Format

Missed one in previous commit

docs/conf.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #
 # Sanic documentation build configuration file, created by
 # sphinx-quickstart on Sun Dec 25 18:07:21 2016.
@@ -10,7 +9,6 @@
 import os
 import sys
 
-
 # Add support for auto-doc
 
 
@@ -19,8 +17,7 @@ import sys
 root_directory = os.path.dirname(os.getcwd())
 sys.path.insert(0, root_directory)
 
-import sanic
-
+import sanic  # noqa: E402
 
 # -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
 

examples/add_task_sanic.py

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import asyncio
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

examples/amending_request_object.py

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from random import randint
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -25,5 +24,6 @@ def key_exist_handler(request):
 
     return text("num does not exist in request")
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, debug=True)

examples/authorized_sanic.py

@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 from functools import wraps
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

examples/blueprint_middlware_execution_order.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Blueprint, Sanic
 from sanic.response import text
 
-
 """
 Demonstrates that blueprint request middleware are executed in the order they
 are added. And blueprint response middleware are executed in _reverse_ order.

examples/blueprints.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Blueprint, Sanic
 from sanic.response import file, json
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 blueprint = Blueprint("bp_example", url_prefix="/my_blueprint")
 blueprint2 = Blueprint("bp_example2", url_prefix="/my_blueprint2")

examples/delayed_response.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from asyncio import sleep
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("DelayedResponseApp", strict_slashes=True)
 app.config.AUTO_EXTEND = False
 

examples/exception_monitoring.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ an external service.
 from sanic.exceptions import SanicException
 from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
 
-
 """
 Imports and code relevant for our CustomHandler class
 (Ordinarily this would be in a separate file)
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@ server's error_handler to an instance of our CustomHandler
 
 from sanic import Sanic
 
-
 handler = CustomHandler()
 app = Sanic("Example", error_handler=handler)
 

examples/hello_world.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

examples/http_redirect.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic, response, text
 from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
 from sanic.server.async_server import AsyncioServer
 
-
 HTTP_PORT = 9999
 HTTPS_PORT = 8888
 
@@ -36,9 +35,7 @@ def proxy(request, path):
 
 @https.main_process_start
 async def start(app, _):
-    http_server = await http.create_server(
-        port=HTTP_PORT, return_asyncio_server=True
-    )
+    http_server = await http.create_server(port=HTTP_PORT, return_asyncio_server=True)
     app.add_task(runner(http, http_server))
     app.ctx.http_server = http_server
     app.ctx.http = http
@@ -69,5 +66,6 @@ async def runner(app: Sanic, app_server: AsyncioServer):
         app.is_running = False
         app.is_stopping = True
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     https.run(port=HTTPS_PORT, debug=True)

examples/limit_concurrency.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import httpx
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 sem = None

examples/log_request_id.py

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 import logging
-
 from contextvars import ContextVar
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 

examples/logdna_example.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import logging
 import socket
-
 from os import getenv
 from platform import node
 from uuid import getnode as get_mac
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.request import Request
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 log = logging.getLogger("logdna")
 log.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 
@@ -35,9 +33,7 @@ logdna_options = {
     "mac": get_mac_address(),
 }
 
-logdna_handler = LogDNAHandler(
-    getenv("LOGDNA_API_KEY"), options=logdna_options
-)
+logdna_handler = LogDNAHandler(getenv("LOGDNA_API_KEY"), options=logdna_options)
 
 logdna = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 logdna.setLevel(logging.INFO)
@@ -48,7 +44,7 @@ app = Sanic("Example")
 
 @app.middleware
 def log_request(request: Request):
-    logdna.info("I was Here with a new Request to URL: {}".format(request.url))
+    logdna.info(f"I was Here with a new Request to URL: {request.url}")
 
 
 @app.route("/")

examples/modify_header_example.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ Modify header or status in response
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

examples/override_logging.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging
 
 from sanic import Sanic, text
 
-
 logging_format = "[%(asctime)s] %(process)d-%(levelname)s "
 logging_format += "%(module)s::%(funcName)s():l%(lineno)d: "
 logging_format += "%(message)s"

examples/pytest_xdist.py

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ Run with xdist params:
 import re
 
 import pytest
-
 from sanic_testing import SanicTestClient
 from sanic_testing.testing import PORT as PORT_BASE
 

examples/redirect_example.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

examples/request_stream/server.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from sanic.response import stream, text
 from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
 from sanic.views import stream as stream_decorator
 
-
 bp = Blueprint("bp_example")
 app = Sanic("Example")
 

examples/request_timeout.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic, response
 from sanic.config import Config
 from sanic.exceptions import RequestTimeout
 
-
 Config.REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 1
 app = Sanic("Example")
 

examples/rollbar_example.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.exceptions import SanicException
 from sanic.handlers import ErrorHandler
 
-
 rollbar.init(getenv("ROLLBAR_API_KEY"))
 
 

examples/run_asgi.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from pathlib import Path
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -43,9 +42,7 @@ async def handler_file(request):
 
