ b/sanic/response/convenience.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from mimetypes import guess_type
 from os import path
 from pathlib import PurePath
 from time import time
-from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable, Dict, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, AnyStr, Callable
 from urllib.parse import quote_plus
 
 from sanic.compat import Header, open_async, stat_async
@@ -18,9 +18,7 @@ from sanic.models.protocol_types import HTMLProtocol, Range
 from .types import HTTPResponse, JSONResponse, ResponseStream
 
 
-def empty(
-    status: int = 204, headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
-) -> HTTPResponse:
+def empty(status: int = 204, headers: dict[str, str] | None = None) -> HTTPResponse:
     """Returns an empty response to the client.
 
     Args:
@@ -36,9 +34,9 @@ def empty(
 def json(
     body: Any,
     status: int = 200,
-    headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     content_type: str = "application/json",
-    dumps: Optional[Callable[..., str]] = None,
+    dumps: Callable[..., str] | None = None,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> JSONResponse:
     """Returns response object with body in json format.
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ def json(
 def text(
     body: str,
     status: int = 200,
-    headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     content_type: str = "text/plain; charset=utf-8",
 ) -> HTTPResponse:
     """Returns response object with body in text format.
@@ -85,19 +83,15 @@ def text(
         TypeError: If the body is not a string.
     """  # noqa: E501
     if not isinstance(body, str):
-        raise TypeError(
-            f"Bad body type. Expected str, got {type(body).__name__})"
-        )
+        raise TypeError(f"Bad body type. Expected str, got {type(body).__name__})")
 
-    return HTTPResponse(
-        body, status=status, headers=headers, content_type=content_type
-    )
+    return HTTPResponse(body, status=status, headers=headers, content_type=content_type)
 
 
 def raw(
-    body: Optional[AnyStr],
+    body: AnyStr | None,
     status: int = 200,
-    headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     content_type: str = DEFAULT_HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE,
 ) -> HTTPResponse:
     """Returns response object without encoding the body.
@@ -120,9 +114,9 @@ def raw(
 
 
 def html(
-    body: Union[str, bytes, HTMLProtocol],
+    body: str | bytes | HTMLProtocol,
     status: int = 200,
-    headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
 ) -> HTTPResponse:
     """Returns response object with body in html format.
 
@@ -151,8 +145,8 @@ def html(
 
 
 async def validate_file(
-    request_headers: Header, last_modified: Union[datetime, float, int]
-) -> Optional[HTTPResponse]:
+    request_headers: Header, last_modified: datetime | float | int
+) -> HTTPResponse | None:
     """Validate file based on request headers.
 
     Args:
@@ -170,8 +164,7 @@ async def validate_file(
         if_modified_since = parsedate_to_datetime(if_modified_since)
     except (TypeError, ValueError):
         logger.warning(
-            "Ignorning invalid If-Modified-Since header received: " "'%s'",
-            if_modified_since,
+            f"Ignoring invalid If-Modified-Since header received: '{if_modified_since}'"
         )
         return None
     if not isinstance(last_modified, datetime):
@@ -179,18 +172,14 @@ async def validate_file(
             float(last_modified), tz=timezone.utc
         ).replace(microsecond=0)
 
-    if (
-        last_modified.utcoffset() is None
-        and if_modified_since.utcoffset() is not None
-    ):
+    if last_modified.utcoffset() is None and if_modified_since.utcoffset() is not None:
         logger.warning(
             "Cannot compare tz-aware and tz-naive datetimes. To avoid "
             "this conflict Sanic is converting last_modified to UTC."
         )
         last_modified.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
     elif (
-        last_modified.utcoffset() is not None
-        and if_modified_since.utcoffset() is None
+        last_modified.utcoffset() is not None and if_modified_since.utcoffset() is None
     ):
         logger.warning(
             "Cannot compare tz-aware and tz-naive datetimes. To avoid "
@@ -204,17 +193,17 @@ async def validate_file(
 
 
 async def file(
-    location: Union[str, PurePath],
+    location: str | PurePath,
     status: int = 200,
-    request_headers: Optional[Header] = None,
+    request_headers: Header | None = None,
     validate_when_requested: bool = True,
-    mime_type: Optional[str] = None,
-    headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-    filename: Optional[str] = None,
-    last_modified: Optional[Union[datetime, float, int, Default]] = _default,
-    max_age: Optional[Union[float, int]] = None,
-    no_store: Optional[bool] = None,
-    _range: Optional[Range] = None,
+    mime_type: str | None = None,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    filename: str | None = None,
+    last_modified: datetime | float | int | Default | None = _default,
+    max_age: float | int | None = None,
+    no_store: bool | None = None,
+    _range: Range | None = None,
 ) -> HTTPResponse:
     """Return a response object with file data.
 
@@ -241,25 +230,17 @@ async def file(
         stat = await stat_async(location)
         last_modified = stat.st_mtime
 
-    if (
-        validate_when_requested
-        and request_headers is not None
-        and last_modified
-    ):
+    if validate_when_requested and request_headers is not None and last_modified:
         response = await validate_file(request_headers, last_modified)
         if response:
             return response
 
     headers = headers or {}
     if last_modified:
-        headers.setdefault(
-            "Last-Modified", formatdate(last_modified, usegmt=True)
-        )
+        headers.setdefault("Last-Modified", formatdate(last_modified, usegmt=True))
 
     if filename:
-        headers.setdefault(
-            "Content-Disposition", f'attachment; filename="{filename}"'
-        )
+        headers.setdefault("Content-Disposition", f'attachment; filename="{filename}"')
 
     if no_store:
         cache_control = "no-store"
@@ -301,7 +282,7 @@ async def file(
 
 def redirect(
     to: str,
-    headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     status: int = 302,
     content_type: str = "text/html; charset=utf-8",
 ) -> HTTPResponse:
@@ -324,19 +305,17 @@ def redirect(
     # According to RFC 7231, a relative URI is now permitted.
     headers["Location"] = safe_to
 
-    return HTTPResponse(
-        status=status, headers=headers, content_type=content_type
-    )
+    return HTTPResponse(status=status, headers=headers, content_type=content_type)
 
 
 async def file_stream(
-    location: Union[str, PurePath],
+    location: str | PurePath,
     status: int = 200,
     chunk_size: int = 4096,
-    mime_type: Optional[str] = None,
-    headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-    filename: Optional[str] = None,
-    _range: Optional[Range] = None,
+    mime_type: str | None = None,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+    filename: str | None = None,
+    _range: Range | None = None,
 ) -> ResponseStream:
     """Return a streaming response object with file data.
 
@@ -358,9 +337,7 @@ async def file_stream(
     """  # noqa: E501
     headers = headers or {}
     if filename:
-        headers.setdefault(
-            "Content-Disposition", f'attachment; filename="{filename}"'
-        )
+        headers.setdefault("Content-Disposition", f'attachment; filename="{filename}"')
     filename = filename or path.split(location)[-1]
     mime_type = mime_type or guess_type(filename)[0] or "text/plain"
     if _range:
diff --git a/sanic/response/types.py b/sanic/response/types.py
index 0a8af725..558fda6e 100644
--- a/sanic/response/types.py
+++ b/sanic/response/types.py
@@ -8,12 +8,8 @@ from typing import (
     AnyStr,
     Callable,
     Coroutine,
-    Dict,
     Iterator,
-    Optional,
-    Tuple,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
 )
 
 from sanic.compat import Header
@@ -28,7 +24,6 @@ from sanic.helpers import (
 )
 from sanic.http import Http
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.asgi import ASGIApp
     from sanic.http.http3 import HTTPReceiver
@@ -66,18 +61,18 @@ class BaseHTTPResponse:
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.asgi: bool = False
-        self.body: Optional[bytes] = None
-        self.content_type: Optional[str] = None
-        self.stream: Optional[Union[Http, ASGIApp, HTTPReceiver]] = None
+        self.body: bytes | None = None
+        self.content_type: str | None = None
+        self.stream: Http | ASGIApp | HTTPReceiver | None = None
         self.status: int = None
         self.headers = Header({})
-        self._cookies: Optional[CookieJar] = None
+        self._cookies: CookieJar | None = None
 
     def __repr__(self):
         class_name = self.__class__.__name__
         return f"<{class_name}: {self.status} {self.content_type}>"
 
-    def _encode_body(self, data: Optional[AnyStr]):
+    def _encode_body(self, data: AnyStr | None):
         if data is None:
             return b""
         return (
@@ -98,7 +93,7 @@ class BaseHTTPResponse:
         return self._cookies
 
     @property
-    def processed_headers(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+    def processed_headers(self) -> Iterator[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
         """Obtain a list of header tuples encoded in bytes for sending.
 
         Add and remove headers based on status and content_type.
@@ -119,8 +114,8 @@ class BaseHTTPResponse:
 
     async def send(
         self,
-        data: Optional[AnyStr] = None,
-        end_stream: Optional[bool] = None,
+        data: AnyStr | None = None,
+        end_stream: bool | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Send any pending response headers and the given data as body.
 
@@ -157,14 +152,14 @@ class BaseHTTPResponse:
         value: str,
         *,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         secure: bool = True,
-        max_age: Optional[int] = None,
-        expires: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        max_age: int | None = None,
+        expires: datetime | None = None,
         httponly: bool = False,
-        samesite: Optional[SameSite] = "Lax",
+        samesite: SameSite | None = "Lax",
         partitioned: bool = False,
-        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        comment: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> Cookie:
@@ -211,7 +206,7 @@ class BaseHTTPResponse:
         key: str,
         *,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -255,14 +250,14 @@ class HTTPResponse(BaseHTTPResponse):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        body: Optional[Any] = None,
+        body: Any | None = None,
         status: int = 200,
-        headers: Optional[Union[Header, Dict[str, str]]] = None,
-        content_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        headers: Header | dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        content_type: str | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__()
 
-        self.content_type: Optional[str] = content_type
+        self.content_type: str | None = content_type
         self.body = self._encode_body(body)
         self.status = status
         self.headers = Header(headers or {})
@@ -306,11 +301,11 @@ class JSONResponse(HTTPResponse):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        body: Optional[Any] = None,
+        body: Any | None = None,
         status: int = 200,
-        headers: Optional[Union[Header, Dict[str, str]]] = None,
+        headers: Header | dict[str, str] | None = None,
         content_type: str = "application/json",
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., str]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., str] | None = None,
         **kwargs: Any,
     ):
         self._initialized = False
@@ -337,7 +332,7 @@ class JSONResponse(HTTPResponse):
             )
 
     @property
-    def raw_body(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+    def raw_body(self) -> Any | None:
         """Returns the raw body, as long as body has not been manually set previously.
 
         NOTE: This object should not be mutated, as it will not be
@@ -355,13 +350,11 @@ class JSONResponse(HTTPResponse):
     @raw_body.setter
     def raw_body(self, value: Any):
         self._body_manually_set = False
-        self._body = self._encode_body(
-            self._use_dumps(value, **self._use_dumps_kwargs)
-        )
+        self._body = self._encode_body(self._use_dumps(value, **self._use_dumps_kwargs))
         self._raw_body = value
 
     @property  # type: ignore
-    def body(self) -> Optional[bytes]:  # type: ignore
+    def body(self) -> bytes | None:  # type: ignore
         """Returns the response body.
 
         Returns:
@@ -370,7 +363,7 @@ class JSONResponse(HTTPResponse):
         return self._body
 
     @body.setter
-    def body(self, value: Optional[bytes]):
+    def body(self, value: bytes | None):
         self._body = value
         if not self._initialized:
             return
@@ -379,7 +372,7 @@ class JSONResponse(HTTPResponse):
     def set_body(
         self,
         body: Any,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., str]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., str] | None = None,
         **dumps_kwargs: Any,
     ) -> None:
         """Set the response body to the given value, using the given dumps function
@@ -489,9 +482,7 @@ class JSONResponse(HTTPResponse):
         self._check_body_not_manually_set()
 
         if not isinstance(self._raw_body, (list, dict)):
-            raise SanicException(
-                "Cannot pop from a non-list and non-dict object."
-            )
+            raise SanicException("Cannot pop from a non-list and non-dict object.")
 
         if isinstance(default, Default):
             value = self._raw_body.pop(key)
@@ -526,12 +517,12 @@ class ResponseStream:
     def __init__(
         self,
         streaming_fn: Callable[
-            [Union[BaseHTTPResponse, ResponseStream]],
+            [BaseHTTPResponse | ResponseStream],
             Coroutine[Any, Any, None],
         ],
         status: int = 200,
-        headers: Optional[Union[Header, Dict[str, str]]] = None,
-        content_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        headers: Header | dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        content_type: str | None = None,
     ):
         if headers is None:
             headers = Header()
@@ -541,8 +532,8 @@ class ResponseStream:
         self.status = status
         self.headers = headers or Header()
         self.content_type = content_type
-        self.request: Optional[Request] = None
-        self._cookies: Optional[CookieJar] = None
+        self.request: Request | None = None
+        self._cookies: CookieJar | None = None
 
     async def write(self, message: str):
         await self.response.send(message)
diff --git a/sanic/router.py b/sanic/router.py
index 4cf66fe2..5dc330bb 100644
--- a/sanic/router.py
+++ b/sanic/router.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from functools import lru_cache
 from inspect import signature
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Iterable
 from uuid import UUID
 
 from sanic_routing import BaseRouter
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ from sanic.errorpages import check_error_format
 from sanic.exceptions import MethodNotAllowed, NotFound, SanicException
 from sanic.models.handler_types import RouteHandler
 
-
 ROUTER_CACHE_SIZE = 1024
 ALLOWED_LABELS = ("__file_uri__",)
 
@@ -27,8 +26,8 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
     ALLOWED_METHODS = HTTP_METHODS
 
     def _get(
-        self, path: str, method: str, host: Optional[str]
-    ) -> Tuple[Route, RouteHandler, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        self, path: str, method: str, host: str | None
+    ) -> tuple[Route, RouteHandler, dict[str, Any]]:
         try:
             return self.resolve(
                 path=path,
@@ -41,15 +40,13 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
             raise MethodNotAllowed(
                 f"Method {method} not allowed for URL {path}",
                 method=method,
-                allowed_methods=tuple(e.allowed_methods)
-                if e.allowed_methods
-                else None,
+                allowed_methods=tuple(e.allowed_methods) if e.allowed_methods else None,
             ) from None
 
     @lru_cache(maxsize=ROUTER_CACHE_SIZE)
     def get(  # type: ignore
-        self, path: str, method: str, host: Optional[str]
-    ) -> Tuple[Route, RouteHandler, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        self, path: str, method: str, host: str | None
+    ) -> tuple[Route, RouteHandler, dict[str, Any]]:
         """Retrieve a `Route` object containing the details about how to handle a response for a given request
 
         :param request: the incoming request object
@@ -78,18 +75,18 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
         uri: str,
         methods: Iterable[str],
         handler: RouteHandler,
-        host: Optional[Union[str, Iterable[str]]] = None,
+        host: str | Iterable[str] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
         stream: bool = False,
         ignore_body: bool = False,
-        version: Optional[Union[str, float, int]] = None,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        version: str | float | int | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         unquote: bool = False,
         static: bool = False,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
         overwrite: bool = False,
-        error_format: Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> Union[Route, List[Route]]:
+        error_format: str | None = None,
+    ) -> Route | list[Route]:
         """Add a handler to the router
 
         Args:
@@ -115,15 +112,15 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
 
         uri = self._normalize(uri, handler)
 
-        params = dict(
-            path=uri,
-            handler=handler,
-            methods=frozenset(map(str, methods)) if methods else None,
-            name=name,
-            strict=strict_slashes,
-            unquote=unquote,
-            overwrite=overwrite,
-        )
+        params = {
+            "path": uri,
+            "handler": handler,
+            "methods": frozenset(map(str, methods)) if methods else None,
+            "name": name,
+            "strict": strict_slashes,
+            "unquote": unquote,
+            "overwrite": overwrite,
+        }
 
         if isinstance(host, str):
             hosts = [host]
@@ -138,11 +135,7 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
 
             ident = name
             if len(hosts) > 1:
-                ident = (
-                    f"{name}_{host.replace('.', '_')}"
-                    if name
-                    else "__unnamed__"
-                )
+                ident = f"{name}_{host.replace('.', '_')}" if name else "__unnamed__"
 
             route = super().add(**params)  # type: ignore
             route.extra.ident = ident
@@ -163,8 +156,8 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
 
     @lru_cache(maxsize=ROUTER_CACHE_SIZE)
     def find_route_by_view_name(
-        self, view_name: str, name: Optional[str] = None
-    ) -> Optional[Route]:
+        self, view_name: str, name: str | None = None
+    ) -> Route | None:
         """Find a route in the router based on the specified view name.
 
         Args:
@@ -188,7 +181,7 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
         return route
 
     @property
-    def routes_all(self) -> Dict[Tuple[str, ...], Route]:
+    def routes_all(self) -> dict[tuple[str, ...], Route]:
         """Return all routes in the router.
 
         Returns:
@@ -197,7 +190,7 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
         return {route.parts: route for route in self.routes}
 
     @property
-    def routes_static(self) -> Dict[Tuple[str, ...], Route]:
+    def routes_static(self) -> dict[tuple[str, ...], Route]:
         """Return all static routes in the router.
 
         _In this context "static" routes do not refer to the `app.static()`
@@ -210,7 +203,7 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
         return self.static_routes
 
     @property
-    def routes_dynamic(self) -> Dict[Tuple[str, ...], Route]:
+    def routes_dynamic(self) -> dict[tuple[str, ...], Route]:
         """Return all dynamic routes in the router.
 
         _Dynamic routes are routes that contain path parameters._
@@ -221,7 +214,7 @@ class Router(BaseRouter):
         return self.dynamic_routes
 
     @property
-    def routes_regex(self) -> Dict[Tuple[str, ...], Route]:
+    def routes_regex(self) -> dict[tuple[str, ...], Route]:
         """Return all regex routes in the router.
 
         _Regex routes are routes that contain path parameters with regex
diff --git a/sanic/server/__init__.py b/sanic/server/__init__.py
index a6b1a98c..5ae81909 100644
--- a/sanic/server/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/server/__init__.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from sanic.server.loop import try_use_uvloop
 from sanic.server.protocols.http_protocol import HttpProtocol
 from sanic.server.runners import serve
 
-
 __all__ = (
     "AsyncioServer",
     "ConnInfo",
diff --git a/sanic/server/async_server.py b/sanic/server/async_server.py
index 754a6e4e..4796d5a9 100644
--- a/sanic/server/async_server.py
+++ b/sanic/server/async_server.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
-
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.exceptions import SanicException
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
diff --git a/sanic/server/events.py b/sanic/server/events.py
index 9f4be84a..cacab407 100644
--- a/sanic/server/events.py
+++ b/sanic/server/events.py
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from inspect import isawaitable
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Iterable, Optional
-
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Iterable
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
 
 def trigger_events(
-    events: Optional[Iterable[Callable[..., Any]]],
+    events: Iterable[Callable[..., Any]] | None,
     loop,
-    app: Optional[Sanic] = None,
+    app: Sanic | None = None,
 ):
     """Trigger event callbacks (functions or async)
 
diff --git a/sanic/server/loop.py b/sanic/server/loop.py
index 97cd8fdf..6fbc04e4 100644
--- a/sanic/server/loop.py
+++ b/sanic/server/loop.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
 import sys
-
 from os import getenv
 
 from sanic.compat import OS_IS_WINDOWS
diff --git a/sanic/server/protocols/base_protocol.py b/sanic/server/protocols/base_protocol.py
index bf1b3c15..087694a1 100644
--- a/sanic/server/protocols/base_protocol.py
+++ b/sanic/server/protocols/base_protocol.py
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.exceptions import RequestCancelled
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.app import Sanic
 
 import asyncio
-
 from asyncio.transports import Transport
 from time import monotonic as current_time
 
@@ -47,14 +45,14 @@ class SanicProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
         self.loop = loop
         self.app: Sanic = app
         self.signal = signal or Signal()
-        self.transport: Optional[Transport] = None
+        self.transport: Transport | None = None
         self.connections = connections if connections is not None else set()
-        self.conn_info: Optional[ConnInfo] = None
+        self.conn_info: ConnInfo | None = None
         self._can_write = asyncio.Event()
         self._can_write.set()
         self._unix = unix
-        self._time = 0.0  # type: float
-        self._task = None  # type: Optional[asyncio.Task]
+        self._time = 0.0
+        self._task: asyncio.Task | None = None
         self._data_received = asyncio.Event()
 
     @property
@@ -82,7 +80,7 @@ class SanicProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
         self._data_received.clear()
         await self._data_received.wait()
 
-    def close(self, timeout: Optional[float] = None):
+    def close(self, timeout: float | None = None):
         """
         Attempt close the connection.
         """
diff --git a/sanic/server/protocols/http_protocol.py b/sanic/server/protocols/http_protocol.py
index 6e30fc0f..bef3a2fc 100644
--- a/sanic/server/protocols/http_protocol.py
+++ b/sanic/server/protocols/http_protocol.py
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.http.constants import HTTP
 from sanic.http.http3 import Http3
 from sanic.touchup.meta import TouchUpMeta
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.app import Sanic
 
 import sys
-
 from asyncio import CancelledError
 from time import monotonic as current_time
 
@@ -26,7 +24,6 @@ from sanic.models.server_types import ConnInfo
 from sanic.request import Request
 from sanic.server.protocols.base_protocol import SanicProtocol
 
-
 ConnectionProtocol = type("ConnectionProtocol", (), {})
 try:
     from aioquic.asyncio import QuicConnectionProtocol
@@ -55,7 +52,7 @@ class HttpProtocolMixin:
             ...
 
     def _setup(self):
-        self.request: Optional[Request] = None
+        self.request: Request | None = None
         self.access_log = self.app.config.ACCESS_LOG
         self.request_handler = self.app.handle_request
         self.error_handler = self.app.error_handler
@@ -295,7 +292,7 @@ class Http3Protocol(HttpProtocolMixin, ConnectionProtocol):  # type: ignore
         self.app = app
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._setup()
-        self._connection: Optional[H3Connection] = None
+        self._connection: H3Connection | None = None
 
     def quic_event_received(self, event: QuicEvent) -> None:
         logger.debug(
@@ -306,9 +303,7 @@ class Http3Protocol(HttpProtocolMixin, ConnectionProtocol):  # type: ignore
         if isinstance(event, ProtocolNegotiated):
             self._setup_connection(transmit=self.transmit)
             if event.alpn_protocol in H3_ALPN:
-                self._connection = H3Connection(
-                    self._quic, enable_webtransport=True
-                )
+                self._connection = H3Connection(self._quic, enable_webtransport=True)
         elif isinstance(event, DatagramFrameReceived):
             if event.data == b"quack":
                 self._quic.send_datagram_frame(b"quack-ack")
@@ -319,5 +314,5 @@ class Http3Protocol(HttpProtocolMixin, ConnectionProtocol):  # type: ignore
                 self._http.http_event_received(http_event)
 
     @property
-    def connection(self) -> Optional[H3Connection]:
+    def connection(self) -> H3Connection | None:
         return self._connection
diff --git a/sanic/server/protocols/websocket_protocol.py b/sanic/server/protocols/websocket_protocol.py
index 52a33bf8..7d23d3a0 100644
--- a/sanic/server/protocols/websocket_protocol.py
+++ b/sanic/server/protocols/websocket_protocol.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Sequence, cast
 
-
 try:  # websockets < 11.0
     from websockets.connection import State
     from websockets.server import ServerConnection as ServerProtocol
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ from sanic.server import HttpProtocol
 
 from ..websockets.impl import WebsocketImplProtocol
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from websockets import http11
 
@@ -104,12 +102,7 @@ class WebSocketProtocol(HttpProtocol):
                 # but ServerProtocol needs a list
                 subprotocols = cast(
                     Optional[Sequence[Subprotocol]],
-                    list(
-                        [
-                            Subprotocol(subprotocol)
-                            for subprotocol in subprotocols
-                        ]
-                    ),
+                    [Subprotocol(subprotocol) for subprotocol in subprotocols],
                 )
             ws_proto = ServerProtocol(
                 max_size=self.websocket_max_size,
@@ -147,8 +140,7 @@ class WebSocketProtocol(HttpProtocol):
         )
         loop = (
             request.transport.loop
-            if hasattr(request, "transport")
-            and hasattr(request.transport, "loop")
+            if hasattr(request, "transport") and hasattr(request.transport, "loop")
             else None
         )
         await self.websocket.connection_made(self, loop=loop)
diff --git a/sanic/server/runners.py b/sanic/server/runners.py
index 72c7a035..3346b350 100644
--- a/sanic/server/runners.py
+++ b/sanic/server/runners.py
@@ -1,21 +1,19 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from ssl import SSLContext
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Optional, Type, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.config import Config
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.http.constants import HTTP
 from sanic.http.tls import get_ssl_context
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.app import Sanic
 
 import asyncio
 import os
 import socket
-
 from functools import partial
 from signal import SIG_IGN, SIGINT, SIGTERM
 from signal import signal as signal_func
@@ -29,7 +27,6 @@ from sanic.server.async_server import AsyncioServer
 from sanic.server.protocols.http_protocol import Http3Protocol, HttpProtocol
 from sanic.server.socket import bind_unix_socket, remove_unix_socket
 