 @app.route("/file_stream")
 async def handler_file_stream(request):
-    return await response.file_stream(
-        Path("../") / "setup.py", chunk_size=1024
-    )
+    return await response.file_stream(Path("../") / "setup.py", chunk_size=1024)
 
 
 @app.post("/stream", stream=True)

examples/run_async.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import uvloop
 
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

examples/run_async_advanced.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import asyncio
-
 from signal import SIGINT, signal
 
 import uvloop
@@ -7,7 +6,6 @@ import uvloop
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 from sanic.server import AsyncioServer
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -35,11 +33,10 @@ async def after_server_stop(app, loop):
 async def test(request):
     return response.json({"answer": "42"})
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     asyncio.set_event_loop(uvloop.new_event_loop())
-    serv_coro = app.create_server(
-        host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, return_asyncio_server=True
-    )
+    serv_coro = app.create_server(host="0.0.0.0", port=8000, return_asyncio_server=True)
     loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
     serv_task = asyncio.ensure_future(serv_coro, loop=loop)
     signal(SIGINT, lambda s, f: loop.stop())

examples/sentry_example.py

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from sentry_sdk.integrations.sanic import SanicIntegration
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 sentry_init(
     dsn=getenv("SENTRY_DSN"),
     integrations=[SanicIntegration()],

examples/simple_async_view.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import text
 from sanic.views import HTTPMethodView
 
-
 app = Sanic("some_name")
 
 

examples/static_assets.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 app.static("/", "./static")

examples/teapot.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic import response as res
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

examples/try_everything.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic, response
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.log import logger as log
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ def test_sync(request):
 
 @app.route("/dynamic/<name>/<i:int>")
 def test_params(request, name, i):
-    return response.text("yeehaww {} {}".format(name, i))
+    return response.text(f"yeehaww {name} {i}")
 
 
 @app.route("/exception")
@@ -43,9 +42,7 @@ async def test_file(request):
 
 @app.route("/file_stream")
 async def test_file_stream(request):
-    return await response.file_stream(
-        os.path.abspath("setup.py"), chunk_size=1024
-    )
+    return await response.file_stream(os.path.abspath("setup.py"), chunk_size=1024)
 
 
 # ----------------------------------------------- #

examples/unix_socket.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

examples/url_for_example.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ async def index(request):
 
 @app.route("/posts/<post_id>")
 async def post_handler(request, post_id):
-    return response.text("Post - {}".format(post_id))
+    return response.text(f"Post - {post_id}")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

examples/versioned_blueprint_group.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
 from sanic.response import json
 
-
 app = Sanic(name="blue-print-group-version-example")
 
 bp1 = Blueprint(name="ultron", url_prefix="/ultron")

examples/vhosts.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Sanic, response
 from sanic.blueprints import Blueprint
 
-
 # Usage
 # curl -H "Host: example.com" localhost:8000
 # curl -H "Host: sub.example.com" localhost:8000
@@ -12,9 +11,7 @@ app = Sanic("Example")
 bp = Blueprint("bp", host="bp.example.com")
 
 
-@app.route(
-    "/", host=["example.com", "somethingelse.com", "therestofyourdomains.com"]
-)
+@app.route("/", host=["example.com", "somethingelse.com", "therestofyourdomains.com"])
 async def hello_0(request):
     return response.text("Some defaults")
 

examples/websocket.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic import Sanic
 from sanic.response import redirect
 
-
 app = Sanic("Example")
 
 

guide/content/en/guide/basics/app.md

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 # Sanic Application
 
-See API docs: [sanic.app](/api/sanic.app)
-
 ## Instance
 
 .. column::
 
-    The most basic building block is the :class:`sanic.app.Sanic` instance. It is not required, but the custom is to instantiate this in a file called `server.py`.
+    The most basic building block is the `Sanic()` instance. It is not required, but the custom is to instantiate this in a file called `server.py`.
 
 .. column::
 
@@ -20,36 +18,33 @@ See API docs: [sanic.app](/api/sanic.app)
 
 ## Application context
 
-Most applications will have the need to share/reuse data or objects across different parts of the code base. Sanic helps be providing the `ctx` object on application instances. It is a free space for the developer to attach any objects or data that should existe throughout the lifetime of the application.
-
+Most applications will have the need to share/reuse data or objects across different parts of the code base. The most common example is DB connections. 
 
 .. column::
 
-    The most common pattern is to attach a database instance to the application.
+    In versions of Sanic prior to v21.3, this was commonly done by attaching an attribute to the application instance
 
 .. column::
 
     ```python
+    # Raises a warning as deprecated feature in 21.3
+    app = Sanic("MyApp")
+    app.db = Database()
+    ```
+
+
+.. column::
+
+    Because this can create potential problems with name conflicts, and to be consistent with [request context](./request.md#context) objects, v21.3 introduces application level context object.
+
+.. column::
+
+    ```python
+    # Correct way to attach objects to the application
     app = Sanic("MyApp")
     app.ctx.db = Database()
     ```
 
-
-.. column::
-
-    While the previous example will work and is illustrative, it is typically considered best practice to attach objects in one of the two application startup [listeners](./listeners).
-
-.. column::
-
-    ```python
-    app = Sanic("MyApp")
-
-    @app.before_server_start
-    async def attach_db(app, loop):
-        app.ctx.db = Database()
-    ```
-
-
 ## App Registry
 
 .. column::
@@ -73,7 +68,7 @@ Most applications will have the need to share/reuse data or objects across diffe
 
 .. column::
 
-    If you call `Sanic.get_app("non-existing")` on an app that does not exist, it will raise :class:`sanic.exceptions.SanicException` by default. You can, instead, force the method to return a new instance of Sanic with that name.
+    If you call `Sanic.get_app("non-existing")` on an app that does not exist, it will raise `SanicException` by default. You can, instead, force the method to return a new instance of Sanic with that name.
 
 .. column::
 
@@ -124,54 +119,17 @@ Most applications will have the need to share/reuse data or objects across diffe
 .. note:: Heads up
 
     Config keys _should_ be uppercase. But, this is mainly by convention, and lowercase will work most of the time.
-    ```python
+    ```
     app.config.GOOD = "yay!"
     app.config.bad = "boo"
     ```
 
 
-There is much [more detail about configuration](../running/configuration.md) later on.
-
-## Factory pattern
-
-Many of the examples in these docs will show the instantiation of the :class:`sanic.app.Sanic` instance in a file called `server.py` in the "global scope" (i.e. not inside a function). This is a common pattern for very simple "hello world" style applications, but it is often beneficial to use a factory pattern instead.
-
-A "factory" is just a function that returns an instance of the object you want to use. This allows you to abstract the instantiation of the object, but also may make it easier to isolate the application instance.
-
-.. column::
-
-    A super simple factory pattern could look like this:
-    
-.. column::
-
-    ```python
-    # ./path/to/server.py
-    from sanic import Sanic
-    from .path.to.config import MyConfig
-    from .path.to.some.blueprint import bp
-    
-    
-    def create_app(config=MyConfig) -> Sanic:
-        app = Sanic("MyApp", config=config)
-        app.blueprint(bp)
-        return app
-    ```
-
-.. column::
-
-    When we get to running Sanic later, you will learn that the Sanic CLI can detect this pattern and use it to run your application.
-    
-.. column::
-
-    ```sh
-    sanic path.to.server:create_app
-    ```
+There is much [more detail about configuration](/guide/deployment/configuration.md) later on.
 
 ## Customization
 
-The Sanic application instance can be customized for your application needs in a variety of ways at instantiation.
-
-For complete details, see the [API docs](/api/sanic.app).
+The Sanic application instance can be customized for your application needs in a variety of ways at instantiation. 
 
 ### Custom configuration
 
@@ -179,7 +137,7 @@ For complete details, see the [API docs](/api/sanic.app).
 
     This simplest form of custom configuration would be to pass your own object directly into that Sanic application instance
 
-    If you create a custom configuration object, it is *highly* recommended that you subclass the :class:`sanic.config.Config` option to inherit its behavior. You could use this option for adding properties, or your own set of custom logic.
+    If you create a custom configuration object, it is *highly* recommended that you subclass the Sanic `Config` option to inherit its behavior. You could use this option for adding properties, or your own set of custom logic.
 
     *Added in v21.6*
 
@@ -335,7 +293,7 @@ For complete details, see the [API docs](/api/sanic.app).
     ```python
     from orjson import dumps
 
-    app = Sanic("MyApp", dumps=dumps)
+    app = Sanic(__name__, dumps=dumps)
     ```
 
 ### Custom loads function
@@ -351,7 +309,7 @@ For complete details, see the [API docs](/api/sanic.app).
     ```python
     from orjson import loads
 
-    app = Sanic("MyApp", loads=loads)
+    app = Sanic(__name__, loads=loads)
     ```
 
 
@@ -360,7 +318,7 @@ For complete details, see the [API docs](/api/sanic.app).
 