-
 try:
     from aioquic.asyncio import serve as quic_serve
 
@@ -42,12 +39,12 @@ def serve(
     host,
     port,
     app: Sanic,
-    ssl: Optional[SSLContext] = None,
-    sock: Optional[socket.socket] = None,
-    unix: Optional[str] = None,
+    ssl: SSLContext | None = None,
+    sock: socket.socket | None = None,
+    unix: str | None = None,
     reuse_port: bool = False,
     loop=None,
-    protocol: Type[asyncio.Protocol] = HttpProtocol,
+    protocol: type[asyncio.Protocol] = HttpProtocol,
     backlog: int = 100,
     register_sys_signals: bool = True,
     run_multiple: bool = False,
@@ -170,9 +167,7 @@ def _setup_system_signals(
             ctrlc_workaround_for_windows(app)
         else:
             for _signal in [SIGTERM] if run_multiple else [SIGINT, SIGTERM]:
-                loop.add_signal_handler(
-                    _signal, partial(app.stop, terminate=False)
-                )
+                loop.add_signal_handler(_signal, partial(app.stop, terminate=False))
 
 
 def _run_server_forever(loop, before_stop, after_stop, cleanup, unix):
@@ -226,9 +221,7 @@ def _serve_http_1(
         unix=unix,
         **protocol_kwargs,
     )
-    asyncio_server_kwargs = (
-        asyncio_server_kwargs if asyncio_server_kwargs else {}
-    )
+    asyncio_server_kwargs = asyncio_server_kwargs if asyncio_server_kwargs else {}
     if OS_IS_WINDOWS and sock:
         pid = os.getpid()
         sock = sock.share(pid)
@@ -317,9 +310,7 @@ def _serve_http_3(
     run_multiple: bool = False,
 ):
     if not HTTP3_AVAILABLE:
-        raise ServerError(
-            "Cannot run HTTP/3 server without aioquic installed. "
-        )
+        raise ServerError("Cannot run HTTP/3 server without aioquic installed. ")
     protocol = partial(Http3Protocol, app=app)
     ticket_store = SessionTicketStore()
     ssl_context = get_ssl_context(app, ssl)
@@ -342,14 +333,12 @@ def _serve_http_3(
 
     # TODO: Create connection cleanup and graceful shutdown
     cleanup = None
-    _run_server_forever(
-        loop, server.before_stop, server.after_stop, cleanup, None
-    )
+    _run_server_forever(loop, server.before_stop, server.after_stop, cleanup, None)
 
 
 def _build_protocol_kwargs(
-    protocol: Type[asyncio.Protocol], config: Config
-) -> Dict[str, Union[int, float]]:
+    protocol: type[asyncio.Protocol], config: Config
+) -> dict[str, int | float]:
     if hasattr(protocol, "websocket_handshake"):
         return {
             "websocket_max_size": config.WEBSOCKET_MAX_SIZE,
diff --git a/sanic/server/socket.py b/sanic/server/socket.py
index a77e80a0..6b006ad0 100644
--- a/sanic/server/socket.py
+++ b/sanic/server/socket.py
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ import os
 import secrets
 import socket
 import stat
-
 from ipaddress import ip_address
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any
 
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.http.constants import HTTP
@@ -24,9 +23,7 @@ def bind_socket(host: str, port: int, *, backlog=100) -> socket.socket:
     try:  # IP address: family must be specified for IPv6 at least
         ip = ip_address(host)
         host = str(ip)
-        sock = socket.socket(
-            socket.AF_INET6 if ip.version == 6 else socket.AF_INET
-        )
+        sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6 if ip.version == 6 else socket.AF_INET)
     except ValueError:  # Hostname, may become AF_INET or AF_INET6
         sock = socket.socket()
     sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
@@ -77,7 +74,7 @@ def bind_unix_socket(path: str, *, mode=0o666, backlog=100) -> socket.socket:
     return sock
 
 
-def remove_unix_socket(path: Optional[str]) -> None:
+def remove_unix_socket(path: str | None) -> None:
     """Remove dead unix socket during server exit."""
     if not path:
         return
@@ -93,9 +90,7 @@ def remove_unix_socket(path: Optional[str]) -> None:
         pass
 
 
-def configure_socket(
-    server_settings: Dict[str, Any]
-) -> Optional[socket.SocketType]:
+def configure_socket(server_settings: dict[str, Any]) -> socket.SocketType | None:
     # Create a listening socket or use the one in settings
     if server_settings.get("version") is HTTP.VERSION_3:
         return None
diff --git a/sanic/server/websockets/connection.py b/sanic/server/websockets/connection.py
index 8ff19da6..41176694 100644
--- a/sanic/server/websockets/connection.py
+++ b/sanic/server/websockets/connection.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from typing import (
 
 from sanic.exceptions import InvalidUsage
 
-
 ASGIMessage = MutableMapping[str, Any]
 
 
diff --git a/sanic/server/websockets/frame.py b/sanic/server/websockets/frame.py
index dacc187c..40dfbe4b 100644
--- a/sanic/server/websockets/frame.py
+++ b/sanic/server/websockets/frame.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
 import codecs
-
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, AsyncIterator, List, Optional
 
 from websockets.frames import Frame, Opcode
@@ -8,7 +7,6 @@ from websockets.typing import Data
 
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .impl import WebsocketImplProtocol
 
@@ -57,9 +55,7 @@ class WebsocketFrameAssembler:
         self.read_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
         self.write_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
 
-        self.completed_queue = asyncio.Queue(
-            maxsize=1
-        )  # type: asyncio.Queue[Data]
+        self.completed_queue = asyncio.Queue(maxsize=1)  # type: asyncio.Queue[Data]
 
         # put() sets this event to tell get() that a message can be fetched.
         self.message_complete = asyncio.Event()
@@ -156,8 +152,7 @@ class WebsocketFrameAssembler:
                 # and get_in_progress check, this exception is here
                 # as a failsafe
                 raise ServerError(
-                    "Websocket get() found a message when "
-                    "state was already fetched."
+                    "Websocket get() found a message when " "state was already fetched."
                 )
             self.message_fetched.set()
             self.chunks = []
diff --git a/sanic/server/websockets/impl.py b/sanic/server/websockets/impl.py
index e08a41b7..d36c2972 100644
--- a/sanic/server/websockets/impl.py
+++ b/sanic/server/websockets/impl.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 import random
 import struct
-
 from typing import (
     AsyncIterator,
     Dict,
@@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ from websockets.exceptions import (
 )
 from websockets.frames import Frame, Opcode
 
-
 try:  # websockets < 11.0
     from websockets.connection import Event, State  # type: ignore
     from websockets.server import ServerConnection as ServerProtocol
@@ -35,7 +33,6 @@ from sanic.server.protocols.base_protocol import SanicProtocol
 from ...exceptions import ServerError, WebsocketClosed
 from .frame import WebsocketFrameAssembler
 
-
 OPEN = State.OPEN
 CLOSING = State.CLOSING
 CLOSED = State.CLOSED
@@ -155,12 +152,8 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
         self.data_finished_fut = asyncio.shield(self.loop.create_future())
 
         if self.ping_interval:
-            self.keepalive_ping_task = asyncio.create_task(
-                self.keepalive_ping()
-            )
-        self.auto_closer_task = asyncio.create_task(
-            self.auto_close_connection()
-        )
+            self.keepalive_ping_task = asyncio.create_task(self.keepalive_ping())
+        self.auto_closer_task = asyncio.create_task(self.auto_close_connection())
 
     async def wait_for_connection_lost(self, timeout=None) -> bool:
         """
@@ -249,9 +242,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
                     try:
                         await asyncio.wait_for(ping_waiter, self.ping_timeout)
                     except asyncio.TimeoutError:
-                        error_logger.warning(
-                            "Websocket timed out waiting for pong"
-                        )
+                        error_logger.warning("Websocket timed out waiting for pong")
                         self.fail_connection(1011)
                         break
         except asyncio.CancelledError:
@@ -281,9 +272,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
             self.keepalive_ping_task = None
         if self.loop and self.io_proto and self.io_proto.transport:
             self.io_proto.transport.close()
-            self.loop.call_later(
-                self.close_timeout, self.io_proto.transport.abort
-            )
+            self.loop.call_later(self.close_timeout, self.io_proto.transport.abort)
         # We were never open, or already closed
         return True
 
@@ -321,9 +310,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
                 try:
                     data_to_send = self.ws_proto.data_to_send()
                     while (
-                        len(data_to_send)
-                        and self.io_proto
-                        and self.io_proto.transport
+                        len(data_to_send) and self.io_proto and self.io_proto.transport
                     ):
                         frame_data = data_to_send.pop(0)
                         self.io_proto.transport.write(frame_data)
@@ -359,11 +346,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
             self.ws_proto.send_close(code, reason)
             data_to_send.extend(self.ws_proto.data_to_send())
             try:
-                while (
-                    len(data_to_send)
-                    and self.io_proto
-                    and self.io_proto.transport
-                ):
+                while len(data_to_send) and self.io_proto and self.io_proto.transport:
                     frame_data = data_to_send.pop(0)
                     self.io_proto.transport.write(frame_data)
             except Exception:
@@ -395,15 +378,11 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
             if self.data_finished_fut:
                 try:
                     await self.data_finished_fut
-                    logger.debug(
-                        "Websocket task finished. Closing the connection."
-                    )
+                    logger.debug("Websocket task finished. Closing the connection.")
                 except asyncio.CancelledError:
                     # Cancelled error is called when data phase is cancelled
                     # if an error occurred or the client closed the connection
-                    logger.debug(
-                        "Websocket handler cancelled. Closing the connection."
-                    )
+                    logger.debug("Websocket handler cancelled. Closing the connection.")
 
             # Cancel the keepalive ping task.
             if self.keepalive_ping_task:
@@ -429,10 +408,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
             if (not self.io_proto) or (not self.io_proto.transport):
                 # we were never open, or done. Can't do any finalization.
                 return
-            elif (
-                self.connection_lost_waiter
-                and self.connection_lost_waiter.done()
-            ):
+            elif self.connection_lost_waiter and self.connection_lost_waiter.done():
                 # connection confirmed closed already, proceed to abort waiter
                 ...
             elif self.io_proto.transport.is_closing():
@@ -450,9 +426,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
                 if self.io_proto and self.io_proto.transport:
                     self.io_proto.transport.abort()
             else:
-                if await self.wait_for_connection_lost(
-                    timeout=self.close_timeout
-                ):
+                if await self.wait_for_connection_lost(timeout=self.close_timeout):
                     # Connection aborted before the timeout expired.
                     return
                 error_logger.warning(
@@ -734,8 +708,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
         async with self.conn_mutex:
             if self.ws_proto.state in (CLOSED, CLOSING):
                 raise WebsocketClosed(
-                    "Cannot send a ping when the websocket interface "
-                    "is closed."
+                    "Cannot send a ping when the websocket interface " "is closed."
                 )
             if (not self.io_proto) or (not self.io_proto.loop):
                 raise ServerError(
@@ -750,9 +723,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
 
             # Protect against duplicates if a payload is explicitly set.
             if data in self.pings:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "already waiting for a pong with the same data"
-                )
+                raise ValueError("already waiting for a pong with the same data")
 
             # Generate a unique random payload otherwise.
             while data is None or data in self.pings:
@@ -845,9 +816,7 @@ class WebsocketImplProtocol:
         self.ws_proto.receive_eof()
         data_to_send = self.ws_proto.data_to_send()
         events_to_process = self.ws_proto.events_received()
-        asyncio.create_task(
-            self.async_eof_received(data_to_send, events_to_process)
-        )
+        asyncio.create_task(self.async_eof_received(data_to_send, events_to_process))
         return False
 
     def connection_lost(self, exc):
diff --git a/sanic/signals.py b/sanic/signals.py
index fe252c12..999954dc 100644
--- a/sanic/signals.py
+++ b/sanic/signals.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
-
 from enum import Enum
 from inspect import isawaitable
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast
+from typing import Any, cast
 
 from sanic_routing import BaseRouter, Route, RouteGroup
 from sanic_routing.exceptions import NotFound
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ class SignalRouter(BaseRouter):
     def get(  # type: ignore
         self,
         event: str,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
     ):
         """Get the handlers for a signal
 
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ class SignalRouter(BaseRouter):
             )
         except NotFound:
             message = "Could not find signal %s"
-            terms: List[Union[str, Optional[Dict[str, str]]]] = [event]
+            terms: list[str | dict[str, str] | None] = [event]
             if extra:
                 message += " with %s"
                 terms.append(extra)
@@ -144,8 +143,8 @@ class SignalRouter(BaseRouter):
     async def _dispatch(
         self,
         event: str,
-        context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
         fail_not_found: bool = True,
         reverse: bool = False,
     ) -> Any:
@@ -205,12 +204,12 @@ class SignalRouter(BaseRouter):
         self,
         event: str,
         *,
-        context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
         fail_not_found: bool = True,
         inline: bool = False,
         reverse: bool = False,
-    ) -> Union[asyncio.Task, Any]:
+    ) -> asyncio.Task | Any:
         """Dispatch a signal to all handlers that match the event
 
         Args:
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@ class SignalRouter(BaseRouter):
         self,
         handler: SignalHandler,
         event: str,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         exclusive: bool = True,
     ) -> Signal:
         event_definition = event
@@ -302,13 +301,9 @@ class SignalRouter(BaseRouter):
 
         return super().finalize(do_compile=do_compile, do_optimize=do_optimize)
 
-    def _build_event_parts(self, event: str) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+    def _build_event_parts(self, event: str) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
         parts = path_to_parts(event, self.delimiter)
-        if (
-            len(parts) != 3
-            or parts[0].startswith("<")
-            or parts[1].startswith("<")
-        ):
+        if len(parts) != 3 or parts[0].startswith("<") or parts[1].startswith("<"):
             raise InvalidSignal("Invalid signal event: %s" % event)
 
         if (
@@ -316,9 +311,7 @@ class SignalRouter(BaseRouter):
             and event not in RESERVED_NAMESPACES[parts[0]]
             and not (parts[2].startswith("<") and parts[2].endswith(">"))
         ):
-            raise InvalidSignal(
-                "Cannot declare reserved signal event: %s" % event
-            )
+            raise InvalidSignal("Cannot declare reserved signal event: %s" % event)
         return parts
 
     def _clean_trigger(self, trigger: str) -> str:
diff --git a/sanic/simple.py b/sanic/simple.py
index 523f11a1..364104c5 100644
--- a/sanic/simple.py
+++ b/sanic/simple.py
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ def create_simple_server(directory: Path):
         )
 
     app = Sanic("SimpleServer")
-    app.static(
-        "/", directory, name="main", directory_view=True, index="index.html"
-    )
+    app.static("/", directory, name="main", directory_view=True, index="index.html")
 
     return app
diff --git a/sanic/touchup/__init__.py b/sanic/touchup/__init__.py
index 6fe208ab..4b2d73eb 100644
--- a/sanic/touchup/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/touchup/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from .meta import TouchUpMeta
 from .service import TouchUp
 
-
 __all__ = (
     "TouchUp",
     "TouchUpMeta",
diff --git a/sanic/touchup/schemes/altsvc.py b/sanic/touchup/schemes/altsvc.py
index 05e7269b..5ea2c400 100644
--- a/sanic/touchup/schemes/altsvc.py
+++ b/sanic/touchup/schemes/altsvc.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from ast import Assign, Constant, NodeTransformer, Subscript
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, List
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from sanic.http.constants import HTTP
 
 from .base import BaseScheme
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 class AltSvcCheck(BaseScheme):
     ident = "ALTSVC"
 
-    def visitors(self) -> List[NodeTransformer]:
+    def visitors(self) -> list[NodeTransformer]:
         return [RemoveAltSvc(self.app, self.app.state.verbosity)]
 
 
@@ -23,9 +22,7 @@ class RemoveAltSvc(NodeTransformer):
     def __init__(self, app: Sanic, verbosity: int = 0) -> None:
         self._app = app
         self._verbosity = verbosity
-        self._versions = {
-            info.settings["version"] for info in app.state.server_info
-        }
+        self._versions = {info.settings["version"] for info in app.state.server_info}
 
     def visit_Assign(self, node: Assign) -> Any:
         if any(self._matches(target) for target in node.targets):
diff --git a/sanic/touchup/schemes/ode.py b/sanic/touchup/schemes/ode.py
index ae51df72..15ef82e4 100644
--- a/sanic/touchup/schemes/ode.py
+++ b/sanic/touchup/schemes/ode.py
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ class OptionalDispatchEvent(BaseScheme):
         super().__init__(app)
 
         self._sync_events()
-        self._registered_events = [
-            signal.name for signal in app.signal_router.routes
-        ]
+        self._registered_events = [signal.name for signal in app.signal_router.routes]
 
     def visitors(self) -> List[NodeTransformer]:
         return [RemoveDispatch(self._registered_events)]
@@ -26,9 +24,7 @@ class OptionalDispatchEvent(BaseScheme):
         app_events = {}
         for app in self.app.__class__._app_registry.values():
             if app.state.server_info:
-                app_events[app] = {
-                    signal.name for signal in app.signal_router.routes
-                }
+                app_events[app] = {signal.name for signal in app.signal_router.routes}
                 all_events.update(app_events[app])
 
         for app, events in app_events.items():
diff --git a/sanic/types/__init__.py b/sanic/types/__init__.py
index 043fffb4..feb53ab5 100644
--- a/sanic/types/__init__.py
+++ b/sanic/types/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 from .hashable_dict import HashableDict
 
-
 __all__ = ("HashableDict",)
diff --git a/sanic/types/shared_ctx.py b/sanic/types/shared_ctx.py
index e0c069b2..77cd02a4 100644
--- a/sanic/types/shared_ctx.py
+++ b/sanic/types/shared_ctx.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import os
-
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 from typing import Any, Iterable
 
@@ -15,9 +14,7 @@ class SharedContext(SimpleNamespace):
 
     def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
         if self.is_locked:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                f"Cannot set {name} on locked SharedContext object"
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Cannot set {name} on locked SharedContext object")
         if not os.environ.get("SANIC_WORKER_NAME"):
             to_check: Iterable[Any]
             if not isinstance(value, (tuple, frozenset)):
@@ -36,8 +33,7 @@ class SharedContext(SimpleNamespace):
         except AttributeError:
             module = ""
         if not any(
-            module.startswith(prefix)
-            for prefix in ("multiprocessing", "ctypes")
+            module.startswith(prefix) for prefix in ("multiprocessing", "ctypes")
         ):
             error_logger.warning(
                 f"{Colors.YELLOW}Unsafe object {Colors.PURPLE}{name} "
diff --git a/sanic/utils.py b/sanic/utils.py
index 76bf003c..4917fc92 100644
--- a/sanic/utils.py
+++ b/sanic/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import types
-
 from importlib.util import module_from_spec, spec_from_file_location
 from os import environ as os_environ
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -81,9 +80,7 @@ def load_module_from_file_location(
             env_vars_in_location = set(re_findall(r"\${(.+?)}", location))
 
             # B) Check these variables exists in environment.
-            not_defined_env_vars = env_vars_in_location.difference(
-                os_environ.keys()
-            )
+            not_defined_env_vars = env_vars_in_location.difference(os_environ.keys())
             if not_defined_env_vars:
                 raise LoadFileException(
                     "The following environment variables are not set: "
@@ -92,18 +89,14 @@ def load_module_from_file_location(
 
             # C) Substitute them in location.
             for env_var in env_vars_in_location:
-                location = location.replace(
-                    "${" + env_var + "}", os_environ[env_var]
-                )
+                location = location.replace("${" + env_var + "}", os_environ[env_var])
 
         location = str(location)
         if ".py" in location:
             name = location.split("/")[-1].split(".")[
                 0
             ]  # get just the file name without path and .py extension
-            _mod_spec = spec_from_file_location(
-                name, location, *args, **kwargs
-            )
+            _mod_spec = spec_from_file_location(name, location, *args, **kwargs)
             assert _mod_spec is not None  # type assertion for mypy
             module = module_from_spec(_mod_spec)
             _mod_spec.loader.exec_module(module)  # type: ignore
@@ -117,7 +110,7 @@ def load_module_from_file_location(
                         compile(config_file.read(), location, "exec"),
                         module.__dict__,
                     )
-            except IOError as e:
+            except OSError as e:
                 e.strerror = "Unable to load configuration file (e.strerror)"
                 raise
             except Exception as e:
@@ -128,4 +121,4 @@ def load_module_from_file_location(
         try:
             return import_string(location)
         except ValueError:
-            raise IOError("Unable to load configuration %s" % str(location))
+            raise OSError(f"Unable to load configuration {location!s}")
diff --git a/sanic/views.py b/sanic/views.py
index bdd48dc4..93e25401 100644
--- a/sanic/views.py
+++ b/sanic/views.py
@@ -5,15 +5,11 @@ from typing import (
     Any,
     Callable,
     Iterable,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Union,
 )
 
 from sanic.models.handler_types import RouteHandler
 from sanic.request.types import Request
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
     from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
@@ -115,19 +111,19 @@ class HTTPMethodView:
         to `"/v"`.
     """
 
-    get: Optional[Callable[..., Any]]
+    get: Callable[..., Any] | None
 
-    decorators: List[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] = []
+    decorators: list[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] = []
 
     def __init_subclass__(
         cls,
-        attach: Optional[Union[Sanic, Blueprint]] = None,
+        attach: Sanic | Blueprint | None = None,
         uri: str = "",
         methods: Iterable[str] = frozenset({"GET"}),
-        host: Optional[str] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
-        version: Optional[int] = None,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
+        version: int | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         stream: bool = False,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
     ) -> None:
@@ -203,13 +199,13 @@ class HTTPMethodView:
     @classmethod
     def attach(
         cls,
-        to: Union[Sanic, Blueprint],
+        to: Sanic | Blueprint,
         uri: str,
         methods: Iterable[str] = frozenset({"GET"}),
-        host: Optional[str] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
-        version: Optional[int] = None,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
+        version: int | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         stream: bool = False,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
     ) -> None:
diff --git a/sanic/worker/inspector.py b/sanic/worker/inspector.py
index 524c7bbe..b22dabea 100644
--- a/sanic/worker/inspector.py
+++ b/sanic/worker/inspector.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from inspect import isawaitable
 from multiprocessing.connection import Connection
 from os import environ
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Dict, Mapping, Union
+from typing import Any, Mapping
 
 from sanic.exceptions import Unauthorized
 from sanic.helpers import Default
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ class Inspector:
     def __init__(
         self,
         publisher: Connection,
-        app_info: Dict[str, Any],
+        app_info: dict[str, Any],
         worker_state: Mapping[str, Any],
         host: str,
         port: int,
         api_key: str,
-        tls_key: Union[Path, str, Default],
-        tls_cert: Union[Path, str, Default],
+        tls_key: Path | str | Default,
+        tls_cert: Path | str | Default,
     ):
         self._publisher = publisher
         self.app_info = app_info
@@ -106,13 +106,13 @@ class Inspector:
         name = request.match_info.get("action", "info")
         return json({"meta": {"action": name}, "result": output})
 
-    def _state_to_json(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def _state_to_json(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         output = {"info": self.app_info}
         output["workers"] = self._make_safe(dict(self.worker_state))
         return output
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _make_safe(obj: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    def _make_safe(obj: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
         for key, value in obj.items():
             if isinstance(value, dict):
                 obj[key] = Inspector._make_safe(value)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class Inspector:
             message += ":STARTUP_FIRST"
         self._publisher.send(message)
 
-    def scale(self, replicas: Union[str, int]) -> str:
+    def scale(self, replicas: str | int) -> str:
         """Scale the number of workers
 
         Args:
diff --git a/sanic/worker/loader.py b/sanic/worker/loader.py
index d76f75bd..944346ba 100644
--- a/sanic/worker/loader.py
+++ b/sanic/worker/loader.py
@@ -2,18 +2,16 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 import sys
-
 from contextlib import suppress
 from importlib import import_module
 from inspect import isfunction
 from pathlib import Path
 from ssl import SSLContext
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Union, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, cast
 
 from sanic.http.tls.context import process_to_context
 from sanic.http.tls.creators import MkcertCreator, TrustmeCreator
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic as SanicApp
 