     ### Custom typed application
 
-Beginnint in v23.6, the correct type annotation of a default Sanic application instance is:
+The correct, default type of a Sanic application instance is:
 
 ```python
 sanic.app.Sanic[sanic.config.Config, types.SimpleNamespace]
@@ -368,14 +326,14 @@ sanic.app.Sanic[sanic.config.Config, types.SimpleNamespace]
 
 It refers to two generic types:
 
-1. The first is the type of the configuration object. It defaults to :class:`sanic.config.Config`, but can be any subclass of that.
-2. The second is the type of the application context. It defaults to [`SimpleNamespace()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/types.html#types.SimpleNamespace), but can be **any object** as show above.
+1. The first is the type of the configuration object. It defaults to `sanic.config.Config`, but can be any subclass of that.
+2. The second is the type of the application context. It defaults to `types.SimpleNamespace`, but can be **any object** as show above.
 
 Let's look at some examples of how the type will change.
 
 .. column::
 
-    Consider this example where we pass a custom subclass of :class:`sanic.config.Config` and a custom context object.
+    Consider this example where we pass a custom subclass of `Config` and a custom context object.
 
 .. column::
 
@@ -473,9 +431,7 @@ add_listeners(app)
 
 *Added in v23.6*
 
-.. new:: NEW in v23.6
-
-    ### Custom typed request
+### Custom typed request
 
 Sanic also allows you to customize the type of the request object. This is useful if you want to add custom properties to the request object, or be able to access your custom properties of a typed application instance.
 
@@ -555,7 +511,7 @@ Let's look at some examples of how the type will change.
         pass
     ```
 
-See more information in the [custom request context](./request#custom-request-context) section.
+See more information in the [custom request context](./request.md#custom-request-context) section.
 
 *Added in v23.6*
 

guide/content/en/guide/basics/handlers.md

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 The next important building block are your _handlers_. These are also sometimes called "views".
 
-In Sanic, a handler is any callable that takes at least a :class:`sanic.request.Request` instance as an argument, and returns either an :class:`sanic.response.HTTPResponse` instance, or a coroutine that does the same.
+In Sanic, a handler is any callable that takes at least a `Request` instance as an argument, and returns either an `HTTPResponse` instance, or a coroutine that does the same.
+
+
 
 .. column::
 
@@ -22,39 +24,26 @@ In Sanic, a handler is any callable that takes at least a :class:`sanic.request.
         return HTTPResponse()
     ```
 
-Two more important items to note:
-
-1. You almost *never* will want to use :class:`sanic.response.HTTPresponse` directly. It is much simpler to use one of the [convenience methods](./response#methods).
-
-    - `from sanic import json`
-    - `from sanic import html`
-    - `from sanic import redirect`
-    - *etc*
-    
-1. As we will see in [the streaming section](../advanced/streaming#response-streaming), you do not always need to return an object. If you use this lower-level API, you can control the flow of the response from within the handler, and a return object is not used.
-
 .. tip:: Heads up
 
-    If you want to learn more about encapsulating your logic, checkout [class based views](../advanced/class-based-views.md). For now, we will continue forward with just function-based views.
+    If you want to learn more about encapsulating your logic, checkout [class based views](/guide/advanced/class-based-views.md).
 
 
-### A simple function-based handler
-
-The most common way to create a route handler is to decorate the function. It creates a visually simple identification of a route definition. We'll learn more about [routing soon](./routing.md).
-
 .. column::
 
+    Then, all you need to do is wire it up to an endpoint. We'll learn more about [routing soon](./routing.md).
+
     Let's look at a practical example.
 
     - We use a convenience decorator on our app instance: `@app.get()`
     - And a handy convenience method for generating out response object: `text()`
 
-    Mission accomplished 💪
+    Mission accomplished :muscle:
 
 .. column::
 
     ```python
-    from sanic import text
+    from sanic.response import text
 
     @app.get("/foo")
     async def foo_handler(request):
@@ -96,10 +85,16 @@ The most common way to create a route handler is to decorate the function. It cr
     - Or, about **3,843.17** requests/second
 
     .. attrs::
-        :class: is-size-2
+        :class: is-size-3
     
         🤯
 
+    Okay... this is a ridiculously overdramatic result. And any benchmark you see is inherently very biased. This example is meant to over-the-top show the benefit of `async/await` in the web world. Results will certainly vary. Tools like Sanic and other async Python libraries are not magic bullets that make things faster. They make them _more efficient_.
+
+    In our example, the asynchronous version is so much better because while one request is sleeping, it is able to start another one, and another one, and another one, and another one...
+
+    But, this is the point! Sanic is fast because it takes the available resources and squeezes performance out of them. It can handle many requests concurrently, which means more requests per second.
+
 .. column::
 
     ```python
@@ -110,20 +105,14 @@ The most common way to create a route handler is to decorate the function. It cr
     ```
 
 
-Okay... this is a ridiculously overdramatic result. And any benchmark you see is inherently very biased. This example is meant to over-the-top show the benefit of `async/await` in the web world. Results will certainly vary. Tools like Sanic and other async Python libraries are not magic bullets that make things faster. They make them _more efficient_.
 
-In our example, the asynchronous version is so much better because while one request is sleeping, it is able to start another one, and another one, and another one, and another one...
-
-But, this is the point! Sanic is fast because it takes the available resources and squeezes performance out of them. It can handle many requests concurrently, which means more requests per second.
-
-
-.. tip:: A common mistake!
+.. warning:: A common mistake!
 
     Don't do this! You need to ping a website. What do you use? `pip install your-fav-request-library` 🙈
 
     Instead, try using a client that is `async/await` capable. Your server will thank you. Avoid using blocking tools, and favor those that play well in the asynchronous ecosystem. If you need recommendations, check out [Awesome Sanic](https://github.com/mekicha/awesome-sanic).
 
-    Sanic uses [httpx](https://www.python-httpx.org/) inside of its testing package (sanic-testing) 😉.
+    Sanic uses [httpx](https://www.python-httpx.org/) inside of its testing package (sanic-testing) :wink:.
 
 
 ---
@@ -140,52 +129,3 @@ from sanic.request import Request
 async def typed_handler(request: Request) -> HTTPResponse:
     return text("Done.")
 ```
-
-## Naming your handlers
-
-All handlers are named automatically. This is useful for debugging, and for generating URLs in templates. When not specified, the name that will be used is the name of the function.
-
-.. column::
-
-    For example, this handler will be named `foo_handler`.
-
-.. column::
-
-    ```python
-    # Handler name will be "foo_handler"
-    @app.get("/foo")
-    async def foo_handler(request):
-        return text("I said foo!")
-    ```
-
-.. column::
-
-    However, you can override this by passing the `name` argument to the decorator.
-
-.. column::
-
-    ```python
-    # Handler name will be "foo"
-    @app.get("/foo", name="foo")
-    async def foo_handler(request):
-        return text("I said foo!")
-    ```
-
-.. column::
-
-    In fact, as you will, there may be times when you **MUST** supply a name. For example, if you use two decorators on the same function, you will need to supply a name for at least one of them.
-    
-    If you do not, you will get an error and your app will not start. Names **must** be unique within your app.
-
-.. column::
-
-    ```python
-    # Two handlers, same function,
-    # different names:
-    # - "foo"
-    # - "foo_handler"
-    @app.get("/foo", name="foo")
-    @app.get("/bar")
-    async def foo_handler(request):
-        return text("I said foo!")
-    ```

guide/content/en/guide/basics/request.md

@@ -1,49 +1,6 @@
 # Request
 
-See API docs: [sanic.request](/api/sanic.request)
-
-The :class:`sanic.request.Request` instance contains **a lot** of helpful information available on its parameters. Refer to the [API documentation](https://sanic.readthedocs.io/) for full details.
-
-As we saw in the section on [handlers](./handlers), the first argument in a route handler is usually the :class:`sanic.request.Request` object. Because Sanic is an async framework, the handler will run inside of a [`asyncio.Task`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.Task) and will be scheduled by the event loop. This means that the handler will be executed in an isolated context and the request object will be unique to that handler's task.
-
-.. column::
-
-    By convention, the argument is named `request`, but you can name it whatever you want. The name of the argument is not important. Both of the following handlers are valid.
-    
-.. column::
-
-    ```python
-    @app.get("/foo")
-    async def typical_use_case(request):
-        return text("I said foo!")
-    ```
-
-    ```python
-    @app.get("/foo")
-    async def atypical_use_case(req):
-        return text("I said foo!")
-    ```
-
-.. column::
-
-    Annotating a request object is super simple.
-        
-.. column::
-
-    ```python
-    from sanic.request import Request
-    from sanic.response import text
-
-    @app.get("/typed")
-    async def typed_handler(request: Request):
-        return text("Done.")
-    ```
-
-.. tip::
-    
-    For your convenience, assuming you are using a modern IDE, you should leverage type annotations to help with code completion and documentation. This is especially helpful when using the `request` object as it has **MANY** properties and methods.
-        
-    To see the full list of available properties and methods, refer to the [API documentation](/api/sanic.request).
+The `Request` instance contains **a lot** of helpful information available on its parameters. Refer to the [API documentation](https://sanic.readthedocs.io/) for full details.
 
 ## Body
 
@@ -155,15 +112,7 @@ The `Request` object allows you to access the content of the request body in a f
 
 ### Request context
 
-The `request.ctx` object is your playground to store whatever information you need to about the request. This lives only for the duration of the request and is unique to the request.
-
-This can be constrasted with the `app.ctx` object which is shared across all requests. Be careful not to confuse them! 
-
-The `request.ctx` object by default is a `SimpleNamespace` object allowing you to set arbitrary attributes on it. Sanic will not use this object for anything, so you are free to use it however you want without worrying about name clashes.
-
-```python
-
-### Typical use case
+The `request.ctx` object is your playground to store whatever information you need to about the request.
 
 This is often used to store items like authenticated user details. We will get more into [middleware](./middleware.md) later, but here is a simple example.
 
@@ -174,12 +123,12 @@ async def run_before_handler(request):
 