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ class AppLoader:
         as_factory: bool = False,
         as_simple: bool = False,
         args: Any = None,
-        factory: Optional[Callable[[], SanicApp]] = None,
+        factory: Callable[[], SanicApp] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.module_input = module_input
         self.module_name = ""
@@ -134,9 +132,7 @@ class CertLoader:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        ssl_data: Optional[
-            Union[SSLContext, Dict[str, Union[str, os.PathLike]]]
-        ],
+        ssl_data: SSLContext | dict[str, str | os.PathLike] | None,
     ):
         self._ssl_data = ssl_data
         self._creator_class = None
diff --git a/sanic/worker/manager.py b/sanic/worker/manager.py
index 1a0da96c..47142f30 100644
--- a/sanic/worker/manager.py
+++ b/sanic/worker/manager.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import os
-
 from contextlib import suppress
 from itertools import count
 from random import choice
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ from sanic.log import error_logger, logger
 from sanic.worker.constants import RestartOrder
 from sanic.worker.process import ProcessState, Worker, WorkerProcess
 
-
 if not OS_IS_WINDOWS:
     from signal import SIGKILL
 else:
@@ -101,9 +99,7 @@ class WorkerManager:
             Worker: The Worker instance
         """  # noqa: E501
         container = self.transient if transient else self.durable
-        worker = Worker(
-            ident, func, kwargs, self.context, self.worker_state, workers
-        )
+        worker = Worker(ident, func, kwargs, self.context, self.worker_state, workers)
         container[worker.ident] = worker
         return worker
 
@@ -206,9 +202,7 @@ class WorkerManager:
 
         change = num_worker - self.num_server
         if change == 0:
-            logger.info(
-                f"No change needed. There are already {num_worker} workers."
-            )
+            logger.info(f"No change needed. There are already {num_worker} workers.")
             return
 
         logger.info(f"Scaling from {self.num_server} to {num_worker} workers")
@@ -239,9 +233,7 @@ class WorkerManager:
             try:
                 if self.monitor_subscriber.poll(0.1):
                     message = self.monitor_subscriber.recv()
-                    logger.debug(
-                        f"Monitor message: {message}", extra={"verbosity": 2}
-                    )
+                    logger.debug(f"Monitor message: {message}", extra={"verbosity": 2})
                     if not message:
                         break
                     elif message == "__TERMINATE__":
@@ -260,9 +252,7 @@ class WorkerManager:
                     reloaded_files = (
                         split_message[1] if len(split_message) > 1 else None
                     )
-                    process_names = [
-                        name.strip() for name in processes.split(",")
-                    ]
+                    process_names = [name.strip() for name in processes.split(",")]
                     if "__ALL_PROCESSES__" in process_names:
                         process_names = None
                     order = (
@@ -324,15 +314,13 @@ class WorkerManager:
     def processes(self):
         """Get all of the processes."""
         for worker in self.workers:
-            for process in worker.processes:
-                yield process
+            yield from worker.processes
 
     @property
     def transient_processes(self):
         """Get all of the transient processes."""
         for worker in self.transient.values():
-            for process in worker.processes:
-                yield process
+            yield from worker.processes
 
     def kill(self):
         """Kill all of the processes."""
diff --git a/sanic/worker/multiplexer.py b/sanic/worker/multiplexer.py
index b877ccc1..c52a8d3d 100644
--- a/sanic/worker/multiplexer.py
+++ b/sanic/worker/multiplexer.py
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ class WorkerMultiplexer:
         """
         if name and all_workers:
             raise ValueError(
-                "Ambiguous restart with both a named process and"
-                " all_workers=True"
+                "Ambiguous restart with both a named process and" " all_workers=True"
             )
         if not name:
             name = "__ALL_PROCESSES__:" if all_workers else self.name
diff --git a/sanic/worker/process.py b/sanic/worker/process.py
index 83b3556b..2de9da96 100644
--- a/sanic/worker/process.py
+++ b/sanic/worker/process.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import os
-
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from multiprocessing.context import BaseContext
 from signal import SIGINT
@@ -30,9 +29,7 @@ class WorkerProcess:
         self.kwargs = kwargs
         self.worker_state = worker_state
         if self.name not in self.worker_state:
-            self.worker_state[self.name] = {
-                "server": self.SERVER_LABEL in self.name
-            }
+            self.worker_state[self.name] = {"server": self.SERVER_LABEL in self.name}
         self.spawn()
 
     def set_state(self, state: ProcessState, force=False):
@@ -95,9 +92,7 @@ class WorkerProcess:
             self._terminate_now()
         else:
             self._old_process = self._current_process
-        self.kwargs.update(
-            {"config": {k.upper(): v for k, v in kwargs.items()}}
-        )
+        self.kwargs.update({"config": {k.upper(): v for k, v in kwargs.items()}})
         try:
             self.spawn()
             self.start()
diff --git a/sanic/worker/reloader.py b/sanic/worker/reloader.py
index b490c5b3..ef7c50dd 100644
--- a/sanic/worker/reloader.py
+++ b/sanic/worker/reloader.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
 import sys
-
 from asyncio import new_event_loop
 from itertools import chain
 from multiprocessing.connection import Connection
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from signal import SIGINT, SIGTERM
 from signal import signal as signal_func
 from time import sleep
-from typing import Dict, Set
 
 from sanic.server.events import trigger_events
 from sanic.worker.loader import AppLoader
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ class Reloader:
         self,
         publisher: Connection,
         interval: float,
-        reload_dirs: Set[Path],
+        reload_dirs: set[Path],
         app_loader: AppLoader,
     ):
         self._publisher = publisher
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ class Reloader:
         app = self.app_loader.load()
         signal_func(SIGINT, self.stop)
         signal_func(SIGTERM, self.stop)
-        mtimes: Dict[str, float] = {}
+        mtimes: dict[str, float] = {}
 
         reloader_start = app.listeners.get("reload_process_start")
         reloader_stop = app.listeners.get("reload_process_stop")
diff --git a/sanic/worker/serve.py b/sanic/worker/serve.py
index 583d3eaf..0844f36b 100644
--- a/sanic/worker/serve.py
+++ b/sanic/worker/serve.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import asyncio
 import os
 import socket
 import warnings
-
 from functools import partial
 from multiprocessing.connection import Connection
 from ssl import SSLContext
@@ -28,9 +27,7 @@ def worker_serve(
     app_loader: AppLoader,
     worker_state: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
     server_info: Optional[Dict[str, List[ApplicationServerInfo]]] = None,
-    ssl: Optional[
-        Union[SSLContext, Dict[str, Union[str, os.PathLike]]]
-    ] = None,
+    ssl: Optional[Union[SSLContext, Dict[str, Union[str, os.PathLike]]]] = None,
     sock: Optional[socket.socket] = None,
     unix: Optional[str] = None,
     reuse_port: bool = False,
@@ -87,9 +84,7 @@ def worker_serve(
             # Hydrate apps with any passed server info
 
             if monitor_publisher is None:
-                raise RuntimeError(
-                    "No restart publisher found in worker process"
-                )
+                raise RuntimeError("No restart publisher found in worker process")
             if worker_state is None:
                 raise RuntimeError("No worker state found in worker process")
 
@@ -97,9 +92,7 @@ def worker_serve(
             apps = list(Sanic._app_registry.values())
             app.before_server_start(partial(app._start_servers, apps=apps))
             for a in apps:
-                a.multiplexer = WorkerMultiplexer(
-                    monitor_publisher, worker_state
-                )
+                a.multiplexer = WorkerMultiplexer(monitor_publisher, worker_state)
 
         if app.debug:
             loop.set_debug(app.debug)
diff --git a/sanic/worker/state.py b/sanic/worker/state.py
index c233c19a..ae14ead8 100644
--- a/sanic/worker/state.py
+++ b/sanic/worker/state.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 from collections.abc import Mapping
-from typing import Any, Dict, ItemsView, Iterator, KeysView, List
+from typing import Any, Dict, ItemsView, Iterator, KeysView, List, ValuesView
 from typing import Mapping as MappingType
-from typing import ValuesView
-
 
 dict
 
@@ -64,9 +62,7 @@ class WorkerState(Mapping):
 
     def update(self, mapping: MappingType[str, Any]) -> None:
         if any(k in self.RESTRICTED for k in mapping.keys()):
-            self._write_error(
-                [k for k in mapping.keys() if k in self.RESTRICTED]
-            )
+            self._write_error([k for k in mapping.keys() if k in self.RESTRICTED])
         self._state[self._name] = {
             **self._state[self._name],
             **mapping,
diff --git a/scripts/changelog.py b/scripts/changelog.py
index 8848c426..88059d60 100755
--- a/scripts/changelog.py
+++ b/scripts/changelog.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
-from os import path
 import sys
+from os import path
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     try:
-        import towncrier
         import click
+        import towncrier
     except ImportError:
         print(
             "Please make sure you have a installed towncrier and click before using this tool"
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         help="Render the news fragments, don't write to files, "
         "don't check versions.",
     )
-    @click.option(
-        "--dir", "directory", default=path.dirname(path.abspath(__file__))
-    )
+    @click.option("--dir", "directory", default=path.dirname(path.abspath(__file__)))
     @click.option("--name", "project_name", default=None)
     @click.option(
         "--version",
diff --git a/scripts/release.py b/scripts/release.py
index e2b9b887..9664c73a 100755
--- a/scripts/release.py
+++ b/scripts/release.py
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
+import sys
 from argparse import ArgumentParser, Namespace
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from configparser import RawConfigParser
 from datetime import datetime
 from json import dumps
-from os import path, chdir
-from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
+from os import chdir, path
+from subprocess import PIPE, Popen
 
-from jinja2 import Environment, BaseLoader
-from requests import patch
-import sys
 import towncrier
+from jinja2 import BaseLoader, Environment
+from requests import patch
 
 GIT_COMMANDS = {
     "get_tag": ["git describe --tags --abbrev=0"],
@@ -25,8 +25,7 @@ GIT_COMMANDS = {
     ],
     "push_tag": ["git push origin {new_version}"],
     "get_change_log": [
-        'git log --no-merges --pretty=format:"%h::: %cn::: %s" '
-        "{current_version}.."
+        'git log --no-merges --pretty=format:"%h::: %cn::: %s" ' "{current_version}.."
     ],
 }
 
@@ -72,13 +71,11 @@ class Directory:
 
 def _run_shell_command(command: list):
     try:
-        process = Popen(
-            command, stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stdin=PIPE, shell=True
-        )
+        process = Popen(command, stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stdin=PIPE, shell=True)
         output, error = process.communicate()
         return_code = process.returncode
         return output.decode("utf-8"), error, return_code
-    except:
+    except Exception:
         return None, None, -1
 
 
@@ -101,7 +98,7 @@ def _fetch_current_version(config_file: str) -> str:
 
 def _change_micro_version(current_version: str):
     version_string = current_version.split(".")
-    version_string[-1] = str((int(version_string[-1]) + 1))
+    version_string[-1] = str(int(version_string[-1]) + 1)
     return ".".join(version_string)
 
 
@@ -143,9 +140,9 @@ def _update_release_version_for_sanic(
     current_version_line = config_parser.get(
         "version", "current_version_pattern"
     ).format(current_version=current_version)
-    new_version_line = config_parser.get(
-        "version", "new_version_pattern"
-    ).format(new_version=new_version)
+    new_version_line = config_parser.get("version", "new_version_pattern").format(
+        new_version=new_version
+    )
 
     for version_file in version_files.split(","):
         with open(version_file) as init_file:
@@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ def _tag_release(new_version, current_version, milestone, release_name, token):
         )
         out, error, ret = _run_shell_command(command=command)
         if int(ret) != 0:
-            print("Failed to execute the command: {}".format(command[0]))
+            print(f"Failed to execute the command: {command[0]}")
             sys.exit(1)
 
     change_log = _generate_markdown_document(
@@ -253,9 +250,7 @@ def release(args: Namespace):
     if current_tag and current_version not in current_tag:
         print(
             "Tag mismatch between what's in git and what was provided by "
-            "--current-version. Existing: {}, Give: {}".format(
-                current_tag, current_version
-            )
+            f"--current-version. Existing: {current_tag}, Give: {current_version}"
         )
         sys.exit(1)
     new_version = args.release_version or _get_new_version(
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index bfa767b5..5a8608c5 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -59,9 +59,7 @@ def str_to_bool(val: str) -> bool:
 
 with open_local(["sanic", "__version__.py"], encoding="latin1") as fp:
     try:
-        version = re.findall(
-            r"^__version__ = \"([^']+)\"\r?$", fp.read(), re.M
-        )[0]
+        version = re.findall(r"^__version__ = \"([^']+)\"\r?$", fp.read(), re.M)[0]
     except IndexError:
         raise RuntimeError("Unable to determine version.")
 
@@ -96,9 +94,7 @@ setup_kwargs = {
     "entry_points": {"console_scripts": ["sanic = sanic.__main__:main"]},
 }
 
-env_dependency = (
-    '; sys_platform != "win32" ' 'and implementation_name == "cpython"'
-)
+env_dependency = '; sys_platform != "win32" and implementation_name == "cpython"'
 ujson = "ujson>=1.35" + env_dependency
 uvloop = "uvloop>=0.15.0" + env_dependency
 types_ujson = "types-ujson" + env_dependency
@@ -123,9 +119,7 @@ tests_require = [
     "pytest-sanic",
     "pytest-benchmark",
     "chardet==3.*",
-    "flake8",
-    "black",
-    "isort>=5.0.0",
+    "ruff",
     "bandit",
     "mypy",
     "docutils",
diff --git a/tests/asyncmock.py b/tests/asyncmock.py
index 835012fd..243e8a65 100644
--- a/tests/asyncmock.py
+++ b/tests/asyncmock.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class AsyncMock(Mock):
 
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.call_count += 1
-        parent = super(AsyncMock, self)
+        parent = super()
 
         async def dummy():
             self.await_count += 1
diff --git a/tests/benchmark/test_route_resolution_benchmark.py b/tests/benchmark/test_route_resolution_benchmark.py
index a921d063..f4bbd67b 100644
--- a/tests/benchmark/test_route_resolution_benchmark.py
+++ b/tests/benchmark/test_route_resolution_benchmark.py
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ from random import choice, seed
 from pytest import mark
 
 import sanic.router
-
 from sanic.request import Request
 
-
 seed("Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.")
 
 # Disable Caching for testing purpose
@@ -18,13 +16,11 @@ class TestSanicRouteResolution:
     async def test_resolve_route_no_arg_string_path(
         self, sanic_router, route_generator, benchmark
     ):
-        simple_routes = route_generator.generate_random_direct_route(
-            max_route_depth=4
-        )
+        simple_routes = route_generator.generate_random_direct_route(max_route_depth=4)
         router, simple_routes = sanic_router(route_details=simple_routes)
         route_to_call = choice(simple_routes)
         request = Request(
-            "/{}".format(route_to_call[-1]).encode(),
+            f"/{route_to_call[-1]}".encode(),
             {"host": "localhost"},
             "v1",
             route_to_call[0],
@@ -54,13 +50,11 @@ class TestSanicRouteResolution:
         )
         router, typed_routes = sanic_router(route_details=typed_routes)
         route_to_call = choice(typed_routes)
-        url = route_generator.generate_url_for_template(
-            template=route_to_call[-1]
-        )
+        url = route_generator.generate_url_for_template(template=route_to_call[-1])
 
-        print("{} -> {}".format(route_to_call[-1], url))
+        print(f"{route_to_call[-1]} -> {url}")
         request = Request(
-            "/{}".format(url).encode(),
+            f"/{url}".encode(),
             {"host": "localhost"},
             "v1",
             route_to_call[0],
diff --git a/tests/certs/createcerts.py b/tests/certs/createcerts.py
index 34415961..f1c6a97e 100644
--- a/tests/certs/createcerts.py
+++ b/tests/certs/createcerts.py
@@ -51,9 +51,7 @@ def selfsigned(key, common_name, san):
         .not_valid_before(datetime.utcnow())
         .not_valid_after(datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(days=365.25 * 8))
         .add_extension(
-            KeyUsage(
-                True, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False
-            ),
+            KeyUsage(True, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False),
             critical=True,
         )
         .add_extension(
diff --git a/tests/client.py b/tests/client.py
index 4c0b29a0..e73da412 100644
--- a/tests/client.py
+++ b/tests/client.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import asyncio
-
 from textwrap import dedent
 from typing import AnyStr
 
@@ -14,9 +13,7 @@ class RawClient:
         self.port = port
 
     async def connect(self):
-        self.reader, self.writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
-            self.host, self.port
-        )
+        self.reader, self.writer = await asyncio.open_connection(self.host, self.port)
 
     async def close(self):
         self.writer.close()
@@ -40,8 +37,4 @@ class RawClient:
         return await self.reader.read(nbytes)
 
     def _clean(self, message: str) -> str:
-        return (
-            dedent(message)
-            .lstrip("\n")
-            .replace("\n", self.CRLF.decode("utf-8"))
-        )
+        return dedent(message).lstrip("\n").replace("\n", self.CRLF.decode("utf-8"))
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index 0e94a0d2..1a6127a4 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -7,14 +7,12 @@ import re
 import string
 import sys
 import uuid
-
 from contextlib import suppress
 from logging import LogRecord
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Tuple
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_routing.exceptions import RouteExists
 from sanic_testing.testing import PORT
 
@@ -23,7 +21,6 @@ from sanic.constants import HTTP_METHODS
 from sanic.router import Router
 from sanic.touchup.service import TouchUp
 
-
 slugify = re.compile(r"[^a-zA-Z0-9_\-]")
 random.seed("Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.")
 Sanic.test_mode = True
@@ -45,14 +42,10 @@ async def _handler(request):
 
 
 TYPE_TO_GENERATOR_MAP = {
-    "str": lambda: "".join(
-        [random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(4)]
-    ),
+    "str": lambda: "".join([random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(4)]),
     "int": lambda: random.choice(range(1000000)),
     "float": lambda: random.random(),
-    "alpha": lambda: "".join(
-        [random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(4)]
-    ),
+    "alpha": lambda: "".join([random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(4)]),
     "uuid": lambda: str(uuid.uuid1()),
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/fake/server.py b/tests/fake/server.py
index 577b70bf..b38654a0 100644
--- a/tests/fake/server.py
+++ b/tests/fake/server.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from sanic.application.constants import Mode
 from sanic.config import Config
 from sanic.log import LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS, logger
 
-
 LOGGING_CONFIG = {**LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS}
 LOGGING_CONFIG["formatters"]["generic"]["format"] = "%(message)s"
 LOGGING_CONFIG["loggers"]["sanic.root"]["level"] = "DEBUG"
diff --git a/tests/http3/test_http_receiver.py b/tests/http3/test_http_receiver.py
index d996c484..51b1e959 100644
--- a/tests/http3/test_http_receiver.py
+++ b/tests/http3/test_http_receiver.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 import pytest
-
 from aioquic.h3.connection import H3Connection
 from aioquic.h3.events import DataReceived, HeadersReceived
 from aioquic.quic.configuration import QuicConfiguration
@@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ from sanic.models.server_types import ConnInfo
 from sanic.response import empty, json
 from sanic.server.protocols.http_protocol import Http3Protocol
 
-
 try:
     from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
 except ImportError:
@@ -86,9 +84,7 @@ async def test_http_receiver_run_request(app: Sanic, http_request: Request):
 
     app.__class__ = mock_handle
     receiver = generate_http_receiver(app, http_request)
-    receiver.protocol.quic_event_received(
-        ProtocolNegotiated(alpn_protocol="h3")
-    )
+    receiver.protocol.quic_event_received(ProtocolNegotiated(alpn_protocol="h3"))
     await receiver.run()
     handler.assert_awaited_once_with(receiver.request)
 
@@ -101,9 +97,7 @@ async def test_http_receiver_run_exception(app: Sanic, http_request: Request):
 
     app.__class__ = mock_handle
     receiver = generate_http_receiver(app, http_request)
-    receiver.protocol.quic_event_received(
-        ProtocolNegotiated(alpn_protocol="h3")
-    )
+    receiver.protocol.quic_event_received(ProtocolNegotiated(alpn_protocol="h3"))
     exception = Exception("Oof")
     await receiver.run(exception)
     handler.assert_awaited_once_with(receiver.request, exception)
@@ -141,9 +135,7 @@ def test_http_receiver_receive_body(app: Sanic, http_request: Request):
     receiver.receive_body(b"..")
     assert receiver.request.body == b"...."
 
-    with pytest.raises(
-        PayloadTooLarge, match="Request body exceeds the size limit"
-    ):
+    with pytest.raises(PayloadTooLarge, match="Request body exceeds the size limit"):
         receiver.receive_body(b"..")
 
 
@@ -178,17 +170,13 @@ async def test_send_headers(app: Sanic, http_request: Request):
     send_headers_mock = Mock()
     existing_send_headers = H3Connection.send_headers
     receiver = generate_http_receiver(app, http_request)
-    receiver.protocol.quic_event_received(
-        ProtocolNegotiated(alpn_protocol="h3")
-    )
+    receiver.protocol.quic_event_received(ProtocolNegotiated(alpn_protocol="h3"))
 
     http_request._protocol = receiver.protocol
 
     def send_headers(*args, **kwargs):
         send_headers_mock(*args, **kwargs)
-        return existing_send_headers(
-            receiver.protocol.connection, *args, **kwargs
-        )
+        return existing_send_headers(receiver.protocol.connection, *args, **kwargs)
 
     receiver.protocol.connection.send_headers = send_headers
     receiver.head_only = False
@@ -312,10 +300,7 @@ def test_request_header_encoding(app):
             )
         )
     assert exc_info.value.status_code == 400
-    assert (
-        str(exc_info.value)
-        == "Header names may only contain US-ASCII characters."
-    )
+    assert str(exc_info.value) == "Header names may only contain US-ASCII characters."
 
 
 def test_request_url_encoding(app):
diff --git a/tests/http3/test_server.py b/tests/http3/test_server.py
index 20b45b6d..04836c19 100644
--- a/tests/http3/test_server.py
+++ b/tests/http3/test_server.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import logging
 import sys
-
 from asyncio import Event
 from pathlib import Path
 
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.compat import UVLOOP_INSTALLED
 from sanic.http.constants import HTTP
 
-
 parent_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent
 localhost_dir = parent_dir / "certs/localhost"
 
diff --git a/tests/performance/aiohttp/simple_server.py b/tests/performance/aiohttp/simple_server.py
index 9a57f459..fe076e15 100644
--- a/tests/performance/aiohttp/simple_server.py
+++ b/tests/performance/aiohttp/simple_server.py
@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@ import sys
 
 import ujson as json
 import uvloop
-
 from aiohttp import web
 
-
 loop = uvloop.new_event_loop()
 asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
 
diff --git a/tests/performance/bottle/simple_server.py b/tests/performance/bottle/simple_server.py
index 43a8f019..5857469b 100644
--- a/tests/performance/bottle/simple_server.py
+++ b/tests/performance/bottle/simple_server.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 # Run with: gunicorn --workers=1 --worker-class=meinheld.gmeinheld.MeinheldWorker -b :8000 simple_server:app
 import bottle
 import ujson
-
-from bottle import route, run
+from bottle import route
 
 
 @route("/")
diff --git a/tests/performance/kyoukai/simple_server.py b/tests/performance/kyoukai/simple_server.py
index 9fd7d2b0..e6a28650 100644
--- a/tests/performance/kyoukai/simple_server.py
+++ b/tests/performance/kyoukai/simple_server.py
@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ import logging
 
 import ujson
 import uvloop
-
 from kyoukai import HTTPRequestContext, Kyoukai
 
-
 loop = uvloop.new_event_loop()
 asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
 
diff --git a/tests/performance/sanic/http_response.py b/tests/performance/sanic/http_response.py
index 52596e5e..57046454 100644
--- a/tests/performance/sanic/http_response.py
+++ b/tests/performance/sanic/http_response.py
@@ -3,14 +3,9 @@ import os
 import sys
 import timeit
 
-import asyncpg
-
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
-currentdir = os.path.dirname(
-    os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))
-)
+currentdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe())))
 sys.path.insert(0, currentdir + "/../../../")
 
 
@@ -25,10 +20,10 @@ for n in range(6):
         setup="from sanic.response import json",
         number=100000,
     )
-    print("Took {} seconds".format(time))
+    print(f"Took {time} seconds")
     total_time += time
     times += 1
-print("Average: {}".format(total_time / times))
+print(f"Average: {total_time / times}")
 
 print("Running Old 100,000 times")
 times = 0
@@ -39,7 +34,7 @@ for n in range(6):
         setup="from sanic.response import json",
         number=100000,
     )
-    print("Took {} seconds".format(time))
+    print(f"Took {time} seconds")
     total_time += time
     times += 1
-print("Average: {}".format(total_time / times))
+print(f"Average: {total_time / times}")
diff --git a/tests/performance/sanic/simple_server.py b/tests/performance/sanic/simple_server.py
index 60ebd819..ffb6566e 100644
--- a/tests/performance/sanic/simple_server.py
+++ b/tests/performance/sanic/simple_server.py
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ import sys
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
-currentdir = os.path.dirname(
-    os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))
-)
+currentdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe())))
 sys.path.insert(0, currentdir + "/../../../")
 
 
diff --git a/tests/performance/sanic/varied_server.py b/tests/performance/sanic/varied_server.py
index 9b3f16da..b5be1c39 100644
--- a/tests/performance/sanic/varied_server.py
+++ b/tests/performance/sanic/varied_server.py
@@ -6,10 +6,7 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.response import json, text
 
-
-currentdir = os.path.dirname(
-    os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))
-)
+currentdir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe())))
 sys.path.insert(0, currentdir + "/../../../")
 
 
@@ -28,7 +25,7 @@ def test(request):
 
 @app.route("/text/<name>/<butt:int>")
 def rtext(request, name, butt):
-    return text("yeehaww {} {}".format(name, butt))
+    return text(f"yeehaww {name} {butt}")
 
 
 @app.route("/exception")
diff --git a/tests/performance/tornado/simple_server.py b/tests/performance/tornado/simple_server.py
index 1e69a293..a326eeaf 100644
--- a/tests/performance/tornado/simple_server.py
+++ b/tests/performance/tornado/simple_server.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # Run with: python simple_server.py
 import ujson
-
 from tornado import ioloop, web
 
 
diff --git a/tests/performance/wheezy/simple_server.py b/tests/performance/wheezy/simple_server.py
index f5db80b4..d892d342 100644
--- a/tests/performance/wheezy/simple_server.py
+++ b/tests/performance/wheezy/simple_server.py
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@
 """ Minimal helloworld application.
 """
 import ujson
-
 from wheezy.http import HTTPResponse, WSGIApplication
-from wheezy.http.response import json_response
 from wheezy.routing import url
 from wheezy.web.handlers import BaseHandler
 from wheezy.web.middleware import (
@@ -38,11 +36,10 @@ main = WSGIApplication(
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     import sys
-
     from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
 
     try:
-        print("Visit http://localhost:{}/".format(sys.argv[-1]))
+        print(f"Visit http://localhost:{sys.argv[-1]}/")
         make_server("", int(sys.argv[-1]), main).serve_forever()
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
diff --git a/tests/test_app.py b/tests/test_app.py
index aefec3e6..5f5fa3c2 100644
--- a/tests/test_app.py
+++ b/tests/test_app.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
 import re
-
 from collections import Counter
 from inspect import isawaitable
 from os import environ
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 import pytest
 
 import sanic
-
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.compat import OS_IS_WINDOWS
 from sanic.config import Config
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ def test_asyncio_server_no_start_serving(app: Sanic):
     asyncio_srv_coro = app.create_server(
         port=43123,
         return_asyncio_server=True,
-        asyncio_server_kwargs=dict(start_serving=False),
+        asyncio_server_kwargs={"start_serving": False},
     )
     srv = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio_srv_coro)
     assert srv.is_serving() is False
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ def test_asyncio_server_start_serving(app: Sanic):
     asyncio_srv_coro = app.create_server(
         port=43124,
         return_asyncio_server=True,
-        asyncio_server_kwargs=dict(start_serving=False),
+        asyncio_server_kwargs={"start_serving": False},
     )
     srv = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio_srv_coro)
     assert srv.is_serving() is False
@@ -96,12 +94,10 @@ def test_create_server_no_startup(app: Sanic):
     asyncio_srv_coro = app.create_server(
         port=43124,
         return_asyncio_server=True,
-        asyncio_server_kwargs=dict(start_serving=False),
+        asyncio_server_kwargs={"start_serving": False},
     )
     srv = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio_srv_coro)
-    message = (
-        "Cannot run Sanic server without first running await server.startup()"
-    )
+    message = "Cannot run Sanic server without first running await server.startup()"
     with pytest.raises(SanicException, match=message):
         loop.run_until_complete(srv.start_serving())
 
@@ -214,14 +210,8 @@ def test_app_websocket_parameters(websocket_protocol_mock, app: Sanic):
     websocket_protocol_call_args = websocket_protocol_mock.call_args
     ws_kwargs = websocket_protocol_call_args[1]
     assert ws_kwargs["websocket_max_size"] == app.config.WEBSOCKET_MAX_SIZE
-    assert (
-        ws_kwargs["websocket_ping_timeout"]
-        == app.config.WEBSOCKET_PING_TIMEOUT
-    )
-    assert (
-        ws_kwargs["websocket_ping_interval"]
-        == app.config.WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL
-    )
+    assert ws_kwargs["websocket_ping_timeout"] == app.config.WEBSOCKET_PING_TIMEOUT
+    assert ws_kwargs["websocket_ping_interval"] == app.config.WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL
 
 
 def test_handle_request_with_nested_exception(app: Sanic, monkeypatch):
@@ -230,9 +220,7 @@ def test_handle_request_with_nested_exception(app: Sanic, monkeypatch):
     def mock_error_handler_response(*args, **kwargs):
         raise Exception(err_msg)
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        app.error_handler, "response", mock_error_handler_response
-    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(app.error_handler, "response", mock_error_handler_response)
 
     @app.get("/")
     def handler(request):
@@ -249,9 +237,7 @@ def test_handle_request_with_nested_exception_debug(app: Sanic, monkeypatch):
     def mock_error_handler_response(*args, **kwargs):
         raise Exception(err_msg)
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        app.error_handler, "response", mock_error_handler_response
-    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(app.error_handler, "response", mock_error_handler_response)
 
     @app.get("/")
     def handler(request):
@@ -265,15 +251,11 @@ def test_handle_request_with_nested_exception_debug(app: Sanic, monkeypatch):
     )
 
 
-def test_handle_request_with_nested_sanic_exception(
-    app: Sanic, monkeypatch, caplog
-):
+def test_handle_request_with_nested_sanic_exception(app: Sanic, monkeypatch, caplog):
     def mock_error_handler_response(*args, **kwargs):
         raise SanicException("Mock SanicException")
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        app.error_handler, "response", mock_error_handler_response
-    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(app.error_handler, "response", mock_error_handler_response)
 
     @app.get("/")
     def handler(request):
@@ -328,9 +310,7 @@ def test_app_registry_wrong_type():
 def test_app_registry_name_reuse():
     Sanic("test")
     Sanic.test_mode = False
-    with pytest.raises(
-        SanicException, match='Sanic app name "test" already in use.'
-    ):
+    with pytest.raises(SanicException, match='Sanic app name "test" already in use.'):
         Sanic("test")
     Sanic.test_mode = True
     Sanic("test")
@@ -363,9 +343,7 @@ def test_get_app_does_not_exist():
 
 
 def test_get_app_does_not_exist_force_create():
-    assert isinstance(
-        Sanic.get_app("does-not-exist", force_create=True), Sanic
-    )
+    assert isinstance(Sanic.get_app("does-not-exist", force_create=True), Sanic)
 
 
 def test_get_app_default():
@@ -374,9 +352,7 @@ def test_get_app_default():
 
 
 def test_get_app_no_default():
-    with pytest.raises(
-        SanicException, match="No Sanic apps have been registered."
-    ):
+    with pytest.raises(SanicException, match="No Sanic apps have been registered."):
         Sanic.get_app()
 
 
@@ -385,9 +361,7 @@ def test_get_app_default_ambiguous():
     Sanic("test2")
     with pytest.raises(
         SanicException,
-        match=re.escape(
-            'Multiple Sanic apps found, use Sanic.get_app("app_name")'
-        ),
+        match=re.escape('Multiple Sanic apps found, use Sanic.get_app("app_name")'),
     ):
         Sanic.get_app()
 
@@ -419,8 +393,7 @@ def test_bad_custom_config():
     with pytest.raises(
         SanicException,
         match=(
-            "When instantiating Sanic with config, you cannot also pass "
-            "env_prefix"
+            "When instantiating Sanic with config, you cannot also pass " "env_prefix"
         ),
     ):
         Sanic("test", config=1, env_prefix=1)
@@ -488,7 +461,7 @@ def test_uvloop_cannot_never_called_with_create_server(caplog, monkeypatch):
         for app in apps:
             srv_coro = app.create_server(
                 return_asyncio_server=True,
-                asyncio_server_kwargs=dict(start_serving=False),
+                asyncio_server_kwargs={"start_serving": False},
             )
             loop.run_until_complete(srv_coro)
 
@@ -502,9 +475,7 @@ def test_uvloop_cannot_never_called_with_create_server(caplog, monkeypatch):
     )
 
     counter = Counter([(r[1], r[2]) for r in caplog.record_tuples])
-    modified = sum(
-        1 for app in apps if not isinstance(app.config.USE_UVLOOP, Default)
-    )
+    modified = sum(1 for app in apps if not isinstance(app.config.USE_UVLOOP, Default))
 
     assert counter[(logging.WARNING, message)] == modified
 
@@ -526,7 +497,7 @@ def test_multiple_uvloop_configs_display_warning(caplog):
         for app in (default_uvloop, no_uvloop, yes_uvloop):
             srv_coro = app.create_server(
                 return_asyncio_server=True,
-                asyncio_server_kwargs=dict(start_serving=False),
+                asyncio_server_kwargs={"start_serving": False},
             )
             srv = loop.run_until_complete(srv_coro)
             loop.run_until_complete(srv.startup())
@@ -561,12 +532,8 @@ def test_no_workers(app: Sanic):
         {"auto_reload": True},
     ),
 )
-def test_cannot_run_single_process_and_workers_or_auto_reload(
-    app: Sanic, extra
-):
-    message = (
-        "Single process cannot be run with multiple workers or auto-reload"
-    )
+def test_cannot_run_single_process_and_workers_or_auto_reload(app: Sanic, extra):
+    message = "Single process cannot be run with multiple workers or auto-reload"
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=message):
         app.run(single_process=True, **extra)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_asgi.py b/tests/test_asgi.py
index 8fce84af..c8134b84 100644
--- a/tests/test_asgi.py
+++ b/tests/test_asgi.py
@@ -1,25 +1,21 @@
-import asyncio
 import logging
-
 from collections import deque, namedtuple
 from unittest.mock import call
 
 import pytest
 import uvicorn
-
 from httpx import Headers
 from pytest import MonkeyPatch
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.application.state import Mode
-from sanic.asgi import ASGIApp, Lifespan, MockTransport
+from sanic.asgi import Lifespan, MockTransport
 from sanic.exceptions import BadRequest, Forbidden, ServiceUnavailable
 from sanic.request import Request
 from sanic.response import json, text
 from sanic.server.websockets.connection import WebSocketConnection
 from sanic.signals import RESERVED_NAMESPACES
 
-
 try:
     from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
 except ImportError:
@@ -356,9 +352,7 @@ async def test_websocket_bytes_receive(send, receive, message_stack):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_websocket_accept_with_no_subprotocols(
-    send, receive, message_stack
-):
+async def test_websocket_accept_with_no_subprotocols(send, receive, message_stack):
     ws = WebSocketConnection(send, receive)
     await ws.accept()
 
diff --git a/tests/test_blueprint_copy.py b/tests/test_blueprint_copy.py
index 5dd742ea..091a9532 100644
--- a/tests/test_blueprint_copy.py
+++ b/tests/test_blueprint_copy.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_routing.exceptions import RouteExists
 
 from sanic import Blueprint, Request, Sanic
diff --git a/tests/test_blueprint_group.py b/tests/test_blueprint_group.py
index 330d5d9a..1c51d4c5 100644
--- a/tests/test_blueprint_group.py
+++ b/tests/test_blueprint_group.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-
 from pytest import raises
 
 from sanic.app import Sanic
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import BadRequest, Forbidden, SanicException, ServerError
 from sanic.request import Request
 from sanic.response import HTTPResponse, text
 
-
 MIDDLEWARE_INVOKE_COUNTER = {"request": 0, "response": 0}
 
 AUTH = "dGVzdDp0ZXN0Cg=="
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ def test_bp_group_indexing(app: Sanic):
     group = Blueprint.group(blueprint_1, blueprint_2)
     assert group[0] == blueprint_1
 
-    with raises(expected_exception=IndexError) as e:
+    with raises(expected_exception=IndexError):
         _ = group[3]
 
 
@@ -30,9 +28,7 @@ def test_bp_group_with_additional_route_params(app: Sanic):
     blueprint_1 = Blueprint("blueprint_1", url_prefix="/bp1")
     blueprint_2 = Blueprint("blueprint_2", url_prefix="/bp2")
 
-    @blueprint_1.route(
-        "/request_path", methods=frozenset({"PUT", "POST"}), version=2
-    )
+    @blueprint_1.route("/request_path", methods=frozenset({"PUT", "POST"}), version=2)
     def blueprint_1_v2_method_with_put_and_post(request: Request):
         if request.method == "PUT":
             return text("PUT_OK")
@@ -48,9 +44,7 @@ def test_bp_group_with_additional_route_params(app: Sanic):
         elif request.method == "PATCH":
             return text(f"PATCH_{param}")
 
-    blueprint_group = Blueprint.group(
-        blueprint_1, blueprint_2, url_prefix="/api"
-    )
+    blueprint_group = Blueprint.group(blueprint_1, blueprint_2, url_prefix="/api")
 
     @blueprint_group.middleware("request")
     def authenticate_request(request: Request):
@@ -70,15 +64,11 @@ def test_bp_group_with_additional_route_params(app: Sanic):
     app.blueprint(blueprint_group)
 
     header = {"authorization": " ".join(["Basic", AUTH])}
-    _, response = app.test_client.put(
-        "/v2/api/bp1/request_path", headers=header
-    )
+    _, response = app.test_client.put("/v2/api/bp1/request_path", headers=header)
     assert response.text == "PUT_OK"
     assert response.headers.get("x-test-middleware") == "value"
 
-    _, response = app.test_client.post(
-        "/v2/api/bp1/request_path", headers=header
-    )
+    _, response = app.test_client.post("/v2/api/bp1/request_path", headers=header)
     assert response.text == "POST_OK"
 
     _, response = app.test_client.delete("/api/bp2/route/bp2", headers=header)
@@ -111,9 +101,7 @@ def test_bp_group(app: Sanic):
     def blueprint_2_error(request: Request):
         raise ServerError("Error")
 
-    blueprint_group_1 = Blueprint.group(
-        blueprint_1, blueprint_2, url_prefix="/bp"
-    )
+    blueprint_group_1 = Blueprint.group(blueprint_1, blueprint_2, url_prefix="/bp")
 
     blueprint_3 = Blueprint("blueprint_3", url_prefix="/bp3")
 
@@ -215,9 +203,7 @@ def test_bp_group_list_operations(app: Sanic):
     def blueprint_2_default_route(request):
         return text("BP2_OK")
 
-    blueprint_group_1 = Blueprint.group(
-        blueprint_1, blueprint_2, url_prefix="/bp"
-    )
+    blueprint_group_1 = Blueprint.group(blueprint_1, blueprint_2, url_prefix="/bp")
 
     blueprint_3 = Blueprint("blueprint_2", url_prefix="/bp3")
 
@@ -249,9 +235,7 @@ def test_bp_group_as_list():
 def test_bp_group_as_nested_group():
     blueprint_1 = Blueprint("blueprint_1", url_prefix="/bp1")
     blueprint_2 = Blueprint("blueprint_2", url_prefix="/bp2")
-    blueprint_group_1 = Blueprint.group(
-        Blueprint.group(blueprint_1, blueprint_2)
-    )
+    blueprint_group_1 = Blueprint.group(Blueprint.group(blueprint_1, blueprint_2))
     assert len(blueprint_group_1) == 1
 
 
@@ -261,9 +245,7 @@ def test_blueprint_group_insert():
     )
     blueprint_2 = Blueprint("blueprint_2", url_prefix="/bp2")
     blueprint_3 = Blueprint("blueprint_3", url_prefix=None)
-    group = BlueprintGroup(
-        url_prefix="/test", version=1.3, strict_slashes=False
-    )
+    group = BlueprintGroup(url_prefix="/test", version=1.3, strict_slashes=False)
     group.insert(0, blueprint_1)
     group.insert(0, blueprint_2)
     group.insert(0, blueprint_3)
@@ -352,12 +334,8 @@ async def test_multiple_nested_bp_group():
     bp1.add_route(lambda _: ..., "/", name="route1")
     bp2.add_route(lambda _: ..., "/", name="route2")
 
-    group_a = Blueprint.group(
-        bp1, bp2, url_prefix="/group-a", name_prefix="group-a"
-    )
-    group_b = Blueprint.group(
-        bp1, bp2, url_prefix="/group-b", name_prefix="group-b"
-    )
+    group_a = Blueprint.group(bp1, bp2, url_prefix="/group-a", name_prefix="group-a")
+    group_b = Blueprint.group(bp1, bp2, url_prefix="/group-b", name_prefix="group-b")
 
     app = Sanic("PropTest")
     app.blueprint(group_a)
diff --git a/tests/test_blueprints.py b/tests/test_blueprints.py
index be49a50f..7f5bcdab 100644
--- a/tests/test_blueprints.py
+++ b/tests/test_blueprints.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import BadRequest, NotFound, SanicException, ServerError
 from sanic.request import Request
 from sanic.response import json, text
 
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
 #  GET
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
@@ -483,7 +482,7 @@ def test_bp_exception_handler_applied(app: Sanic):
 
     @handled.exception(Error)
     def handle_error(req, e):
-        return text("handled {}".format(e))
+        return text(f"handled {e}")
 
     @handled.route("/ok")
     def ok(request):
@@ -513,7 +512,7 @@ def test_bp_exception_handler_not_applied(app: Sanic):
 
     @handled.exception(Error)
     def handle_error(req, e):
-        return text("handled {}".format(e))
+        return text(f"handled {e}")
 
     @nothandled.route("/notok")
     def notok(request):
@@ -752,9 +751,7 @@ def test_bp_group_with_default_url_prefix(app: Sanic):
     def api_v1_info(request):
         return text("api_version: v1")
 
-    bp_api_v1_group = Blueprint.group(
-        bp_api_v1, bp_resources_group, url_prefix="/v1"
-    )
+    bp_api_v1_group = Blueprint.group(bp_api_v1, bp_resources_group, url_prefix="/v1")
     bp_api_group = Blueprint.group(bp_api_v1_group, url_prefix="/api")
     app.blueprint(bp_api_group)
 
@@ -795,9 +792,7 @@ def test_blueprint_middleware_with_args(app: Sanic):
     )
     assert response.text == "value"
 
-    _, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/wa", headers={"content-type": "plain/text"}
-    )
+    _, response = app.test_client.get("/wa", headers={"content-type": "plain/text"})
     assert response.json.get("test") == "value"
 
 
@@ -986,13 +981,9 @@ def test_blueprint_group_strict_slashes():
     app = Sanic(name="blueprint-group-test")
     bp1 = Blueprint(name="bp1", url_prefix=None, strict_slashes=False)
 
-    bp2 = Blueprint(
-        name="bp2", version=3, url_prefix="/bp2", strict_slashes=None
-    )
+    bp2 = Blueprint(name="bp2", version=3, url_prefix="/bp2", strict_slashes=None)
 
-    bp3 = Blueprint(
-        name="bp3", version=None, url_prefix="/bp3/", strict_slashes=None
-    )
+    bp3 = Blueprint(name="bp3", version=None, url_prefix="/bp3/", strict_slashes=None)
 
     @bp1.get("/r1")
     async def bp1_r1(request):
diff --git a/tests/test_cancellederror.py b/tests/test_cancellederror.py
index b61fd596..32d689a2 100644
--- a/tests/test_cancellederror.py
+++ b/tests/test_cancellederror.py
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
-import asyncio
-
 from asyncio import CancelledError
 
-import pytest
-
 from sanic import Request, Sanic, json
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_cli.py b/tests/test_cli.py
index 2e980a2c..d327aa1b 100644
--- a/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 import json
 import os
 import sys
-
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_routing import __version__ as __routing_version__
 
 from sanic import __version__
diff --git a/tests/test_coffee.py b/tests/test_coffee.py
index 43864b3d..73237ff0 100644
--- a/tests/test_coffee.py
+++ b/tests/test_coffee.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import logging
-
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_config.py b/tests/test_config.py
index a702bc88..bb8780d0 100644
--- a/tests/test_config.py
+++ b/tests/test_config.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import logging
 import os
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from os import environ
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@ from textwrap import dedent
 from unittest.mock import Mock, call
 
 import pytest
-
 from pytest import MonkeyPatch
 
 from sanic import Sanic
@@ -135,9 +133,7 @@ def test_add_converter_multiple_times(caplog):
     def converter():
         ...
 