 @app.route('/hi')
 async def hi_my_name_is(request):
-    if not request.ctx.user:
-        return text("Hmm... I don't know you)
-    return text(f"Hi, my name is {request.ctx.user.name}")
+    return text("Hi, my name is {}".format(request.ctx.user.name))
 ```
 
-As you can see, the `request.ctx` object is a great place to store information that you need to access in multiple handlers making your code more DRY and easier to maintain. But, as we will learn in the [middleware section](./middleware.md), you can also use it to store information from one middleware that will be used in another.
+A typical use case would be to store the user object acquired from database in an authentication middleware. Keys added are accessible to all later middleware as well as the handler over the duration of the request.
+
+Custom context is reserved for applications and extensions. Sanic itself makes no use of it.
 
 ### Connection context
 
@@ -212,15 +161,9 @@ As you can see, the `request.ctx` object is a great place to store information t
     request.conn_info.ctx.foo=3
     ```
 
-.. warning::
-
-    While this looks like a convenient place to store information between requests by a single HTTP connection, do not assume that all requests on a single connection came from a single end user. This is because HTTP proxies and load balancers can multiplex multiple connections into a single connection to your server.
-    
-    **DO NOT** use this to store information about a single user. Use the `request.ctx` object for that.
-
 ### Custom Request Objects
 
-As dicussed in [application customization](./app.md#custom-requests), you can create a subclass of :class:`sanic.request.Request` to add additional functionality to the request object. This is useful for adding additional attributes or methods that are specific to your application.
+As dicussed in [application customization](./app.md#custom-requests), you can create a subclass of `sanic.Request` to add additional functionality to the request object. This is useful for adding additional attributes or methods that are specific to your application.
 
 .. column::
 
@@ -258,13 +201,13 @@ As dicussed in [application customization](./app.md#custom-requests), you can cr
 
     ### Custom Request Context
 
-By default, the request context (`request.ctx`) is a [`Simplenamespace`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/types.html#types.SimpleNamespace) object allowing you to set arbitrary attributes on it. While this is super helpful to reuse logic across your application, it can be difficult in the development experience since the IDE will not know what attributes are available.
+By default, the request context (`request.ctx`) is a `SimpleNamespace` object allowing you to set arbitrary attributes on it. While this is super helpful to reuse logic across your application, it can be difficult in the development experience since the IDE will not know what attributes are available.
 
 To help with this, you can create a custom request context object that will be used instead of the default `SimpleNamespace`. This allows you to add type hints to the context object and have them be available in your IDE.
 
 .. column::
 
-    Start by subclassing the :class:`sanic.request.Request` class to create a custom request type. Then, you will need to add a `make_context()` method that returns an instance of your custom context object. *NOTE: the `make_context` method should be a static method.*
+    Start by subclassing the `sanic.Request` class to create a custom request type. Then, you will need to add a `make_context()` method that returns an instance of your custom context object. *NOTE: the `make_context` method should be a static method.*
 
 .. column::
 
@@ -286,10 +229,6 @@ To help with this, you can create a custom request context object that will be u
         user_id: str = None
     ```
 
-.. note::
-
-    This is a Sanic poweruser feature that makes it super convenient in large codebases to have typed request context objects. It is of course not required, but can be very helpful.
-
 *Added in v23.6*
 
 
@@ -297,7 +236,7 @@ To help with this, you can create a custom request context object that will be u
 
 .. column::
 
-    Values that are extracted from the path parameters are injected into the handler as argumets, or more specifically as keyword arguments. There is much more detail about this in the [Routing section](./routing.md).
+    Values that are extracted from the path are injected into the handler as parameters, or more specifically as keyword arguments. There is much more detail about this in the [Routing section](./routing.md).
 
 .. column::
 
@@ -305,11 +244,6 @@ To help with this, you can create a custom request context object that will be u
     @app.route('/tag/<tag>')
     async def tag_handler(request, tag):
         return text("Tag - {}".format(tag))
-    
-    # or, explicitly as keyword arguments
-    @app.route('/tag/<tag>')
-    async def tag_handler(request, *, tag):
-        return text("Tag - {}".format(tag))
     ```
 
 
@@ -320,43 +254,8 @@ There are two attributes on the `request` instance to get query parameters:
 - `request.args`
 - `request.query_args`
 
-These allow you to access the query parameters from the request path (the part after the `?` in the URL).
-
-### Typical use case
-
-In most use cases, you will want to use the `request.args` object to access the query parameters. This will be the parsed query string as a dictionary.
-
-This is by far the most common pattern.
-
-.. column::
-
-    Consider the example where we have a `/search` endpoint with a `q` parameter that we want to use to search for something.
-
-.. column::
-
-    ```python
-    @app.get("/search")
-    async def search(request):
-       query = request.args.get("q")
-        if not query:
-            return text("No query string provided")
-        return text(f"Searching for: {query}")
-    ```
-
-### Parsing the query string
-
-Sometimes, however, you may want to access the query string as a raw string or as a list of tuples. For this, you can use the `request.query_string` and `request.query_args` attributes. 
-
-It also should be noted that HTTP allows multiple values for a single key. Although `request.args` may seem like a regular dictionary, it is actually a special type that allows for multiple values for a single key. You can access this by using the `request.args.getlist()` method.
-
-- `request.query_string` - The raw query string
-- `request.query_args` - The parsed query string as a list of tuples
-- `request.args` - The parsed query string as a *special* dictionary
-  - `request.args.get()` - Get the first value for a key (behaves like a regular dictionary)
-  - `request.args.getlist()` - Get all values for a key
-
-```sh
-curl "http://localhost:8000?key1=val1&key2=val2&key1=val3"
+```bash
+$ curl http://localhost:8000\?key1\=val1\&key2\=val2\&key1\=val3
 ```
 
 ```python
@@ -384,12 +283,11 @@ key1=val1&key2=val2&key1=val3
 
     Most of the time you will want to use the `.get()` method to access the first element and not a list. If you do want a list of all items, you can use `.getlist()`.
 
+
 ## Current request getter
 
 Sometimes you may find that you need access to the current request in your application in a location where it is not accessible. A typical example might be in a `logging` format. You can use `Request.get_current()` to fetch the current request (if any).
 
-Remember, the request object is confined to the single [`asyncio.Task`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.Task) that is running the handler. If you are not in that task, there is no request object.
-
 ```python
 import logging
 