-    message = (
-        "Configuration value converter 'converter' has already been registered"
-    )
+    message = "Configuration value converter 'converter' has already been registered"
     config = Config()
     config.register_type(converter)
     with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
@@ -308,14 +304,10 @@ async def test_config_access_log_passing_in_create_server(app: Sanic):
     async def _request(sanic, loop):
         app.stop()
 
-    await app.create_server(
-        port=1341, access_log=False, return_asyncio_server=True
-    )
+    await app.create_server(port=1341, access_log=False, return_asyncio_server=True)
     assert app.config.ACCESS_LOG is False
 
-    await app.create_server(
-        port=1342, access_log=True, return_asyncio_server=True
-    )
+    await app.create_server(port=1342, access_log=True, return_asyncio_server=True)
     assert app.config.ACCESS_LOG is True
 
 
@@ -336,9 +328,7 @@ def test_config_rewrite_keep_alive():
 
 _test_setting_as_dict = {"TEST_SETTING_VALUE": 1}
 _test_setting_as_class = type("C", (), {"TEST_SETTING_VALUE": 1})
-_test_setting_as_module = str(
-    Path(__file__).parent / "static/app_test_config.py"
-)
+_test_setting_as_module = str(Path(__file__).parent / "static/app_test_config.py")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
diff --git a/tests/test_cookies.py b/tests/test_cookies.py
index 547cdd42..4caa13af 100644
--- a/tests/test_cookies.py
+++ b/tests/test_cookies.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.response import text
 from sanic.response.convenience import json
 
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
 #  GET
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
@@ -43,9 +42,7 @@ async def test_cookies_asgi(app):
         response.cookies["right_back"] = "at you"
         return response
 
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.get(
-        "/", cookies={"test": "working!"}
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", cookies={"test": "working!"})
     response_cookies = SimpleCookie()
     response_cookies.load(response.headers.get("set-cookie", {}))
 
@@ -102,9 +99,7 @@ def test_cookie_options(app):
         response = text("OK")
         response.cookies["test"] = "at you"
         response.cookies["test"]["httponly"] = True
-        response.cookies["test"]["expires"] = datetime.now() + timedelta(
-            seconds=10
-        )
+        response.cookies["test"]["expires"] = datetime.now() + timedelta(seconds=10)
         return response
 
     request, response = app.test_client.get("/")
@@ -180,17 +175,11 @@ def test_cookie_max_age(app, max_age):
         response.cookies["test"]["max-age"] = max_age
         return response
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/", cookies=cookies, raw_cookies=True
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.get("/", cookies=cookies, raw_cookies=True)
     assert response.status == 200
 
     cookie = response.cookies.get("test")
-    if (
-        str(max_age).isdigit()
-        and int(max_age) == float(max_age)
-        and int(max_age) != 0
-    ):
+    if str(max_age).isdigit() and int(max_age) == float(max_age) and int(max_age) != 0:
         cookie_expires = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(
             response.raw_cookies["test"].expires
         ).replace(microsecond=0)
@@ -203,9 +192,8 @@ def test_cookie_max_age(app, max_age):
         )
 
         assert cookie == "pass"
-        assert (
-            cookie_expires == expires
-            or cookie_expires == expires + timedelta(seconds=-1)
+        assert cookie_expires == expires or cookie_expires == expires + timedelta(
+            seconds=-1
         )
     else:
         assert cookie is None
@@ -222,9 +210,7 @@ def test_cookie_bad_max_age(app, max_age):
         response.cookies["test"]["max-age"] = max_age
         return response
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/", cookies=cookies, raw_cookies=True
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.get("/", cookies=cookies, raw_cookies=True)
     assert response.status == 500
 
 
@@ -240,9 +226,7 @@ def test_cookie_expires(app: Sanic, expires: timedelta):
         response.cookies["test"]["expires"] = expires_time
         return response
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/", cookies=cookies, raw_cookies=True
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.get("/", cookies=cookies, raw_cookies=True)
 
     cookie_expires = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(
         response.raw_cookies["test"].expires
@@ -400,17 +384,13 @@ def test_bad_cookie_prarms():
         ServerError,
         match="Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie unless path='/'",
     ):
-        jar.add_cookie(
-            "foo", "bar", host_prefix=True, secure=True, path="/foo"
-        )
+        jar.add_cookie("foo", "bar", host_prefix=True, secure=True, path="/foo")
 
     with pytest.raises(
         ServerError,
         match="Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie with a defined domain",
     ):
-        jar.add_cookie(
-            "foo", "bar", host_prefix=True, secure=True, domain="foo.bar"
-        )
+        jar.add_cookie("foo", "bar", host_prefix=True, secure=True, domain="foo.bar")
 
     with pytest.raises(
         ServerError,
diff --git a/tests/test_create_task.py b/tests/test_create_task.py
index 946c7aaa..cdd9f711 100644
--- a/tests/test_create_task.py
+++ b/tests/test_create_task.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
 import sys
-
 from threading import Event
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_dynamic_routes.py b/tests/test_dynamic_routes.py
index 0147f755..6a3cfa37 100644
--- a/tests/test_dynamic_routes.py
+++ b/tests/test_dynamic_routes.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_routing.exceptions import RouteExists
 
 from sanic.response import text
diff --git a/tests/test_errorpages.py b/tests/test_errorpages.py
index 00f45937..1953162d 100644
--- a/tests/test_errorpages.py
+++ b/tests/test_errorpages.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import logging
 import pytest
 
 import sanic
-
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.config import Config
 from sanic.errorpages import TextRenderer, exception_response, guess_mime
@@ -545,9 +544,7 @@ def test_guess_mime_logging(
     with caplog.at_level(logging.DEBUG, logger="sanic.root"):
         guess_mime(fake_request, fallback)
 
-    (logmsg,) = [
-        r.message for r in caplog.records if r.funcName == "guess_mime"
-    ]
+    (logmsg,) = (r.message for r in caplog.records if r.funcName == "guess_mime")
 
     assert logmsg == expected
 
@@ -565,9 +562,7 @@ def test_exception_header_on_renderers(app: Sanic, format, expected):
 
     @app.get("/test")
     def test(request):
-        raise SanicException(
-            "test", status_code=400, headers={"exception": "test"}
-        )
+        raise SanicException("test", status_code=400, headers={"exception": "test"})
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/test")
     assert response.status == 400
diff --git a/tests/test_exceptions.py b/tests/test_exceptions.py
index 29c4e45c..eb27d143 100644
--- a/tests/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/tests/test_exceptions.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 
 import pytest
-
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
 from sanic import Sanic
@@ -199,9 +198,7 @@ def test_handled_unhandled_exception(exception_app):
 
 def test_exception_in_exception_handler(exception_app):
     """Test that an exception thrown in an error handler is handled"""
-    request, response = exception_app.test_client.get(
-        "/error_in_error_handler_handler"
-    )
+    request, response = exception_app.test_client.get("/error_in_error_handler_handler")
     assert response.status == 500
     assert response.body == b"An error occurred while handling an error"
 
@@ -285,15 +282,9 @@ def test_contextual_exception_context(debug):
     def fail():
         raise TeapotError(context={"foo": "bar"})
 
-    app.post("/coffee/json", error_format="json", name="json")(
-        lambda _: fail()
-    )
-    app.post("/coffee/html", error_format="html", name="html")(
-        lambda _: fail()
-    )
-    app.post("/coffee/text", error_format="text", name="text")(
-        lambda _: fail()
-    )
+    app.post("/coffee/json", error_format="json", name="json")(lambda _: fail())
+    app.post("/coffee/html", error_format="html", name="html")(lambda _: fail())
+    app.post("/coffee/text", error_format="text", name="text")(lambda _: fail())
 
     _, response = app.test_client.post("/coffee/json", debug=debug)
     assert response.status == 418
@@ -308,7 +299,7 @@ def test_contextual_exception_context(debug):
     assert dl == {"foo": "bar"}
 
     _, response = app.test_client.post("/coffee/text", debug=debug)
-    lines = list(map(lambda x: x.decode(), response.body.split(b"\n")))
+    lines = [x.decode() for x in response.body.split(b"\n")]
     idx = lines.index("Context") + 1
     assert response.status == 418
     assert lines[2] == "Sorry, I cannot brew coffee"
@@ -329,15 +320,9 @@ def test_contextual_exception_extra(debug):
     def fail():
         raise TeapotError(extra={"foo": "bar"})
 
-    app.post("/coffee/json", error_format="json", name="json")(
-        lambda _: fail()
-    )
-    app.post("/coffee/html", error_format="html", name="html")(
-        lambda _: fail()
-    )
-    app.post("/coffee/text", error_format="text", name="text")(
-        lambda _: fail()
-    )
+    app.post("/coffee/json", error_format="json", name="json")(lambda _: fail())
+    app.post("/coffee/html", error_format="html", name="html")(lambda _: fail())
+    app.post("/coffee/text", error_format="text", name="text")(lambda _: fail())
 
     _, response = app.test_client.post("/coffee/json", debug=debug)
     assert response.status == 418
@@ -358,7 +343,7 @@ def test_contextual_exception_extra(debug):
         assert not dl
 
     _, response = app.test_client.post("/coffee/text", debug=debug)
-    lines = list(map(lambda x: x.decode(), response.body.split(b"\n")))
+    lines = [x.decode() for x in response.body.split(b"\n")]
     assert response.status == 418
     assert lines[2] == "Found bar"
     if debug:
diff --git a/tests/test_exceptions_handler.py b/tests/test_exceptions_handler.py
index 9c211287..1adff20f 100644
--- a/tests/test_exceptions_handler.py
+++ b/tests/test_exceptions_handler.py
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
-
 from typing import Callable, List
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 import pytest
-
 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-from pytest import LogCaptureFixture, MonkeyPatch, WarningsRecorder
+from pytest import LogCaptureFixture, MonkeyPatch
 
 from sanic import Sanic, handlers
 from sanic.exceptions import BadRequest, Forbidden, NotFound, ServerError
@@ -135,9 +133,7 @@ def test_inherited_exception_handler(exception_handler_app: Sanic):
 
 
 def test_chained_exception_handler(exception_handler_app: Sanic):
-    request, response = exception_handler_app.test_client.get(
-        "/6/0", debug=True
-    )
+    request, response = exception_handler_app.test_client.get("/6/0", debug=True)
     assert response.status == 500
 
     soup = BeautifulSoup(response.body, "html.parser")
@@ -169,7 +165,7 @@ def test_exception_handler_lookup(exception_handler_app: Sanic):
         pass
 
     try:
-        ModuleNotFoundError
+        ModuleNotFoundError  # noqa: F823
     except Exception:
 
         class ModuleNotFoundError(ImportError):
@@ -184,20 +180,14 @@ def test_exception_handler_lookup(exception_handler_app: Sanic):
     assert handler.lookup(ModuleNotFoundError(), None) == import_error_handler
     assert handler.lookup(CustomError(), None) == custom_error_handler
     assert handler.lookup(ServerError("Error"), None) == server_error_handler
-    assert (
-        handler.lookup(CustomServerError("Error"), None)
-        == server_error_handler
-    )
+    assert handler.lookup(CustomServerError("Error"), None) == server_error_handler
 
     # once again to ensure there is no caching bug
     assert handler.lookup(ImportError(), None) == import_error_handler
     assert handler.lookup(ModuleNotFoundError(), None) == import_error_handler
     assert handler.lookup(CustomError(), None) == custom_error_handler
     assert handler.lookup(ServerError("Error"), None) == server_error_handler
-    assert (
-        handler.lookup(CustomServerError("Error"), None)
-        == server_error_handler
-    )
+    assert handler.lookup(CustomServerError("Error"), None) == server_error_handler
 
 
 def test_exception_handler_processed_request_middleware(
diff --git a/tests/test_ext_integration.py b/tests/test_ext_integration.py
index 228d7624..e2340e25 100644
--- a/tests/test_ext_integration.py
+++ b/tests/test_ext_integration.py
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 import sys
 
-from unittest.mock import MagicMock
-
 import pytest
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 
-
 try:
-    import sanic_ext
+    import sanic_ext  # noqa: F401
 
     SANIC_EXT_IN_ENV = True
 except ImportError:
@@ -65,9 +62,7 @@ def test_extend_cannot_be_called_multiple_times(app: Sanic, sanic_ext):
 )
 def test_fail_if_not_loaded(app: Sanic):
     del sys.modules["sanic_ext"]
-    with pytest.raises(
-        RuntimeError, match="Sanic Extensions is not installed.*"
-    ):
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Sanic Extensions is not installed.*"):
         app.extend(built_in_extensions=False)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_graceful_shutdown.py b/tests/test_graceful_shutdown.py
index d125ba3d..fcc9958f 100644
--- a/tests/test_graceful_shutdown.py
+++ b/tests/test_graceful_shutdown.py
@@ -5,13 +5,10 @@ from pytest import LogCaptureFixture
 
 from sanic.response import empty
 
-
 PORT = 42101
 
 
-def test_no_exceptions_when_cancel_pending_request(
-    app, caplog: LogCaptureFixture
-):
+def test_no_exceptions_when_cancel_pending_request(app, caplog: LogCaptureFixture):
     app.config.GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT = 1
 
     @app.get("/")
diff --git a/tests/test_headers.py b/tests/test_headers.py
index fbf13d25..1f74cfb0 100644
--- a/tests/test_headers.py
+++ b/tests/test_headers.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def raised_ceiling():
             # Chrome, Firefox:
             # Content-Disposition: form-data; name="foo%22;bar\"; filename="😀"
             'form-data; name="foo%22;bar\\"; filename="😀"',
-            ("form-data", {"name": 'foo";bar\\', "filename": "😀"})
+            ("form-data", {"name": 'foo";bar\\', "filename": "😀"}),
             # cgi: ('form-data', {'name': 'foo%22;bar"; filename="😀'})
             # werkzeug (pre 2.3.0): ('form-data', {'name': 'foo%22;bar"; filename='})
         ),
@@ -243,9 +243,7 @@ def test_accept_parsed_against_str():
 
 
 def test_media_type_matching():
-    assert headers.MediaType("foo", "bar").match(
-        headers.MediaType("foo", "bar")
-    )
+    assert headers.MediaType("foo", "bar").match(headers.MediaType("foo", "bar"))
     assert headers.MediaType("foo", "bar").match("foo/bar")
 
 
@@ -365,31 +363,23 @@ def test_accept_ordering(raw):
 
 def test_not_accept_wildcard():
     accept = headers.parse_accept("*/*, foo/*, */bar, foo/bar;q=0.1")
-    assert not accept.match(
-        "text/html", "foo/foo", "bar/bar", accept_wildcards=False
-    )
+    assert not accept.match("text/html", "foo/foo", "bar/bar", accept_wildcards=False)
     # Should ignore wildcards in accept but still matches them from mimes
     m = accept.match("text/plain", "*/*", accept_wildcards=False)
     assert m.mime == "*/*"
     assert m.match("*/*")
     assert m.header == "foo/bar"
-    assert not accept.match(
-        "text/html", "foo/foo", "bar/bar", accept_wildcards=False
-    )
+    assert not accept.match("text/html", "foo/foo", "bar/bar", accept_wildcards=False)
 
 
 def test_accept_misc():
-    header = (
-        "foo/bar;q=0.0, */plain;param=123, text/plain, text/*, foo/bar;q=0.5"
-    )
+    header = "foo/bar;q=0.0, */plain;param=123, text/plain, text/*, foo/bar;q=0.5"
     a = headers.parse_accept(header)
     assert repr(a) == (
-        "[*/plain;param=123, text/plain, text/*, "
-        "foo/bar;q=0.5, foo/bar;q=0.0]"
+        "[*/plain;param=123, text/plain, text/*, " "foo/bar;q=0.5, foo/bar;q=0.0]"
     )  # noqa: E501
     assert str(a) == (
-        "*/plain;param=123, text/plain, text/*, "
-        "foo/bar;q=0.5, foo/bar;q=0.0"
+        "*/plain;param=123, text/plain, text/*, " "foo/bar;q=0.5, foo/bar;q=0.0"
     )  # noqa: E501
     # q=1 types don't match foo/bar but match the two others,
     # text/* comes first and matches */plain because it
@@ -402,7 +392,7 @@ def test_accept_misc():
     assert m.header.type == "*"
     assert m.header.subtype == "plain"
     assert m.header.q == 1.0
-    assert m.header.params == dict(param="123")
+    assert m.header.params == {"param": "123"}
     # Matches object against another Matched object (by mime and header)
     assert m == a.match("text/*")
     # Against unsupported type falls back to object id matching
diff --git a/tests/test_http.py b/tests/test_http.py
index ca2e86c0..11554663 100644
--- a/tests/test_http.py
+++ b/tests/test_http.py
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 import json as stdjson
-
 from collections import namedtuple
 from pathlib import Path
 from sys import version_info
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.reusable import ReusableClient
 
 from sanic import json, text
 from sanic.app import Sanic
 from tests.client import RawClient
 
-
 parent_dir = Path(__file__).parent
 localhost_dir = parent_dir / "certs/localhost"
 
diff --git a/tests/test_http_alt_svc.py b/tests/test_http_alt_svc.py
index 1184a8dd..a7c74a77 100644
--- a/tests/test_http_alt_svc.py
+++ b/tests/test_http_alt_svc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import sys
-
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
@@ -8,7 +7,6 @@ from sanic.app import Sanic
 from sanic.response import empty
 from tests.client import RawClient
 
-
 parent_dir = Path(__file__).parent
 localhost_dir = parent_dir / "certs/localhost"
 
diff --git a/tests/test_json_decoding.py b/tests/test_json_decoding.py
index 57fdbc6b..0c871a4c 100644
--- a/tests/test_json_decoding.py
+++ b/tests/test_json_decoding.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from json import loads as sloads
 
 import pytest
 
-
 try:
     from ujson import loads as uloads
 
diff --git a/tests/test_json_encoding.py b/tests/test_json_encoding.py
index f581b3e3..1d652205 100644
--- a/tests/test_json_encoding.py
+++ b/tests/test_json_encoding.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import sys
-
 from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
 from functools import partial
 from json import dumps as sdumps
@@ -8,15 +7,11 @@ from typing import Dict
 
 import pytest
 
-
 try:
     import ujson
-
     from ujson import dumps as udumps
 
-    ujson_version = tuple(
-        map(int, ujson.__version__.strip(ascii_lowercase).split("."))
-    )
+    ujson_version = tuple(map(int, ujson.__version__.strip(ascii_lowercase).split(".")))
 
     NO_UJSON = False
     DEFAULT_DUMPS = udumps
@@ -72,15 +67,11 @@ def test_json_response_ujson(payload: Dict[str, Foo]):
     response = json(payload)
     assert response.body == b'{"foo":{"bar":"bar"}}'
 
-    with pytest.raises(
-        TypeError, match="Object of type Foo is not JSON serializable"
-    ):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Object of type Foo is not JSON serializable"):
         json(payload, dumps=sdumps)
 
     Sanic("Test", dumps=sdumps)
-    with pytest.raises(
-        TypeError, match="Object of type Foo is not JSON serializable"
-    ):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Object of type Foo is not JSON serializable"):
         json(payload)
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_keep_alive_timeout.py b/tests/test_keep_alive_timeout.py
index a69ae49b..7505294e 100644
--- a/tests/test_keep_alive_timeout.py
+++ b/tests/test_keep_alive_timeout.py
@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
 import asyncio
 import platform
-
 from asyncio import sleep as aio_sleep
 from itertools import count
 from os import environ
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.reusable import ReusableClient
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.compat import OS_IS_WINDOWS
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 CONFIG_FOR_TESTS = {"KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT": 2, "KEEP_ALIVE": True}
 
 PORT = 42001  # test_keep_alive_timeout_reuse doesn't work with random port
@@ -75,9 +72,7 @@ def test_keep_alive_timeout_reuse():
         port = get_port()
         loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
         asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
-        client = ReusableClient(
-            keep_alive_timeout_app_reuse, loop=loop, port=port
-        )
+        client = ReusableClient(keep_alive_timeout_app_reuse, loop=loop, port=port)
         try:
             with client:
                 headers = {"Connection": "keep-alive"}
@@ -116,14 +111,10 @@ def test_keep_alive_client_timeout():
             port = get_port()
             loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
             asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
-            client = ReusableClient(
-                keep_alive_app_client_timeout, loop=loop, port=port
-            )
+            client = ReusableClient(keep_alive_app_client_timeout, loop=loop, port=port)
             with client:
                 headers = {"Connection": "keep-alive"}
-                request, response = client.get(
-                    "/1", headers=headers, timeout=1
-                )
+                request, response = client.get("/1", headers=headers, timeout=1)
 
                 assert response.status == 200
                 assert response.text == "OK"
@@ -156,14 +147,10 @@ def test_keep_alive_server_timeout():
             port = get_port()
             loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
             asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
-            client = ReusableClient(
-                keep_alive_app_server_timeout, loop=loop, port=port
-            )
+            client = ReusableClient(keep_alive_app_server_timeout, loop=loop, port=port)
             with client:
                 headers = {"Connection": "keep-alive"}
-                request, response = client.get(
-                    "/1", headers=headers, timeout=60
-                )
+                request, response = client.get("/1", headers=headers, timeout=60)
 
                 assert response.status == 200
                 assert response.text == "OK"
@@ -193,9 +180,7 @@ def test_keep_alive_connection_context():
             port = get_port()
             loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
             asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
-            client = ReusableClient(
-                keep_alive_app_context, loop=loop, port=port
-            )
+            client = ReusableClient(keep_alive_app_context, loop=loop, port=port)
             with client:
                 headers = {"Connection": "keep-alive"}
                 request1, _ = client.post("/ctx", headers=headers)
@@ -206,9 +191,7 @@ def test_keep_alive_connection_context():
                 assert response.text == "hello"
                 assert id(request1.conn_info.ctx) == id(request2.conn_info.ctx)
                 assert (
-                    request1.conn_info.ctx.foo
-                    == request2.conn_info.ctx.foo
-                    == "hello"
+                    request1.conn_info.ctx.foo == request2.conn_info.ctx.foo == "hello"
                 )
                 assert request2.protocol.state["requests_count"] == 2
         except OSError:
diff --git a/tests/test_logging.py b/tests/test_logging.py
index 3a7ba4f5..84502cad 100644
--- a/tests/test_logging.py
+++ b/tests/test_logging.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import logging
 import uuid
-
 from importlib import reload
 from io import StringIO
 from unittest.mock import Mock
@@ -8,12 +7,10 @@ from unittest.mock import Mock
 import pytest
 
 import sanic
-
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.log import LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS, Colors, logger
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 logging_format = """module: %(module)s; \
 function: %(funcName)s(); \
 message: %(message)s"""
@@ -28,9 +25,7 @@ def test_log(app):
     log_stream = StringIO()
     for handler in logging.root.handlers[:]:
         logging.root.removeHandler(handler)
-    logging.basicConfig(
-        format=logging_format, level=logging.DEBUG, stream=log_stream
-    )
+    logging.basicConfig(format=logging_format, level=logging.DEBUG, stream=log_stream)
     logging.getLogger("asyncio").setLevel(logging.WARNING)
     log = logging.getLogger()
     rand_string = str(uuid.uuid4())
@@ -50,26 +45,13 @@ def test_logging_defaults():
     Sanic("test_logging")
 
     for fmt in [h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.root").handlers]:
-        assert (
-            fmt._fmt
-            == LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS["formatters"]["generic"]["format"]
-        )
+        assert fmt._fmt == LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS["formatters"]["generic"]["format"]
 
-    for fmt in [
-        h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.error").handlers
-    ]:
-        assert (
-            fmt._fmt
-            == LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS["formatters"]["generic"]["format"]
-        )
+    for fmt in [h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.error").handlers]:
+        assert fmt._fmt == LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS["formatters"]["generic"]["format"]
 
-    for fmt in [
-        h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.access").handlers
-    ]:
-        assert (
-            fmt._fmt
-            == LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS["formatters"]["access"]["format"]
-        )
+    for fmt in [h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.access").handlers]:
+        assert fmt._fmt == LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS["formatters"]["access"]["format"]
 
 
 def test_logging_pass_customer_logconfig():
@@ -88,14 +70,10 @@ def test_logging_pass_customer_logconfig():
     for fmt in [h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.root").handlers]:
         assert fmt._fmt == modified_config["formatters"]["generic"]["format"]
 
-    for fmt in [
-        h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.error").handlers
-    ]:
+    for fmt in [h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.error").handlers]:
         assert fmt._fmt == modified_config["formatters"]["generic"]["format"]
 
-    for fmt in [
-        h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.access").handlers
-    ]:
+    for fmt in [h.formatter for h in logging.getLogger("sanic.access").handlers]:
         assert fmt._fmt == modified_config["formatters"]["access"]["format"]
 
 
@@ -111,9 +89,7 @@ def test_log_connection_lost(app, debug, monkeypatch):
     stream = StringIO()
     error = logging.getLogger("sanic.error")
     error.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(stream))
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        sanic.server.protocols.http_protocol, "error_logger", error
-    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sanic.server.protocols.http_protocol, "error_logger", error)
 
     @app.route("/conn_lost")
     async def conn_lost(request):
@@ -237,9 +213,7 @@ def test_verbosity(app, caplog, app_verbosity, log_verbosity, exists):
         return text("hello")
 
     with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
-        _ = app.test_client.get(
-            "/", server_kwargs={"verbosity": app_verbosity}
-        )
+        _ = app.test_client.get("/", server_kwargs={"verbosity": app_verbosity})
 
     record = ("sanic.root", logging.INFO, rand_string)
 
diff --git a/tests/test_logo.py b/tests/test_logo.py
index 9f3eea2a..72837277 100644
--- a/tests/test_logo.py
+++ b/tests/test_logo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import os
 import sys
-
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_middleware.py b/tests/test_middleware.py
index 6589f4a4..85336ad9 100644
--- a/tests/test_middleware.py
+++ b/tests/test_middleware.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import logging
-
 from asyncio import CancelledError, sleep
 from itertools import count
 
@@ -7,7 +6,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import NotFound
 from sanic.request import Request
 from sanic.response import HTTPResponse, json, text
 
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
 #  GET
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
diff --git a/tests/test_middleware_priority.py b/tests/test_middleware_priority.py
index c16f658b..abb0189f 100644
--- a/tests/test_middleware_priority.py
+++ b/tests/test_middleware_priority.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.middleware import Middleware, MiddlewareLocation
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 PRIORITY_TEST_CASES = (
     ([0, 1, 2], [1, 1, 1]),
     ([0, 1, 2], [1, 1, None]),
diff --git a/tests/test_motd.py b/tests/test_motd.py
index 2e9eeab7..f9d76326 100644
--- a/tests/test_motd.py
+++ b/tests/test_motd.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging
 import os
 import platform
 import sys
-
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -75,9 +74,7 @@ def test_reload_dirs(app):
     app.config.AUTO_RELOAD = True
 
     with patch.object(MOTD, "output") as mock:
-        app.prepare(
-            reload_dir="./", auto_reload=True, motd_display={"foo": "bar"}
-        )
+        app.prepare(reload_dir="./", auto_reload=True, motd_display={"foo": "bar"})
     mock.assert_called()
     assert mock.call_args.args[2]["auto-reload"] == f"enabled, {os.getcwd()}"
     assert mock.call_args.args[3] == {"foo": "bar"}
diff --git a/tests/test_multiprocessing.py b/tests/test_multiprocessing.py
index 6e5569d1..d7e3bd0b 100644
--- a/tests/test_multiprocessing.py
+++ b/tests/test_multiprocessing.py
@@ -4,17 +4,14 @@ import pickle
 import random
 import signal
 import sys
-
 from asyncio import sleep
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.testing import HOST, PORT
 
 from sanic import Blueprint, text
 from sanic.compat import use_context
 from sanic.log import logger
-from sanic.server.socket import configure_socket
 
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(
@@ -165,11 +162,5 @@ def test_main_process_event(app, caplog):
         with caplog.at_level(logging.INFO):
             app.run(HOST, PORT, workers=num_workers)
 
-    assert (
-        caplog.record_tuples.count(("sanic.root", 20, "main_process_start"))
-        == 2
-    )
-    assert (
-        caplog.record_tuples.count(("sanic.root", 20, "main_process_stop"))
-        == 2
-    )
+    assert caplog.record_tuples.count(("sanic.root", 20, "main_process_start")) == 2
+    assert caplog.record_tuples.count(("sanic.root", 20, "main_process_stop")) == 2
diff --git a/tests/test_named_routes.py b/tests/test_named_routes.py
index b4ab249b..ac48cc8f 100644
--- a/tests/test_named_routes.py
+++ b/tests/test_named_routes.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 import asyncio
 
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ from sanic.constants import HTTP_METHODS
 from sanic.exceptions import URLBuildError
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
 #  UTF-8
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
@@ -285,9 +283,7 @@ def test_dynamic_named_route_path():
 def test_dynamic_named_route_unhashable():
     app = Sanic("app")
 
-    @app.route(
-        "/folder/<unhashable:[A-Za-z0-9/]+>/end/", name="route_unhashable"
-    )
+    @app.route("/folder/<unhashable:[A-Za-z0-9/]+>/end/", name="route_unhashable")
     async def handler(request, unhashable):
         return text("OK")
 
@@ -368,10 +364,7 @@ def test_dynamic_add_named_route():
         return text("OK")
 
     app.add_route(handler, "/folder/<name>", name="route_dynamic")
-    assert (
-        app.router.routes_all[("folder", "<name:str>")].name
-        == "app.route_dynamic"
-    )
+    assert app.router.routes_all[("folder", "<name:str>")].name == "app.route_dynamic"
     assert app.url_for("route_dynamic", name="test") == "/folder/test"
     with pytest.raises(URLBuildError):
         app.url_for("handler")
diff --git a/tests/test_pipelining.py b/tests/test_pipelining.py
index 49d113c9..d3a4f7a5 100644
--- a/tests/test_pipelining.py
+++ b/tests/test_pipelining.py
@@ -95,6 +95,4 @@ def test_bad_headers(app):
 
     assert response1.status == 200
     assert response2.status == 413
-    assert (
-        response1.headers["x-request-id"] != response2.headers["x-request-id"]
-    )
+    assert response1.headers["x-request-id"] != response2.headers["x-request-id"]
diff --git a/tests/test_prepare.py b/tests/test_prepare.py
index 79786964..5fd55410 100644
--- a/tests/test_prepare.py
+++ b/tests/test_prepare.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import logging
 import os
-
 from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
diff --git a/tests/test_reloader.py b/tests/test_reloader.py
index ad8c5665..1e5726a4 100644
--- a/tests/test_reloader.py
+++ b/tests/test_reloader.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import os
 import secrets
 import sys
-
 from contextlib import suppress
 from subprocess import PIPE, Popen, TimeoutExpired
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ from time import sleep
 
 import pytest
 
-
 # We need to interrupt the autoreloader without killing it, so that the server gets terminated
 # https://stefan.sofa-rockers.org/2013/08/15/handling-sub-process-hierarchies-python-linux-os-x/
 
@@ -129,10 +127,10 @@ def scanner(proc, trigger="complete"):
             yield line
 
 
-argv = dict(
-    script=[sys.executable, "reloader.py"],
-    module=[sys.executable, "-m", "reloader"],
-    sanic=[
+argv = {
+    "script": [sys.executable, "reloader.py"],
+    "module": [sys.executable, "-m", "reloader"],
+    "sanic": [
         sys.executable,
         "-m",
         "sanic",
@@ -141,14 +139,14 @@ argv = dict(
         "--auto-reload",
         "reloader.app",
     ],
-)
+}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "runargs, mode",
     [
-        (dict(port=42202, auto_reload=True), "script"),
-        (dict(port=42203, auto_reload=True), "module"),
+        ({"port": 42202, "auto_reload": True}, "script"),
+        ({"port": 42203, "auto_reload": True}, "module"),
         ({}, "sanic"),
     ],
 )
@@ -180,8 +178,8 @@ async def test_reloader_live(runargs, mode):
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "runargs, mode",
     [
-        (dict(port=42302, auto_reload=True), "script"),
-        (dict(port=42303, auto_reload=True), "module"),
+        ({"port": 42302, "auto_reload": True}, "script"),
+        ({"port": 42303, "auto_reload": True}, "module"),
         ({}, "sanic"),
     ],
 )
@@ -222,9 +220,7 @@ def test_reload_listeners():
             filename, port=42305, auto_reload=True
         )
 
-        proc = Popen(
-            argv["script"], cwd=tmpdir, stdout=PIPE, creationflags=flags
-        )
+        proc = Popen(argv["script"], cwd=tmpdir, stdout=PIPE, creationflags=flags)
         try:
             timeout = Timer(TIMER_DELAY, terminate, [proc])
             timeout.start()
diff --git a/tests/test_request.py b/tests/test_request.py
index 2a527043..5158ed23 100644
--- a/tests/test_request.py
+++ b/tests/test_request.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import uuid
-
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 from uuid import UUID, uuid4
 
@@ -76,9 +75,7 @@ def test_request_id(request_id, expected_type):
     async def get(request):
         return response.empty()
 
-    request, _ = app.test_client.get(
-        "/", headers={"X-REQUEST-ID": f"{request_id}"}
-    )
+    request, _ = app.test_client.get("/", headers={"X-REQUEST-ID": f"{request_id}"})
     assert request.id == request_id
     assert type(request.id) == expected_type
 
@@ -169,9 +166,7 @@ def test_request_accept():
     assert match.header.mime == "text/plain"
     assert match.header.params == {"format": "flowed"}
 
-    header_value = (
-        "text/plain; q=0.5,   text/html, text/x-dvi; q=0.8, text/x-c"
-    )
+    header_value = "text/plain; q=0.5,   text/html, text/x-dvi; q=0.8, text/x-c"
     request, _ = app.test_client.get(
         "/",
         headers={"Accept": header_value},
diff --git a/tests/test_request_data.py b/tests/test_request_data.py
index 51f2b230..3e37f239 100644
--- a/tests/test_request_data.py
+++ b/tests/test_request_data.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import random
 
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 try:
     from ujson import loads
 except ImportError:
diff --git a/tests/test_request_stream.py b/tests/test_request_stream.py
index 1513f878..0d7bd1d8 100644
--- a/tests/test_request_stream.py
+++ b/tests/test_request_stream.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from sanic.response import json, text
 from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
 from sanic.views import stream as stream_decorator
 
-
 data = "abc" * 1_000_000
 
 
@@ -370,9 +369,7 @@ def test_request_stream_blueprint(app):
             result += body.decode("utf-8")
         return text(result)
 
-    bp.add_route(
-        post_add_route, "/post/add_route", methods=["POST"], stream=True
-    )
+    bp.add_route(post_add_route, "/post/add_route", methods=["POST"], stream=True)
     app.blueprint(bp)
 
     request, response = app.test_client.get("/get")
@@ -573,7 +570,7 @@ def test_streaming_echo():
 
     async def client(app, reader, writer):
         # Unfortunately httpx does not support 2-way streaming, so do it by hand.
-        host = f"host: localhost:8000\r\n".encode()
+        host = b"host: localhost:8000\r\n"
         writer.write(
             b"POST /echo HTTP/1.1\r\n" + host + b"content-length: 2\r\n"
             b"content-type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n"
@@ -581,7 +578,7 @@ def test_streaming_echo():
         )
         # Read response
         res = b""
-        while not b"\r\n\r\n" in res:
+        while b"\r\n\r\n" not in res:
             res += await reader.read(4096)
         assert res.startswith(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n")
         assert res.endswith(b"\r\n\r\n")
@@ -589,7 +586,7 @@ def test_streaming_echo():
 
         async def read_chunk():
             nonlocal buffer
-            while not b"\r\n" in buffer:
+            while b"\r\n" not in buffer:
                 data = await reader.read(4096)
                 assert data
                 buffer += data
@@ -618,6 +615,6 @@ def test_streaming_echo():
         assert res == b"-"
 
         res = await read_chunk()
-        assert res == None
+        assert res is None
 
     app.run(access_log=False, single_process=True)
diff --git a/tests/test_requests.py b/tests/test_requests.py
index 6719025b..ea6c998a 100644
--- a/tests/test_requests.py
+++ b/tests/test_requests.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import base64
 import logging
-
 from json import dumps as json_dumps
 from json import loads as json_loads
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.testing import (
     ASGI_BASE_URL,
     ASGI_PORT,
@@ -70,9 +68,7 @@ async def test_url_asgi(app):
 
     request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/")
 
-    if response.body.decode().endswith("/") and not ASGI_BASE_URL.endswith(
-        "/"
-    ):
+    if response.body.decode().endswith("/") and not ASGI_BASE_URL.endswith("/"):
         response.body[:-1] == ASGI_BASE_URL.encode()
     else:
         assert response.body == ASGI_BASE_URL.encode()
@@ -389,9 +385,7 @@ def test_token(app, auth_type, token):
     if token:
         headers = {
             "content-type": "application/json",
-            "Authorization": f"{auth_type} {token}"
-            if auth_type
-            else f"{token}",
+            "Authorization": f"{auth_type} {token}" if auth_type else f"{token}",
         }
     else:
         headers = {"content-type": "application/json"}
@@ -428,9 +422,7 @@ def test_credentials(app, capfd, auth_type, token, username, password):
     if token:
         headers = {
             "content-type": "application/json",
-            "Authorization": f"{auth_type} {token}"
-            if auth_type
-            else f"{token}",
+            "Authorization": f"{auth_type} {token}" if auth_type else f"{token}",
         }
     else:
         headers = {"content-type": "application/json"}
@@ -651,9 +643,7 @@ async def test_standard_forwarded_asgi(app):
     assert response.json == {"for": "127.0.0.2", "proto": "ws"}
 
     # Header present but not matching anything
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.get(
-        "/", headers={"Forwarded": "."}
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers={"Forwarded": "."})
     assert response.json == {}
 
     # Forwarded header present but no matching secret -> use X-headers
@@ -755,9 +745,7 @@ def test_remote_addr_with_two_proxies(app):
     assert request.remote_addr == "127.0.0.1"
     assert response.body == b"127.0.0.1"
 
-    headers = {
-        "X-Forwarded-For": ", 127.0.2.2, ,  ,127.0.0.1, ,   ,,127.0.1.2"
-    }
+    headers = {"X-Forwarded-For": ", 127.0.2.2, ,  ,127.0.0.1, ,   ,,127.0.1.2"}
     request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers=headers)
     assert request.remote_addr == "127.0.0.1"
     assert response.body == b"127.0.0.1"
@@ -796,9 +784,7 @@ async def test_remote_addr_with_two_proxies_asgi(app):
     assert request.remote_addr == "127.0.0.1"
     assert response.body == b"127.0.0.1"
 
-    headers = {
-        "X-Forwarded-For": ", 127.0.2.2, ,  ,127.0.0.1, ,   ,,127.0.1.2"
-    }
+    headers = {"X-Forwarded-For": ", 127.0.2.2, ,  ,127.0.0.1, ,   ,,127.0.1.2"}
     request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/", headers=headers)
     assert request.remote_addr == "127.0.0.1"
     assert response.body == b"127.0.0.1"
@@ -994,9 +980,7 @@ def test_post_form_urlencoded(app):
     payload = "test=OK"
     headers = {"content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert request.form.get("test") == "OK"
     assert request.form.get("test") == "OK"  # For request.parsed_form
@@ -1011,9 +995,7 @@ async def test_post_form_urlencoded_asgi(app):
     payload = "test=OK"
     headers = {"content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
 
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert request.form.get("test") == "OK"
     assert request.form.get("test") == "OK"  # For request.parsed_form
@@ -1028,9 +1010,7 @@ def test_post_form_urlencoded_keep_blanks(app):
     payload = "test="
     headers = {"content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert request.form.get("test") == ""
     assert request.form.get("test") == ""  # For request.parsed_form
@@ -1046,9 +1026,7 @@ async def test_post_form_urlencoded_keep_blanks_asgi(app):
     payload = "test="
     headers = {"content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
 
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert request.form.get("test") == ""
     assert request.form.get("test") == ""  # For request.parsed_form
@@ -1062,9 +1040,7 @@ def test_post_form_urlencoded_drop_blanks(app):
     payload = "test="
     headers = {"content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert "test" not in request.form.keys()
 
@@ -1078,9 +1054,7 @@ async def test_post_form_urlencoded_drop_blanks_asgi(app):
     payload = "test="
     headers = {"content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
 
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert "test" not in request.form.keys()
 
@@ -1135,9 +1109,7 @@ async def test_post_form_multipart_form_data_asgi(app, payload):
 
     headers = {"content-type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=----sanic"}
 
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert request.form.get("test") == "OK"
 
@@ -1202,9 +1174,7 @@ def test_form_with_multiple_values(app):
 
     headers = {"content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert request.form.getlist("selectedItems") == ["v1", "v2", "v3"]
 
@@ -1219,9 +1189,7 @@ async def test_form_with_multiple_values_asgi(app):
 
     headers = {"content-type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
 
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     assert request.form.getlist("selectedItems") == ["v1", "v2", "v3"]
 
@@ -1447,9 +1415,7 @@ def test_request_multipart_file_without_field_name(app, caplog):
 
     headers = {"content-type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=------sanic"}
 
-    request, _ = app.test_client.post(
-        data=payload, headers=headers, debug=True
-    )
+    request, _ = app.test_client.post(data=payload, headers=headers, debug=True)
     with caplog.at_level(logging.DEBUG):
         request.form
 
@@ -1486,9 +1452,7 @@ def test_request_multipart_file_duplicate_filed_name(app):
         "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=e73ffaa8b1b2472b8ec848de833cb05b"
     }
 
-    request, _ = app.test_client.post(
-        data=payload, headers=headers, debug=True
-    )
+    request, _ = app.test_client.post(data=payload, headers=headers, debug=True)
     assert request.form.getlist("file") == [
         '{"test":"json"}',
         '{"test":"json2"}',
@@ -1609,9 +1573,7 @@ def test_request_parsing_form_failed(app, caplog):
     payload = "test=OK"
     headers = {"content-type": "multipart/form-data"}
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     with caplog.at_level(logging.ERROR):
         request.form
@@ -1632,9 +1594,7 @@ async def test_request_parsing_form_failed_asgi(app, caplog):
     payload = "test=OK"
     headers = {"content-type": "multipart/form-data"}
 
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post(
-        "/", data=payload, headers=headers
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.post("/", data=payload, headers=headers)
 
     with caplog.at_level(logging.ERROR):
         request.form
@@ -1745,9 +1705,7 @@ def test_request_query_args_custom_parsing(app):
     def handler(request):
         return text("pass")
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/?test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3"
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.get("/?test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3")
 
     assert request.get_query_args(keep_blank_values=True) == [
         ("test1", "value1"),
@@ -1764,9 +1722,7 @@ def test_request_query_args_custom_parsing(app):
         {"test1": ["value1"], "test2": [""], "test3": ["value3"]}
     )
 
-    assert request.args == RequestParameters(
-        {"test1": ["value1"], "test3": ["value3"]}
-    )
+    assert request.args == RequestParameters({"test1": ["value1"], "test3": ["value3"]})
 
     assert request.get_args(keep_blank_values=False) == RequestParameters(
         {"test1": ["value1"], "test3": ["value3"]}
@@ -1779,9 +1735,7 @@ async def test_request_query_args_custom_parsing_asgi(app):
     def handler(request):
         return text("pass")
 
-    request, response = await app.asgi_client.get(
-        "/?test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3"
-    )
+    request, response = await app.asgi_client.get("/?test1=value1&test2=&test3=value3")
 
     assert request.get_query_args(keep_blank_values=True) == [
         ("test1", "value1"),
@@ -1798,9 +1752,7 @@ async def test_request_query_args_custom_parsing_asgi(app):
         {"test1": ["value1"], "test2": [""], "test3": ["value3"]}
     )
 
-    assert request.args == RequestParameters(
-        {"test1": ["value1"], "test3": ["value3"]}
-    )
+    assert request.args == RequestParameters({"test1": ["value1"], "test3": ["value3"]})
 
     assert request.get_args(keep_blank_values=False) == RequestParameters(
         {"test1": ["value1"], "test3": ["value3"]}
@@ -1909,9 +1861,7 @@ def test_request_server_name_in_host_header(app):
     def handler(request):
         return text("OK")
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/", headers={"Host": "my-server:5555"}
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers={"Host": "my-server:5555"})
     assert request.server_name == "my-server"
 
     request, response = app.test_client.get(
@@ -1919,9 +1869,7 @@ def test_request_server_name_in_host_header(app):
     )
     assert request.server_name == "[2a00:1450:400f:80c::200e]"
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/", headers={"Host": "mal_formed"}
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers={"Host": "mal_formed"})
     assert request.server_name == ""
 
 
@@ -1957,9 +1905,7 @@ def test_request_server_port_in_host_header(app):
     def handler(request):
         return text("OK")
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/", headers={"Host": "my-server:5555"}
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers={"Host": "my-server:5555"})
     assert request.server_port == 5555
 
     request, response = app.test_client.get(
@@ -1967,9 +1913,7 @@ def test_request_server_port_in_host_header(app):
     )
     assert request.server_port == 5555
 
-    request, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/", headers={"Host": "mal_formed:5555"}
-    )
+    request, response = app.test_client.get("/", headers={"Host": "mal_formed:5555"})
     if PORT is None:
         assert request.server_port != 5555
     else:
@@ -2011,11 +1955,11 @@ def test_server_name_and_url_for(app):
     app.config.SERVER_NAME = "my-server"  # This means default port
     assert app.url_for("handler", _external=True) == "http://my-server/foo"
     request, response = app.test_client.get("/foo")
-    assert request.url_for("handler") == f"http://my-server/foo"
+    assert request.url_for("handler") == "http://my-server/foo"
 
     app.config.SERVER_NAME = "https://my-server/path"
     request, response = app.test_client.get("/foo")
-    url = f"https://my-server/path/foo"
+    url = "https://my-server/path/foo"
     assert app.url_for("handler", _external=True) == url
     assert request.url_for("handler") == url
 
@@ -2040,13 +1984,8 @@ def test_url_for_with_forwarded_request(app):
         },
     )
     assert app.url_for("view_name") == "/another_view"
-    assert (
-        app.url_for("view_name", _external=True)
-        == "http://my-server/another_view"
-    )
-    assert (
-        request.url_for("view_name") == "https://my-server:6789/another_view"
-    )
+    assert app.url_for("view_name", _external=True) == "http://my-server/another_view"
+    assert request.url_for("view_name") == "https://my-server:6789/another_view"
 
     request, response = app.test_client.get(
         "/",
@@ -2161,10 +2100,7 @@ def test_url_for_without_server_name(app):
         return text("url-for")
 
     request, response = app.test_client.get("/sample")
-    assert (
-        response.json["url"]
-        == f"http://127.0.0.1:{request.server_port}/url-for"
-    )
+    assert response.json["url"] == f"http://127.0.0.1:{request.server_port}/url-for"
 
 
 def test_safe_method_with_body_ignored(app):
@@ -2180,7 +2116,7 @@ def test_safe_method_with_body_ignored(app):
     )
 
     assert request.body == b""
-    assert request.json == None
+    assert request.json is None
     assert response.body == b"OK"
 
 
@@ -2211,7 +2147,7 @@ async def test_conflicting_body_methods_overload_error(app: Sanic):
 
     with pytest.raises(
         ServerError,
-        match="Duplicate route names detected: test_conflicting_body_methods_overload_error\.put.*",
+        match=r"Duplicate route names detected: test_conflicting_body_methods_overload_error\.put.*",
     ):
         await app._startup()
 
@@ -2221,15 +2157,11 @@ def test_conflicting_body_methods_overload(app: Sanic):
     @app.put("/p/", name="two")
     @app.put("/p/<foo>", name="three")
     async def put(request, foo=None):
-        return json(
-            {"name": request.route.name, "body": str(request.body), "foo": foo}
-        )
+        return json({"name": request.route.name, "body": str(request.body), "foo": foo})
 
     @app.delete("/p/<foo>")
     async def delete(request, foo):
-        return json(
-            {"name": request.route.name, "body": str(request.body), "foo": foo}
-        )
+        return json({"name": request.route.name, "body": str(request.body), "foo": foo})
 
     payload = {"test": "OK"}
     data = str(json_dumps(payload).encode())
@@ -2260,7 +2192,7 @@ def test_conflicting_body_methods_overload(app: Sanic):
     assert response.json == {
         "name": "test_conflicting_body_methods_overload.delete",
         "foo": "test",
-        "body": str("".encode()),
+        "body": str(b""),
     }
 
 
@@ -2273,7 +2205,7 @@ async def test_handler_overload_error(app: Sanic):
 
     with pytest.raises(
         ServerError,
-        match="Duplicate route names detected: test_handler_overload_error\.handler.*",
+        match=r"Duplicate route names detected: test_handler_overload_error\.handler.*",
     ):
         await app._startup()
 
@@ -2287,9 +2219,7 @@ def test_handler_overload(app: Sanic):
     def handler(request, **kwargs):
         return json(kwargs)
 
-    _, response = app.test_client.get(
-        "/long/sub/route/param_a/foo/param_b/bar"
-    )
+    _, response = app.test_client.get("/long/sub/route/param_a/foo/param_b/bar")
     assert response.status == 200
     assert response.json == {
         "param_a": "foo",
diff --git a/tests/test_response.py b/tests/test_response.py
index db3036ea..806e622f 100644
--- a/tests/test_response.py
+++ b/tests/test_response.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import asyncio
 import inspect
 import os
 import time
-
 from collections import namedtuple
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from email.utils import formatdate, parsedate_to_datetime
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ from typing import Callable, List, Union
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
 import pytest
-
 from aiofiles import os as async_os
 from pytest import LogCaptureFixture
 
@@ -33,7 +31,6 @@ from sanic.response import (
     text,
 )
 
-
 JSON_DATA = {"ok": True}
 
 
@@ -130,14 +127,10 @@ def test_response_content_length(app):
         )
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/response_with_space")
-    content_length_for_response_with_space = response.headers.get(
-        "Content-Length"
-    )
+    content_length_for_response_with_space = response.headers.get("Content-Length")
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/response_without_space")
-    content_length_for_response_without_space = response.headers.get(
-        "Content-Length"
-    )
+    content_length_for_response_without_space = response.headers.get("Content-Length")
 
     assert (
         content_length_for_response_with_space
@@ -292,9 +285,7 @@ def test_stream_response_with_cookies(app):
         cookies = CookieJar(headers)
         cookies["test"] = "modified"
         cookies["test"] = "pass"
-        response = await request.respond(
-            content_type="text/csv", headers=headers
-        )
+        response = await request.respond(content_type="text/csv", headers=headers)
 
         await response.send("foo,")
         await asyncio.sleep(0.001)
@@ -343,9 +334,7 @@ def get_file_last_modified_timestamp(
     return (static_file_directory / file_name).stat().st_mtime
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("status", [200, 401])
 def test_file_response(app: Sanic, file_name, static_file_directory, status):
     @app.route("/files/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
@@ -372,9 +361,7 @@ def test_file_response(app: Sanic, file_name, static_file_directory, status):
         ("python.png", "logo.png"),
     ],
 )
-def test_file_response_custom_filename(
-    app: Sanic, source, dest, static_file_directory
-):
+def test_file_response_custom_filename(app: Sanic, source, dest, static_file_directory):
     @app.route("/files/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
     def file_route(request, filename):
         file_path = os.path.join(static_file_directory, filename)
@@ -384,10 +371,7 @@ def test_file_response_custom_filename(
     request, response = app.test_client.get(f"/files/{source}")
     assert response.status == 200
     assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, source)
-    assert (
-        response.headers["Content-Disposition"]
-        == f'attachment; filename="{dest}"'
-    )
+    assert response.headers["Content-Disposition"] == f'attachment; filename="{dest}"'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt"])
@@ -421,9 +405,7 @@ def test_file_head_response(app: Sanic, file_name, static_file_directory):
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
 def test_file_stream_response(app: Sanic, file_name, static_file_directory):
     @app.route("/files/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
     def file_route(request, filename):
@@ -461,16 +443,11 @@ def test_file_stream_response_custom_filename(
     request, response = app.test_client.get(f"/files/{source}")
     assert response.status == 200
     assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, source)
-    assert (
-        response.headers["Content-Disposition"]
-        == f'attachment; filename="{dest}"'
-    )
+    assert response.headers["Content-Disposition"] == f'attachment; filename="{dest}"'
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt"])
-def test_file_stream_head_response(
-    app: Sanic, file_name, static_file_directory
-):
+def test_file_stream_head_response(app: Sanic, file_name, static_file_directory):
     @app.route("/files/<filename>", methods=["GET", "HEAD"])
     async def file_route(request, filename):
         file_path = os.path.join(static_file_directory, filename)
@@ -507,12 +484,8 @@ def test_file_stream_head_response(
     )
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "size,start,end", [(1024, 0, 1024), (4096, 1024, 8192)]
-)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("size,start,end", [(1024, 0, 1024), (4096, 1024, 8192)])
 def test_file_stream_response_range(
     app: Sanic, file_name, static_file_directory, size, start, end
 ):
@@ -610,7 +583,7 @@ def test_multiple_responses(
 