@@ -419,8 +317,8 @@ def record_factory(*args, **kwargs):
 
 logging.setLogRecordFactory(record_factory)
 
-
 LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS["formatters"]["access"]["format"] = LOGGING_FORMAT
+
 app = Sanic("Example", log_config=LOGGING_CONFIG_DEFAULTS)
 ```
 

guide/content/en/migrate.py

@@ -7,14 +7,10 @@ from emoji import EMOJI
 COLUMN_PATTERN = re.compile(r"---:1\s*(.*?)\s*:--:1\s*(.*?)\s*:---", re.DOTALL)
 PYTHON_HIGHLIGHT_PATTERN = re.compile(r"```python\{+.*?\}", re.DOTALL)
 BASH_HIGHLIGHT_PATTERN = re.compile(r"```bash\{+.*?\}", re.DOTALL)
-NOTIFICATION_PATTERN = re.compile(
-    r":::\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\n([\s\S]*?):::", re.MULTILINE
-)
+NOTIFICATION_PATTERN = re.compile(r":::\s*(\w+)\s*(.*?)\n([\s\S]*?):::", re.MULTILINE)
 EMOJI_PATTERN = re.compile(r":(\w+):")
 CURRENT_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
-SOURCE_DIR = (
-    CURRENT_DIR.parent.parent.parent.parent / "sanic-guide" / "src" / "en"
-)
+SOURCE_DIR = CURRENT_DIR.parent.parent.parent.parent / "sanic-guide" / "src" / "en"
 
 
 def convert_columns(content: str):

guide/public/assets/docs.js

@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@ let burger;
 let menu;
 let menuLinks;
 let menuGroups;
-let anchors;
-let lastUpdated = 0;
-let updateFrequency = 300;
 function trigger(el, eventType) {
     if (typeof eventType === "string" && typeof el[eventType] === "function") {
         el[eventType]();
@@ -47,30 +44,6 @@ function hasActiveLink(element) {
     }
     return false;
 }
-function scrollHandler(e) {
-    let now = Date.now();
-    if (now - lastUpdated < updateFrequency) return;
-    
-    let closestAnchor = null;
-    let closestDistance = Infinity;
-
-    if (!anchors) { return; }
-
-    anchors.forEach(anchor => {
-        const rect = anchor.getBoundingClientRect();
-        const distance = Math.abs(rect.top);
-
-        if (distance < closestDistance) {
-            closestDistance = distance;
-            closestAnchor = anchor;
-        }
-    });
-
-    if (closestAnchor) {
-        history.replaceState(null, null, "#" + closestAnchor.id);
-	lastUpdated = now;
-    }
-}
 function initBurger() {
     if (!burger || !menu) {
         return;
@@ -137,10 +110,6 @@ function initSearch() {
         );
     });
 }
-function refreshAnchors() {
-    anchors = document.querySelectorAll("h1[id], h2[id], h3[id], h4[id], h5[id], h6[id]");
-};
-
 function setMenuLinkActive(href) {
     burger.classList.remove("is-active");
     menu.classList.remove("is-active");
@@ -180,7 +149,6 @@ function init() {
     refreshMenu();
     refreshMenuLinks();
     refreshMenuGroups();
-    refreshAnchors();
     initBurger();
     initMenuGroups();
     initDetails();
@@ -194,4 +162,3 @@ function afterSwap(e) {
 }
 document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", init);
 document.body.addEventListener("htmx:afterSwap", afterSwap);
-document.addEventListener("scroll", scrollHandler);

guide/public/assets/style.css

@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ th {
 
 html {
   background-color: white;
-  font-size: 24px;
+  font-size: 18px;
   -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
   -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
   min-width: 300px;
@@ -12652,39 +12652,37 @@ a.has-text-danger-dark:hover, a.has-text-danger-dark:focus {
   .menu hr {
     background-color: var(--menu-divider); }
   .menu .is-anchor {
-    font-size: 0.75em; }
+    font-size: 0.85em; }
     .menu .is-anchor a::before {
       content: '# ';
       color: var(--menu-contrast); }
   .menu .menu-label {
     margin-bottom: 1rem; }
-  .menu li.is-group > a {
-    font-size: 0.85rem; }
-    .menu li.is-group > a::after {
-      content: '';
-      position: relative;
-      top: -2px;
-      left: 8px;
-      display: inline-block;
-      width: 0;
-      height: 0;
-      border-left: 8px solid var(--menu-contrast);
-      border-top: 5.33333px solid transparent;
-      border-bottom: 5.33333px solid transparent;
-      transform: rotate(90deg); }
-    .menu li.is-group > a ~ .menu-list {
-      transition: all .15s ease-in-out;
-      transform: scaleY(1);
-      transform-origin: top;
-      overflow: hidden;
-      opacity: 1;
-      margin: 0; }
-    .menu li.is-group > a:not(.is-open)::after {
-      transform: rotate(0deg); }
-    .menu li.is-group > a:not(.is-open) ~ .menu-list {
-      transform: scaleY(0);
-      opacity: 0;
-      font-size: 0; }
+  .menu li.is-group > a::after {
+    content: '';
+    position: relative;
+    top: -2px;
+    left: 8px;
+    display: inline-block;
+    width: 0;
+    height: 0;
+    border-left: 8px solid var(--menu-contrast);