     @app.get("/4")
     async def handler4(request: Request):
-        response = await request.respond(headers={"one": "one"})
+        await request.respond(headers={"one": "one"})
         return json({"foo": "bar"}, headers={"one": "two"})
 
     @app.get("/5")
@@ -641,11 +614,6 @@ def test_multiple_responses(
         "been responded to."
     )
 
-    error_msg3 = (
-        "Response stream was ended, no more "
-        "response data is allowed to be sent."
-    )
-
     with caplog.at_level(ERROR):
         _, response = app.test_client.get("/1")
         assert response.status == 200
@@ -708,8 +676,7 @@ def send_response_after_eof_should_fail(
     )
 
     error_msg2 = (
-        "Response stream was ended, no more "
-        "response data is allowed to be sent."
+        "Response stream was ended, no more " "response data is allowed to be sent."
     )
 
     with caplog.at_level(ERROR):
@@ -719,48 +686,30 @@ def send_response_after_eof_should_fail(
         assert message_in_records(caplog.records, error_msg2)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
-def test_file_response_headers(
-    app: Sanic, file_name: str, static_file_directory: str
-):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
+def test_file_response_headers(app: Sanic, file_name: str, static_file_directory: str):
     test_last_modified = datetime.now()
     test_max_age = 10
     test_expires = test_last_modified.timestamp() + test_max_age
 
     @app.route("/files/cached/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
     def file_route_cache(request: Request, filename: str):
-        file_path = (
-            Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)
-        ).absolute()
-        return file(
-            file_path, max_age=test_max_age, last_modified=test_last_modified
-        )
+        file_path = (Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)).absolute()
+        return file(file_path, max_age=test_max_age, last_modified=test_last_modified)
 
-    @app.route(
-        "/files/cached_default_last_modified/<filename>", methods=["GET"]
-    )
-    def file_route_cache_default_last_modified(
-        request: Request, filename: str
-    ):
-        file_path = (
-            Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)
-        ).absolute()
+    @app.route("/files/cached_default_last_modified/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
+    def file_route_cache_default_last_modified(request: Request, filename: str):
+        file_path = (Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)).absolute()
         return file(file_path, max_age=test_max_age)
 
     @app.route("/files/no_cache/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
     def file_route_no_cache(request: Request, filename: str):
-        file_path = (
-            Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)
-        ).absolute()
+        file_path = (Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)).absolute()
         return file(file_path)
 
     @app.route("/files/no_store/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
     def file_route_no_store(request: Request, filename: str):
-        file_path = (
-            Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)
-        ).absolute()
+        file_path = (Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)).absolute()
         return file(file_path, no_store=True)
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get(f"/files/cached/{file_name}")
@@ -769,12 +718,11 @@ def test_file_response_headers(
     assert (
         "cache-control" in headers
         and f"max-age={test_max_age}" in headers.get("cache-control")
-        and f"public" in headers.get("cache-control")
+        and "public" in headers.get("cache-control")
     )
     assert (
         "expires" in headers
-        and headers.get("expires")[:-6]
-        == formatdate(test_expires, usegmt=True)[:-6]
+        and headers.get("expires")[:-6] == formatdate(test_expires, usegmt=True)[:-6]
         # [:-6] to allow at most 1 min difference
         # It's minimal for cases like:
         # Thu, 26 May 2022 05:36:59 GMT
@@ -782,9 +730,9 @@ def test_file_response_headers(
         # Thu, 26 May 2022 05:37:00 GMT
     )
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert "last-modified" in headers and headers.get(
-        "last-modified"
-    ) == formatdate(test_last_modified.timestamp(), usegmt=True)
+    assert "last-modified" in headers and headers.get("last-modified") == formatdate(
+        test_last_modified.timestamp(), usegmt=True
+    )
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get(
         f"/files/cached_default_last_modified/{file_name}"
@@ -793,23 +741,19 @@ def test_file_response_headers(
         static_file_directory, file_name
     )
     headers = response.headers
-    assert "last-modified" in headers and headers.get(
-        "last-modified"
-    ) == formatdate(file_last_modified, usegmt=True)
+    assert "last-modified" in headers and headers.get("last-modified") == formatdate(
+        file_last_modified, usegmt=True
+    )
     assert response.status == 200
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get(f"/files/no_cache/{file_name}")
     headers = response.headers
-    assert "cache-control" in headers and f"no-cache" == headers.get(
-        "cache-control"
-    )
+    assert "cache-control" in headers and "no-cache" == headers.get("cache-control")
     assert response.status == 200
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get(f"/files/no_store/{file_name}")
     headers = response.headers
-    assert "cache-control" in headers and f"no-store" == headers.get(
-        "cache-control"
-    )
+    assert "cache-control" in headers and "no-store" == headers.get("cache-control")
     assert response.status == 200
 
 
@@ -857,17 +801,13 @@ def test_file_validate(app: Sanic, static_file_directory: str):
     file_path.unlink()
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
 def test_file_validating_invalid_header(
     app: Sanic, file_name: str, static_file_directory: str
 ):
     @app.route("/files/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
     def file_route(request: Request, filename: str):
-        handler_file_path = (
-            Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)
-        ).absolute()
+        handler_file_path = (Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)).absolute()
 
         return file(
             handler_file_path,
@@ -892,17 +832,13 @@ def test_file_validating_invalid_header(
     assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
 def test_file_validating_304_response(
     app: Sanic, file_name: str, static_file_directory: str
 ):
     @app.route("/files/<filename>", methods=["GET"])
     def file_route(request: Request, filename: str):
-        handler_file_path = (
-            Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)
-        ).absolute()
+        handler_file_path = (Path(static_file_directory) / unquote(filename)).absolute()
 
         return file(
             handler_file_path,
@@ -922,9 +858,7 @@ def test_file_validating_304_response(
     assert response.body == b""
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
 def test_file_validating_304_response(
     app: Sanic, file_name: str, static_file_directory: str
 ):
@@ -938,9 +872,7 @@ def test_file_validating_304_response(
     _, response = app.test_client.get(
         "/static",
         headers={
-            "if-modified-since": formatdate(
-                last_modified.timestamp(), usegmt=True
-            )
+            "if-modified-since": formatdate(last_modified.timestamp(), usegmt=True)
         },
     )
     assert response.status == 304
diff --git a/tests/test_response_json.py b/tests/test_response_json.py
index aa1c61dd..69179925 100644
--- a/tests/test_response_json.py
+++ b/tests/test_response_json.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import json
-
 from functools import partial
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import SanicException
 from sanic.response import json as json_response
 from sanic.response.types import JSONResponse
 
-
 JSON_BODY = {"ok": True}
 json_dumps = partial(json.dumps, separators=(",", ":"))
 
@@ -117,7 +115,7 @@ def test_custom_dumps_and_kwargs(json_app: Sanic):
         return json_response(JSON_BODY, dumps=custom_dumps, prry="platypus")
 
     _, resp = json_app.test_client.get("/json-custom")
-    assert resp.body == "custom".encode()
+    assert resp.body == b"custom"
     custom_dumps.assert_called_once_with(JSON_BODY, prry="platypus")
 
 
@@ -135,7 +133,7 @@ def test_override_dumps_and_kwargs(json_app: Sanic):
 
     _, resp = json_app.test_client.get("/json-custom")
 
-    assert resp.body == "custom2".encode()
+    assert resp.body == b"custom2"
     custom_dumps_1.assert_called_once_with(JSON_BODY, prry="platypus")
     custom_dumps_2.assert_called_once_with(JSON_BODY, platypus="prry")
 
diff --git a/tests/test_response_timeout.py b/tests/test_response_timeout.py
index bd4ccc9b..84424c9d 100644
--- a/tests/test_response_timeout.py
+++ b/tests/test_response_timeout.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
-
 from time import sleep
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_routes.py b/tests/test_routes.py
index cd38161b..3877c200 100644
--- a/tests/test_routes.py
+++ b/tests/test_routes.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import asyncio
 import re
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_routing.exceptions import (
     InvalidUsage,
     ParameterNameConflicts,
@@ -164,9 +163,7 @@ def test_matching(path, headers, expected):
     request = Request(path, headers, None, "GET", None, app)
 
     try:
-        app.router.get(
-            request.path, request.method, request.headers.get("host")
-        )
+        app.router.get(request.path, request.method, request.headers.get("host"))
     except NotFound:
         response = 404
     except Exception:
@@ -687,9 +684,7 @@ def test_websocket_route_with_subprotocols(app, subprotocols, expected):
         results = ws.subprotocol
         assert ws.subprotocol is not None
 
-    _, response = SanicTestClient(app).websocket(
-        "/ws", subprotocols=subprotocols
-    )
+    _, response = SanicTestClient(app).websocket("/ws", subprotocols=subprotocols)
     assert response.opened is True
     assert results == expected
 
@@ -1124,12 +1119,12 @@ def test_route_invalid_host(app):
             return text("pass")
 
     assert str(excinfo.value) == (
-        "Expected either string or Iterable of " "host strings, not {!r}"
-    ).format(host)
+        f"Expected either string or Iterable of host strings, not {host!r}"
+    )
 
 
 def test_route_with_regex_group(app):
-    @app.route("/path/to/<ext:file\.(txt)>")
+    @app.route(r"/path/to/<ext:file\.(txt)>")
     async def handler(request, ext):
         return text(ext)
 
@@ -1160,7 +1155,7 @@ def test_route_with_regex_named_group_invalid(app):
 
 
 def test_route_with_regex_group_ambiguous(app):
-    @app.route("/path/to/<ext:file(?:\.)(txt)>")
+    @app.route(r"/path/to/<ext:file(?:\.)(txt)>")
     async def handler(request, ext):
         return text(ext)
 
@@ -1169,7 +1164,7 @@ def test_route_with_regex_group_ambiguous(app):
 
     assert e.match(
         re.escape(
-            "Could not compile pattern file(?:\.)(txt). Try using a named "
+            r"Could not compile pattern file(?:\.)(txt). Try using a named "
             "group instead: '(?P<ext>your_matching_group)'"
         )
     )
@@ -1288,8 +1283,6 @@ async def test_duplicate_route_error(app):
     async def handler_bar(request):
         return text("...")
 
-    message = (
-        "Duplicate route names detected: test_duplicate_route_error.duped."
-    )
+    message = "Duplicate route names detected: test_duplicate_route_error.duped."
     with pytest.raises(ServerError, match=message):
         await app._startup()
diff --git a/tests/test_server_events.py b/tests/test_server_events.py
index ab0475b6..754ac352 100644
--- a/tests/test_server_events.py
+++ b/tests/test_server_events.py
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 import asyncio
 import signal
-
 from contextlib import closing
 from socket import socket
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.testing import HOST, PORT
 
 from sanic.exceptions import BadRequest, SanicException
 
-
 AVAILABLE_LISTENERS = [
     "before_server_start",
     "after_server_start",
@@ -111,9 +108,7 @@ async def test_trigger_before_events_create_server(app):
     async def init_db(app, loop):
         app.ctx.db = MySanicDb()
 
-    srv = await app.create_server(
-        debug=True, return_asyncio_server=True, port=PORT
-    )
+    srv = await app.create_server(debug=True, return_asyncio_server=True, port=PORT)
     await srv.startup()
     await srv.before_start()
 
@@ -170,9 +165,7 @@ def test_create_server_trigger_events(app):
     with closing(socket()) as sock:
         sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
 
-        serv_coro = app.create_server(
-            return_asyncio_server=True, sock=sock, debug=True
-        )
+        serv_coro = app.create_server(return_asyncio_server=True, sock=sock, debug=True)
         serv_task = asyncio.ensure_future(serv_coro, loop=loop)
         server = loop.run_until_complete(serv_task)
         loop.run_until_complete(server.startup())
@@ -202,9 +195,7 @@ async def test_missing_startup_raises_exception(app):
     async def init_db(app, loop):
         ...
 
-    srv = await app.create_server(
-        debug=True, return_asyncio_server=True, port=PORT
-    )
+    srv = await app.create_server(debug=True, return_asyncio_server=True, port=PORT)
 
     with pytest.raises(SanicException):
         await srv.before_start()
diff --git a/tests/test_server_loop.py b/tests/test_server_loop.py
index 30077178..ebfe190c 100644
--- a/tests/test_server_loop.py
+++ b/tests/test_server_loop.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import logging
-
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -94,9 +93,7 @@ def test_sets_loop_policy_only_when_not_already_set(monkeypatch):
 
     # Existing policy is not uvloop.EventLoopPolicy
     get_event_loop_policy = Mock(return_value=None)
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        loop.asyncio, "get_event_loop_policy", get_event_loop_policy
-    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(loop.asyncio, "get_event_loop_policy", get_event_loop_policy)
 
     with patch("asyncio.set_event_loop_policy") as set_event_loop_policy:
         loop.try_use_uvloop()
@@ -107,9 +104,7 @@ def test_sets_loop_policy_only_when_not_already_set(monkeypatch):
 
     # Existing policy is uvloop.EventLoopPolicy
     get_event_loop_policy = Mock(return_value=policy)
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        loop.asyncio, "get_event_loop_policy", get_event_loop_policy
-    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(loop.asyncio, "get_event_loop_policy", get_event_loop_policy)
 
     with patch("asyncio.set_event_loop_policy") as set_event_loop_policy:
         loop.try_use_uvloop()
diff --git a/tests/test_signal_handlers.py b/tests/test_signal_handlers.py
index 728c9c17..ee41248e 100644
--- a/tests/test_signal_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/test_signal_handlers.py
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 import asyncio
 import os
 import signal
-
 from queue import Queue
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 from typing import Optional
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.testing import HOST, PORT
 
 from sanic import Sanic
diff --git a/tests/test_signals.py b/tests/test_signals.py
index 8a564a98..fca40d5c 100644
--- a/tests/test_signals.py
+++ b/tests/test_signals.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import asyncio
-
 from enum import Enum
 from inspect import isawaitable
 from itertools import count
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_routing.exceptions import NotFound
 
 from sanic import Blueprint, Sanic, empty
@@ -28,9 +26,7 @@ def test_add_signal_method_handler(app):
     class TestSanic(Sanic):
         def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-            self.add_signal(
-                self.after_routing_signal_handler, "http.routing.after"
-            )
+            self.add_signal(self.after_routing_signal_handler, "http.routing.after")
 
         def after_routing_signal_handler(self, *args, **kwargs):
             nonlocal counter
@@ -445,9 +441,7 @@ async def test_report_exception(app: Sanic):
 
     registered_signal_handlers = [
         handler
-        for handler, *_ in app.signal_router.get(
-            Event.SERVER_EXCEPTION_REPORT.value
-        )
+        for handler, *_ in app.signal_router.get(Event.SERVER_EXCEPTION_REPORT.value)
     ]
 
     assert catch_any_exception in registered_signal_handlers
diff --git a/tests/test_static.py b/tests/test_static.py
index 925a81ae..4587b4cc 100644
--- a/tests/test_static.py
+++ b/tests/test_static.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import sys
-
 from collections import Counter
 from pathlib import Path
 from time import gmtime, strftime
@@ -80,9 +79,7 @@ def hard_link(static_file_directory):
     ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png", "symlink", "hard_link"],
 )
 def test_static_file(app, static_file_directory, file_name):
-    app.static(
-        "/testing.file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name)
-    )
+    app.static("/testing.file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name))
 
     request, response = app.test_client.get("/testing.file")
     assert response.status == 200
@@ -240,9 +237,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_correct(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        12:20
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[12:20]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
@@ -260,9 +255,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_front(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        12:
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[12:]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
@@ -280,9 +273,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_back(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        -12:
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[-12:]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
@@ -306,9 +297,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_empty(
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(
         get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)
     )
-    assert response.body == bytes(
-        get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)
-    )
+    assert response.body == bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt"])
@@ -324,15 +313,13 @@ def test_static_content_range_error(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 416
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    assert response.headers["Content-Range"] == "bytes */%s" % (
+    assert response.headers["Content-Range"] == "bytes */{}".format(
         len(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)),
     )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt"])
-def test_static_content_range_invalid_unit(
-    app, file_name, static_file_directory
-):
+def test_static_content_range_invalid_unit(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     app.static(
         "/testing.file",
         get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name),
@@ -348,9 +335,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_invalid_unit(
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt"])
-def test_static_content_range_invalid_start(
-    app, file_name, static_file_directory
-):
+def test_static_content_range_invalid_start(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     app.static(
         "/testing.file",
         get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name),
@@ -366,9 +351,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_invalid_start(
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt"])
-def test_static_content_range_invalid_end(
-    app, file_name, static_file_directory
-):
+def test_static_content_range_invalid_end(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     app.static(
         "/testing.file",
         get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name),
@@ -384,9 +367,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_invalid_end(
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt"])
-def test_static_content_range_invalid_parameters(
-    app, file_name, static_file_directory
-):
+def test_static_content_range_invalid_parameters(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     app.static(
         "/testing.file",
         get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name),
@@ -400,9 +381,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_invalid_parameters(
     assert "Invalid for Content Range parameters" in response.text
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
 def test_static_file_specified_host(app, static_file_directory, file_name):
     app.static(
         "/testing.file",
@@ -442,14 +421,10 @@ def test_static_stream_large_file(
     assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"]
-)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt", "python.png"])
 def test_use_modified_since(app, static_file_directory, file_name):
     file_stat = os.stat(get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name))
-    modified_since = strftime(
-        "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", gmtime(file_stat.st_mtime)
-    )
+    modified_since = strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", gmtime(file_stat.st_mtime))
 
     app.static(
         "/testing.file",
@@ -548,32 +523,22 @@ async def test_multiple_statics_error(app, static_file_directory):
     app.static("/file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "test.file"))
     app.static("/png", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "python.png"))
 
-    message = (
-        r"Duplicate route names detected: test_multiple_statics_error\.static"
-    )
+    message = r"Duplicate route names detected: test_multiple_statics_error\.static"
     with pytest.raises(ServerError, match=message):
         await app._startup()
 
 
 def test_multiple_statics(app, static_file_directory):
-    app.static(
-        "/file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "test.file"), name="file"
-    )
-    app.static(
-        "/png", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "python.png"), name="png"
-    )
+    app.static("/file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "test.file"), name="file")
+    app.static("/png", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "python.png"), name="png")
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/file")
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert response.body == get_file_content(
-        static_file_directory, "test.file"
-    )
+    assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, "test.file")
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/png")
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert response.body == get_file_content(
-        static_file_directory, "python.png"
-    )
+    assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, "python.png")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -581,25 +546,23 @@ async def test_resource_type_default_error(app, static_file_directory):
     app.static("/static", static_file_directory)
     app.static("/file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "test.file"))
 
-    message = r"Duplicate route names detected: test_resource_type_default_error\.static"
+    message = (
+        r"Duplicate route names detected: test_resource_type_default_error\.static"
+    )
     with pytest.raises(ServerError, match=message):
         await app._startup()
 
 
 def test_resource_type_default(app, static_file_directory):
     app.static("/static", static_file_directory, name="static")
-    app.static(
-        "/file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "test.file"), name="file"
-    )
+    app.static("/file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, "test.file"), name="file")
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/static")
     assert response.status == 404
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/file")
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert response.body == get_file_content(
-        static_file_directory, "test.file"
-    )
+    assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, "test.file")
 
 
 def test_resource_type_file(app, static_file_directory):
@@ -611,9 +574,7 @@ def test_resource_type_file(app, static_file_directory):
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/file")
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert response.body == get_file_content(
-        static_file_directory, "test.file"
-    )
+    assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, "test.file")
 
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         app.static("/static", static_file_directory, resource_type="file")
@@ -624,9 +585,7 @@ def test_resource_type_dir(app, static_file_directory):
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/static/test.file")
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert response.body == get_file_content(
-        static_file_directory, "test.file"
-    )
+    assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, "test.file")
 
     with pytest.raises(TypeError):
         app.static(
@@ -667,12 +626,8 @@ def test_breakout(app: Sanic, static_file_directory: str):
     assert response.status == 404
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(
-    sys.platform != "win32", reason="Block backslash on Windows only"
-)
-def test_double_backslash_prohibited_on_win32(
-    app: Sanic, static_file_directory: str
-):
+@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="Block backslash on Windows only")
+def test_double_backslash_prohibited_on_win32(app: Sanic, static_file_directory: str):
     app.static("/foo", static_file_directory)
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/foo/static/..\\static/test.file")
diff --git a/tests/test_static_directory.py b/tests/test_static_directory.py
index 5aab3021..08ccb492 100644
--- a/tests/test_static_directory.py
+++ b/tests/test_static_directory.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import os
-
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
@@ -32,9 +31,7 @@ def test_static_index_single(app: Sanic, static_file_directory: str):
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/static/")
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert response.body == get_file_content(
-        static_file_directory, "test.html"
-    )
+    assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, "test.html")
     assert response.headers["Content-Type"] == "text/html"
 
 
@@ -54,15 +51,11 @@ def test_static_index_multiple(app: Sanic, static_file_directory: str):
 
     _, response = app.test_client.get("/static/")
     assert response.status == 200
-    assert response.body == get_file_content(
-        static_file_directory, "test.html"
-    )
+    assert response.body == get_file_content(static_file_directory, "test.html")
     assert response.headers["Content-Type"] == "text/html"
 
 
-def test_static_directory_view_and_index(
-    app: Sanic, static_file_directory: str
-):
+def test_static_directory_view_and_index(app: Sanic, static_file_directory: str):
     app.static(
         "/static",
         static_file_directory,
diff --git a/tests/test_tasks.py b/tests/test_tasks.py
index 1d528319..98fb6a77 100644
--- a/tests/test_tasks.py
+++ b/tests/test_tasks.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import asyncio
-
 from asyncio.tasks import Task
 from unittest.mock import Mock, call
 
@@ -9,7 +8,6 @@ from sanic.app import Sanic
 from sanic.application.state import ApplicationServerInfo, ServerStage
 from sanic.response import empty
 
-
 try:
     from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
 except ImportError:
diff --git a/tests/test_test_client_port.py b/tests/test_test_client_port.py
index 334edde3..ceef3457 100644
--- a/tests/test_test_client_port.py
+++ b/tests/test_test_client_port.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from sanic_testing.testing import PORT, SanicTestClient
 
 from sanic.response import json, text
 
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
 #  UTF-8
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
diff --git a/tests/test_timeout_logic.py b/tests/test_timeout_logic.py
index 497deda9..e782ea8f 100644
--- a/tests/test_timeout_logic.py
+++ b/tests/test_timeout_logic.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import asyncio
-
 from unittest.mock import Mock
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/test_tls.py b/tests/test_tls.py
index 6d2cb981..4b04c986 100644
--- a/tests/test_tls.py
+++ b/tests/test_tls.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import os
 import ssl
 import subprocess
 import sys
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from multiprocessing import Event
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -11,11 +10,9 @@ from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.testing import HOST, PORT, SanicTestClient
 
 import sanic.http.tls.creators
-
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.application.constants import Mode
 from sanic.compat import use_context
@@ -31,7 +28,6 @@ from sanic.http.tls.creators import (
 from sanic.response import text
 from sanic.worker.loader import CertLoader
 
-
 current_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
 localhost_dir = os.path.join(current_dir, "certs/localhost")
 password_dir = os.path.join(current_dir, "certs/password")
@@ -115,9 +111,7 @@ def replace_server_name(hostname):
         server_hostname=None,
         session=None,
     ):
-        return orig_wrap_bio(
-            self, incoming, outgoing, server_side, hostname, session
-        )
+        return orig_wrap_bio(self, incoming, outgoing, server_side, hostname, session)
 
     orig_wrap_bio, ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio = (
         ssl.SSLContext.wrap_bio,
@@ -466,9 +460,7 @@ def test_logger_vhosts(caplog):
             single_process=True,
         )
 
-    logmsg = [
-        m for s, l, m in caplog.record_tuples if m.startswith("Certificate")
-    ][0]
+    logmsg = [m for s, l, m in caplog.record_tuples if m.startswith("Certificate")][0]
 
     assert logmsg == (
         "Certificate vhosts: localhost, 127.0.0.1, 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, "
@@ -499,9 +491,7 @@ def test_mk_cert_creator_is_not_supported(app):
     cert_creator = MkcertCreator(app, _default, _default)
     with patch("subprocess.run") as run:
         run.side_effect = Exception("")
-        with pytest.raises(
-            SanicException, match="Sanic is attempting to use mkcert"
-        ):
+        with pytest.raises(SanicException, match="Sanic is attempting to use mkcert"):
             cert_creator.check_supported()
 
 
@@ -539,9 +529,7 @@ def test_trustme_creator_is_supported(app, monkeypatch):
 def test_trustme_creator_is_not_supported(app, monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(sanic.http.tls.creators, "TRUSTME_INSTALLED", False)
     cert_creator = TrustmeCreator(app, _default, _default)
-    with pytest.raises(
-        SanicException, match="Sanic is attempting to use trustme"
-    ):
+    with pytest.raises(SanicException, match="Sanic is attempting to use trustme"):
         cert_creator.check_supported()
 
 
@@ -627,12 +615,8 @@ def test_get_ssl_context_only_mkcert(
 ):
     app.state.mode = Mode.DEBUG
     app.config.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR = requirement
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        sanic.http.tls.creators, "MkcertCreator", MockMkcertCreator
-    )
-    monkeypatch.setattr(
-        sanic.http.tls.creators, "TrustmeCreator", MockTrustmeCreator
-    )
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sanic.http.tls.creators, "MkcertCreator", MockMkcertCreator)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sanic.http.tls.creators, "TrustmeCreator", MockTrustmeCreator)
     MockMkcertCreator.SUPPORTED = mk_supported
     MockTrustmeCreator.SUPPORTED = trustme_supported
 
diff --git a/tests/test_touchup.py b/tests/test_touchup.py
index 85142685..2cd0735f 100644
--- a/tests/test_touchup.py
+++ b/tests/test_touchup.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_routing.exceptions import NotFound
 
 from sanic.signals import RESERVED_NAMESPACES
diff --git a/tests/test_unix_socket.py b/tests/test_unix_socket.py
index bd76ca74..c56edb5a 100644
--- a/tests/test_unix_socket.py
+++ b/tests/test_unix_socket.py
@@ -2,14 +2,12 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import sys
-
 from asyncio import AbstractEventLoop, sleep
 from string import ascii_lowercase
 
 import httpcore
 import httpx
 import pytest
-
 from pytest import LogCaptureFixture
 
 from sanic import Sanic
@@ -17,7 +15,6 @@ from sanic.compat import use_context
 from sanic.request import Request
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 # import platform
 # import subprocess
 # import sys
@@ -26,9 +23,7 @@ from sanic.response import text
 pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(os.name != "posix", reason="UNIX only")
 SOCKPATH = "/tmp/sanictest.sock"
 SOCKPATH2 = "/tmp/sanictest2.sock"
-httpx_version = tuple(
-    map(int, httpx.__version__.strip(ascii_lowercase).split("."))
-)
+httpx_version = tuple(map(int, httpx.__version__.strip(ascii_lowercase).split(".")))
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
diff --git a/tests/test_url_building.py b/tests/test_url_building.py
index 075ee6cd..e3a9c83a 100644
--- a/tests/test_url_building.py
+++ b/tests/test_url_building.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import string
-
 from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urlsplit
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.testing import HOST as test_host
 from sanic_testing.testing import PORT as test_port
 
@@ -13,34 +11,31 @@ from sanic.exceptions import URLBuildError
 from sanic.response import text
 from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
 
-
-URL_FOR_ARGS1 = dict(arg1=["v1", "v2"])
+URL_FOR_ARGS1 = {"arg1": ["v1", "v2"]}
 URL_FOR_VALUE1 = "/myurl?arg1=v1&arg1=v2"
-URL_FOR_ARGS2 = dict(arg1=["v1", "v2"], _anchor="anchor")
+URL_FOR_ARGS2 = {"arg1": ["v1", "v2"], "_anchor": "anchor"}
 URL_FOR_VALUE2 = "/myurl?arg1=v1&arg1=v2#anchor"
-URL_FOR_ARGS3 = dict(
-    arg1="v1",
-    _anchor="anchor",
-    _scheme="http",
-    _server=f"{test_host}:{test_port}",
-    _external=True,
-)
+URL_FOR_ARGS3 = {
+    "arg1": "v1",
+    "_anchor": "anchor",
+    "_scheme": "http",
+    "_server": f"{test_host}:{test_port}",
+    "_external": True,
+}
 URL_FOR_VALUE3 = f"http://{test_host}:{test_port}/myurl?arg1=v1#anchor"
-URL_FOR_ARGS4 = dict(
-    arg1="v1",
-    _anchor="anchor",
-    _external=True,
-    _server=f"http://{test_host}:{test_port}",
-)
+URL_FOR_ARGS4 = {
+    "arg1": "v1",
+    "_anchor": "anchor",
+    "_external": True,
+    "_server": f"http://{test_host}:{test_port}",
+}
 URL_FOR_VALUE4 = f"http://{test_host}:{test_port}/myurl?arg1=v1#anchor"
 
 
 def _generate_handlers_from_names(app, l):
     for name in l:
         # this is the easiest way to generate functions with dynamic names
-        exec(
-            f'@app.route(name)\ndef {name}(request):\n\treturn text("{name}")'
-        )
+        exec(f'@app.route(name)\ndef {name}(request):\n\treturn text("{name}")')
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
diff --git a/tests/test_url_for.py b/tests/test_url_for.py
index 6ec6a93f..3c44fb5c 100644
--- a/tests/test_url_for.py
+++ b/tests/test_url_for.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing.testing import SanicTestClient
 
 from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
@@ -16,10 +15,7 @@ def test_routes_with_host(app):
     assert app.url_for("hostindex") == "/"
     assert app.url_for("hostpath") == "/path"
     assert app.url_for("hostindex", _external=True) == "http://example.com/"
-    assert (
-        app.url_for("hostpath", _external=True)
-        == "http://path.example.com/path"
-    )
+    assert app.url_for("hostpath", _external=True) == "http://path.example.com/path"
 
 
 def test_routes_with_multiple_hosts(app):
@@ -28,9 +24,7 @@ def test_routes_with_multiple_hosts(app):
         pass
 
     assert app.url_for("hostindex") == "/"
-    assert (
-        app.url_for("hostindex", _host="example.com") == "http://example.com/"
-    )
+    assert app.url_for("hostindex", _host="example.com") == "http://example.com/"
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
         assert app.url_for("hostindex", _external=True)
diff --git a/tests/test_url_for_static.py b/tests/test_url_for_static.py
index 6c12c023..4adcfb77 100644
--- a/tests/test_url_for_static.py
+++ b/tests/test_url_for_static.py
@@ -36,9 +36,7 @@ def get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name):
 )
 def test_static_file(static_file_directory, file_name):
     app = Sanic("qq")
-    app.static(
-        "/testing.file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name)
-    )
+    app.static("/testing.file", get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name))
     app.static(
         "/testing2.file",
         get_file_path(static_file_directory, file_name),
@@ -155,16 +153,10 @@ def test_static_directory(file_name, base_uri, static_file_directory):
     app.router.reset()
     app.blueprint(bp)
 
-    uri = app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename=file_name
-    )
-    uri2 = app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="/" + file_name
-    )
+    uri = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename=file_name)
+    uri2 = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="/" + file_name)
 
-    uri4 = app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.uploads", filename=file_name
-    )
+    uri4 = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.uploads", filename=file_name)
     uri5 = app.url_for(
         "static", name="test_bp_static.uploads", filename="/" + file_name
     )
@@ -213,9 +205,7 @@ def test_static_head_request(file_name, static_file_directory):
     # blueprint
     uri = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == "/bp/testing.file"
-    assert uri == app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any"
-    )
+    assert uri == app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
 
     request, response = app.test_client.head(uri)
     assert response.status == 200
@@ -253,27 +243,21 @@ def test_static_content_range_correct(file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        12:20
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[12:20]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
     # blueprint
     uri = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == "/bp/testing.file"
-    assert uri == app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any"
-    )
+    assert uri == app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static")
 
     request, response = app.test_client.get(uri, headers=headers)
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        12:20
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[12:20]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
@@ -305,18 +289,14 @@ def test_static_content_range_front(file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        12:
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[12:]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
     # blueprint
     uri = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == "/bp/testing.file"
-    assert uri == app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any"
-    )
+    assert uri == app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
 
@@ -324,9 +304,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_front(file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        12:
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[12:]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
@@ -358,18 +336,14 @@ def test_static_content_range_back(file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        -12:
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[-12:]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
     # blueprint
     uri = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == "/bp/testing.file"
-    assert uri == app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any"
-    )
+    assert uri == app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
 
@@ -377,9 +351,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_back(file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 206
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[
-        -12:
-    ]
+    static_content = bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))[-12:]
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(static_content)
     assert response.body == static_content
 
@@ -413,16 +385,12 @@ def test_static_content_range_empty(file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(
         get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)
     )
-    assert response.body == bytes(
-        get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)
-    )
+    assert response.body == bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))
 
     # blueprint
     uri = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == "/bp/testing.file"
-    assert uri == app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any"
-    )
+    assert uri == app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
 
@@ -433,9 +401,7 @@ def test_static_content_range_empty(file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert int(response.headers["Content-Length"]) == len(
         get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)
     )
-    assert response.body == bytes(
-        get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)
-    )
+    assert response.body == bytes(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name))
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("file_name", ["test.file", "decode me.txt"])
@@ -465,16 +431,14 @@ def test_static_content_range_error(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 416
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    assert response.headers["Content-Range"] == "bytes */%s" % (
+    assert response.headers["Content-Range"] == "bytes */{}".format(
         len(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)),
     )
 
     # blueprint
     uri = app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == "/bp/testing.file"
-    assert uri == app.url_for(
-        "static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any"
-    )
+    assert uri == app.url_for("static", name="test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static")
     assert uri == app.url_for("test_bp_static.static", filename="any")
 
@@ -482,6 +446,6 @@ def test_static_content_range_error(app, file_name, static_file_directory):
     assert response.status == 416
     assert "Content-Length" in response.headers
     assert "Content-Range" in response.headers
-    assert response.headers["Content-Range"] == "bytes */%s" % (
+    assert response.headers["Content-Range"] == "bytes */{}".format(
         len(get_file_content(static_file_directory, file_name)),
     )
diff --git a/tests/test_utf8.py b/tests/test_utf8.py
index a2bf893e..a025baaa 100644
--- a/tests/test_utf8.py
+++ b/tests/test_utf8.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from json import dumps as json_dumps
 
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
 #  UTF-8
 # ------------------------------------------------------------ #
diff --git a/tests/test_vhosts.py b/tests/test_vhosts.py
index c62c8b80..e1cef5a2 100644
--- a/tests/test_vhosts.py
+++ b/tests/test_vhosts.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_routing.exceptions import RouteExists
 
 from sanic import Sanic
diff --git a/tests/test_views.py b/tests/test_views.py
index ab35679e..3c172786 100644
--- a/tests/test_views.py
+++ b/tests/test_views.py
@@ -195,9 +195,7 @@ def test_with_custom_class_methods(app):
 
         def get(self, request):
             self._iternal_method()
-            return text(
-                f"I am get method and global var " f"is {self.global_var}"
-            )
+            return text(f"I am get method and global var is {self.global_var}")
 
     app.add_route(DummyView.as_view(), "/")
     request, response = app.test_client.get("/")
diff --git a/tests/test_websockets.py b/tests/test_websockets.py
index dd8413b9..0d23d47e 100644
--- a/tests/test_websockets.py
+++ b/tests/test_websockets.py
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
 import re
-
 from asyncio import Event, Queue, TimeoutError
 from unittest.mock import Mock, call
 
 import pytest
-
 from websockets.frames import CTRL_OPCODES, DATA_OPCODES, Frame
 
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.server.websockets.frame import WebsocketFrameAssembler
 
-
 try:
     from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
 except ImportError:
diff --git a/tests/test_ws_handlers.py b/tests/test_ws_handlers.py
index 5205090d..87ac06e9 100644
--- a/tests/test_ws_handlers.py
+++ b/tests/test_ws_handlers.py
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 from typing import Any, Callable, Coroutine
 
 import pytest
-
 from websockets.client import WebSocketClientProtocol
 
 from sanic import Request, Sanic, Websocket
 
-
-MimicClientType = Callable[
-    [WebSocketClientProtocol], Coroutine[None, None, Any]
-]
+MimicClientType = Callable[[WebSocketClientProtocol], Coroutine[None, None, Any]]
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -33,9 +29,7 @@ def test_ws_handler(
             msg = await ws.recv()
             await ws.send(msg)
 
-    _, ws_proxy = app.test_client.websocket(
-        "/ws", mimic=simple_ws_mimic_client
-    )
+    _, ws_proxy = app.test_client.websocket("/ws", mimic=simple_ws_mimic_client)
     assert ws_proxy.client_sent == ["test 1", "test 2", ""]
     assert ws_proxy.client_received == ["test 1", "test 2"]
 
@@ -49,8 +43,6 @@ def test_ws_handler_async_for(
         async for msg in ws:
             await ws.send(msg)
 
-    _, ws_proxy = app.test_client.websocket(
-        "/ws", mimic=simple_ws_mimic_client
-    )
+    _, ws_proxy = app.test_client.websocket("/ws", mimic=simple_ws_mimic_client)
     assert ws_proxy.client_sent == ["test 1", "test 2", ""]
     assert ws_proxy.client_received == ["test 1", "test 2"]
diff --git a/tests/typing/samples/app_default.py b/tests/typing/samples/app_default.py
index 34524c50..aac412e6 100644
--- a/tests/typing/samples/app_default.py
+++ b/tests/typing/samples/app_default.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from sanic import Sanic
 
-
 app = Sanic("test")
 reveal_type(app)
diff --git a/tests/typing/samples/request_fully_custom.py b/tests/typing/samples/request_fully_custom.py
index e2ec4b31..e094d68c 100644
--- a/tests/typing/samples/request_fully_custom.py
+++ b/tests/typing/samples/request_fully_custom.py
@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ class CustomRequest(Request[Sanic[CustomConfig, Foo], RequestContext]):
         return ctx
 
 
-app = Sanic(
-    "test", config=CustomConfig(), ctx=Foo(), request_class=CustomRequest
-)
+app = Sanic("test", config=CustomConfig(), ctx=Foo(), request_class=CustomRequest)
 
 
 @app.get("/")
diff --git a/tests/typing/test_typing.py b/tests/typing/test_typing.py
index 5ebba266..424b5163 100644
--- a/tests/typing/test_typing.py
+++ b/tests/typing/test_typing.py
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 # flake8: noqa: E501
 
 import subprocess
-import sys
-
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import List, Tuple
 
 import pytest
 
-
 CURRENT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
 
 
@@ -21,9 +18,8 @@ def run_check(path_location: str) -> str:
 
     process = subprocess.run(
         command,
-        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-        universal_newlines=True,
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
     )
     output = process.stdout + process.stderr
     return output
@@ -96,9 +92,7 @@ def run_check(path_location: str) -> str:
         ),
     ),
 )
-def test_check_app_default(
-    path_location: str, expected: List[Tuple[str, int]]
-) -> None:
+def test_check_app_default(path_location: str, expected: List[Tuple[str, int]]) -> None:
     output = run_check(f"samples/{path_location}")
 
     for text, number in expected:
diff --git a/tests/worker/test_inspector.py b/tests/worker/test_inspector.py
index b1773203..cf06c2cb 100644
--- a/tests/worker/test_inspector.py
+++ b/tests/worker/test_inspector.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 from urllib.error import URLError
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing import TestManager
 
 from sanic.cli.inspector_client import InspectorClient
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ from sanic.helpers import Default
 from sanic.log import Colors
 from sanic.worker.inspector import Inspector
 
-
 DATA = {
     "info": {
         "packages": ["foo"],
@@ -129,9 +127,9 @@ def test_state_to_json():
 
 
 def test_run_inspector_authentication():
-    inspector = Inspector(
-        Mock(), {}, {}, "", 0, "super-secret", Default(), Default()
-    )(False)
+    inspector = Inspector(Mock(), {}, {}, "", 0, "super-secret", Default(), Default())(
+        False
+    )
     manager = TestManager(inspector.app)
     _, response = manager.test_client.get("/")
     assert response.status == 401
diff --git a/tests/worker/test_loader.py b/tests/worker/test_loader.py
index c70a2346..838e9cb5 100644
--- a/tests/worker/test_loader.py
+++ b/tests/worker/test_loader.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import sys
-
 from os import getcwd
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import SimpleNamespace
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@ import pytest
 from sanic.app import Sanic
 from sanic.worker.loader import AppLoader, CertLoader
 
-
 STATIC = Path.cwd() / "tests" / "static"
 
 
diff --git a/tests/worker/test_manager.py b/tests/worker/test_manager.py
index ae5f4592..4753b07d 100644
--- a/tests/worker/test_manager.py
+++ b/tests/worker/test_manager.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import ServerKilled
 from sanic.worker.constants import RestartOrder
 from sanic.worker.manager import WorkerManager
 
-
 if not OS_IS_WINDOWS:
     from signal import SIGKILL
 else:
@@ -63,9 +62,7 @@ def test_kill(os_mock: Mock):
 
 @patch("sanic.worker.process.os")
 @patch("sanic.worker.manager.os")
-def test_shutdown_signal_send_kill(
-    manager_os_mock: Mock, process_os_mock: Mock
-):
+def test_shutdown_signal_send_kill(manager_os_mock: Mock, process_os_mock: Mock):
     process = Mock()
     process.pid = 1234
     context = Mock()
@@ -125,9 +122,7 @@ def test_monitor_all(zero_downtime):
     p2 = Mock()
     sub = Mock()
     incoming = (
-        "__ALL_PROCESSES__::STARTUP_FIRST"
-        if zero_downtime
-        else "__ALL_PROCESSES__:"
+        "__ALL_PROCESSES__::STARTUP_FIRST" if zero_downtime else "__ALL_PROCESSES__:"
     )
     sub.recv.side_effect = [incoming, ""]
     context = Mock()
@@ -138,9 +133,7 @@ def test_monitor_all(zero_downtime):
     manager.monitor()
 
     restart_order = (
-        RestartOrder.STARTUP_FIRST
-        if zero_downtime
-        else RestartOrder.SHUTDOWN_FIRST
+        RestartOrder.STARTUP_FIRST if zero_downtime else RestartOrder.SHUTDOWN_FIRST
     )
     manager.restart.assert_called_once_with(
         process_names=None,
@@ -168,9 +161,7 @@ def test_monitor_all_with_files(zero_downtime):
     manager.monitor()
 
     restart_order = (
-        RestartOrder.STARTUP_FIRST
-        if zero_downtime
-        else RestartOrder.SHUTDOWN_FIRST
+        RestartOrder.STARTUP_FIRST if zero_downtime else RestartOrder.SHUTDOWN_FIRST
     )
     manager.restart.assert_called_once_with(
         process_names=None,
@@ -186,9 +177,7 @@ def test_monitor_one_process(zero_downtime):
     p2 = Mock()
     sub = Mock()
     incoming = (
-        f"{p1.name}:foo,bar:STARTUP_FIRST"
-        if zero_downtime
-        else f"{p1.name}:foo,bar"
+        f"{p1.name}:foo,bar:STARTUP_FIRST" if zero_downtime else f"{p1.name}:foo,bar"
     )
     sub.recv.side_effect = [incoming, ""]
     context = Mock()
@@ -199,9 +188,7 @@ def test_monitor_one_process(zero_downtime):
     manager.monitor()
 
     restart_order = (
-        RestartOrder.STARTUP_FIRST
-        if zero_downtime
-        else RestartOrder.SHUTDOWN_FIRST
+        RestartOrder.STARTUP_FIRST if zero_downtime else RestartOrder.SHUTDOWN_FIRST
     )
     manager.restart.assert_called_once_with(
         process_names=[p1.name],
diff --git a/tests/worker/test_multiplexer.py b/tests/worker/test_multiplexer.py
index 8195b094..83571469 100644
--- a/tests/worker/test_multiplexer.py
+++ b/tests/worker/test_multiplexer.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import sys
-
 from multiprocessing import Event
 from os import environ, getpid
 from typing import Any, Dict, Type, Union
diff --git a/tests/worker/test_reloader.py b/tests/worker/test_reloader.py
index 6530c770..b7a27878 100644
--- a/tests/worker/test_reloader.py
+++ b/tests/worker/test_reloader.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 import signal
 import threading
-
 from asyncio import Event
 from logging import DEBUG
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -155,9 +154,7 @@ def test_reload_delayed(monkeypatch):
     monkeypatch.setattr(threading.Thread, "start", orig)
 
 
-def test_reloader_triggers_start_stop_listeners(
-    app: Sanic, app_loader: AppLoader
-):
+def test_reloader_triggers_start_stop_listeners(app: Sanic, app_loader: AppLoader):
     results = []
 
     @app.reload_process_start
diff --git a/tests/worker/test_shared_ctx.py b/tests/worker/test_shared_ctx.py
index 9a41d496..9b26e9c0 100644
--- a/tests/worker/test_shared_ctx.py
+++ b/tests/worker/test_shared_ctx.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 # 38->
 
 import logging
-
 from ctypes import c_int32
 from multiprocessing import Pipe, Queue, Value
 from os import environ
diff --git a/tests/worker/test_state.py b/tests/worker/test_state.py
index 929b4d26..d934e8c3 100644
--- a/tests/worker/test_state.py
+++ b/tests/worker/test_state.py
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ def test_del_state():
 
 
 def test_iter_state():
-    result = [item for item in gen_state(one=1, two=2)]
+    result = list(gen_state(one=1, two=2))
     assert result == ["one", "two"]
 
 
 def test_state_len():
-    result = [item for item in gen_state(one=1, two=2)]
+    result = list(gen_state(one=1, two=2))
     assert len(result) == 2
 
 
@@ -43,21 +43,15 @@ def test_state_eq():
 
 
 def test_state_keys():
-    assert list(gen_state(one=1, two=2).keys()) == list(
-        {"one": 1, "two": 2}.keys()
-    )
+    assert list(gen_state(one=1, two=2).keys()) == list({"one": 1, "two": 2}.keys())
 
 
 def test_state_values():
-    assert list(gen_state(one=1, two=2).values()) == list(
-        {"one": 1, "two": 2}.values()
-    )
+    assert list(gen_state(one=1, two=2).values()) == list({"one": 1, "two": 2}.values())
 
 
 def test_state_items():
-    assert list(gen_state(one=1, two=2).items()) == list(
-        {"one": 1, "two": 2}.items()
-    )
+    assert list(gen_state(one=1, two=2).items()) == list({"one": 1, "two": 2}.items())
 
 
 def test_state_update():
diff --git a/tests/worker/test_worker_serve.py b/tests/worker/test_worker_serve.py
index 54ff9d65..3d8dd8fb 100644
--- a/tests/worker/test_worker_serve.py
+++ b/tests/worker/test_worker_serve.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import logging
-
 from os import environ
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
@@ -67,9 +66,7 @@ def test_has_multiplexer(app: Sanic):
 
     Sanic.register_app(app)
     with patch("sanic.worker.serve._serve_http_1"):
-        worker_serve(
-            **args(app, monitor_publisher=Mock(), worker_state=Mock())
-        )
+        worker_serve(**args(app, monitor_publisher=Mock(), worker_state=Mock()))
     assert isinstance(app.multiplexer, WorkerMultiplexer)
 
     del environ["SANIC_WORKER_NAME"]
@@ -103,9 +100,7 @@ def test_serve_app_factory(wm: Mock, mock_app):
 
 @patch("sanic.mixins.startup.WorkerManager")
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("config", (True, False))
-def test_serve_with_inspector(
-    WorkerManager: Mock, mock_app: Mock, config: bool
-):
+def test_serve_with_inspector(WorkerManager: Mock, mock_app: Mock, config: bool):
     Inspector = Mock()
     mock_app.config.INSPECTOR = config
     mock_app.inspector_class = Inspector
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index fabf3bb9..4f5a850d 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -20,9 +20,8 @@ commands =
 
 [testenv:lint]
 commands =
-    flake8 sanic
-    black --check --verbose sanic/
-    isort --check-only sanic
+    ruff sanic
+    ruff format sanic --check
     slotscheck --verbose -m sanic
 
 [testenv:type-checking]