+    border-top: 5.33333px solid transparent;
+    border-bottom: 5.33333px solid transparent;
+    transform: rotate(90deg); }
+  .menu li.is-group > a ~ .menu-list {
+    transition: all .15s ease-in-out;
+    transform: scaleY(1);
+    transform-origin: top;
+    overflow: hidden;
+    opacity: 1;
+    margin: 0; }
+  .menu li.is-group > a:not(.is-open)::after {
+    transform: rotate(0deg); }
+  .menu li.is-group > a:not(.is-open) ~ .menu-list {
+    transform: scaleY(0);
+    opacity: 0;
+    font-size: 0; }
   .menu ~ main {
     margin-left: 360px; }
   .menu .anchor-list {
@@ -12704,16 +12702,6 @@ a.has-text-danger-dark:hover, a.has-text-danger-dark:focus {
   .burger {
     display: block; } }
 
-.menu-list li ul {
-  margin: 0;
-  padding-left: 0; }
-
-.menu-list ul li:not(.is-anchor) {
-  margin-left: 0.75em; }
-
-.menu-list .menu-list li a {
-  font-size: 0.85em; }
-
 code {
   color: #4a4a4a; }
 
@@ -12730,12 +12718,6 @@ a[target=_blank]::after {
   content: "⇗";
   margin-left: 0.25em; }
 
-a > code {
-  border-bottom: 1px solid #ff0d68; }
-  a > code:hover {
-    background-color: #ff0d68;
-    color: white; }
-
 h1 a.anchor,
 h2 a.anchor,
 h3 a.anchor,
@@ -12786,10 +12768,6 @@ p + p {
   article {
     margin-left: 0; } }
 
-@media screen and (min-width: 1216px) {
-  .section {
-    padding: 3rem 0rem; } }
-
 .footer {
   margin-bottom: 4rem; }
   .footer a[target=_blank]::after {
@@ -13020,51 +12998,6 @@ h3 + .code-block {
 .tabs .tab-content {
   display: none; }
 
-.table-of-contents {
-  position: fixed;
-  right: 0;
-  bottom: 0;
-  z-index: 1000;
-  max-width: 500px;
-  padding: 1rem 2rem;
-  background-color: #fafafa;
-  box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(63, 63, 68, 0.5); }
-  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
-    .table-of-contents {
-      background-color: #0a0a0a;
-      box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(191, 191, 191, 0.5); } }
-  .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item {
-    display: block;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
-    text-decoration: none; }
-    .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item:hover {
-      text-decoration: underline;
-      color: #ff0d68; }
-      .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item:hover strong, .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item:hover small {
-        color: #ff0d68; }
-    .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item strong {
-      color: #121212;
-      font-size: 1.15em;
-      display: block;
-      line-height: 1rem;
-      margin-top: 0.75rem; }
-    .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item small {
-      color: #7a7a7a;
-      font-size: 0.85em; }
-    @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
-      .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item strong {
-        color: #dbdbdb; } }
-  @media (max-width: 768px) {
-    .table-of-contents {
-      position: static;
-      max-width: calc(100vw - 2rem); }
-      .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item {
-        display: flex;
-        flex-direction: row-reverse;
-        justify-content: start; }
-        .table-of-contents .table-of-contents-item strong {
-          display: inline;
-          margin: 0 0 0 0.75rem; } }
 footer .level,
 footer .level .level-right,
 footer .level .level-left {

guide/pyproject.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[tool.ruff]
+extend = "../pyproject.toml"
+
+[tool.ruff.isort]
+known-first-party = ["webapp"]

guide/requirements.txt

@@ -1,8 +1,3 @@
 sanic>=23.6.*
 sanic-ext>=23.6.*
 msgspec
-python-frontmatter
-pygments
-docstring-parser
-libsass
-mistune

guide/server.py

@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-"""Sanic  User Guide
-
-https://sanic.dev
-
-Built using the SHH stack:
-- Sanic
-- html5tagger
-- HTMX"""
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from webapp.worker.factory import create_app

guide/style/elements.scss

@@ -290,68 +290,3 @@ h3 + .code-block { margin-top: 1rem; }
 .tabs {
     .tab-content { display: none; }
 }
-
-.table-of-contents {
-  position: fixed;
-  right: 0;
-  bottom: 0;
-  z-index: 1000;
-  max-width: 500px;
-  padding: 1rem 2rem;
-  background-color: $white-bis;
-  box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(63, 63, 68, 0.5);
-
-  @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
-      background-color: $black;
-      box-shadow: 0 0 2px rgba(191, 191, 191, 0.5);
-      
-  }
-
-  .table-of-contents-item {
-    display: block;
-    margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
-    text-decoration: none;
-
-    &:hover {
-	text-decoration: underline;
-	color: $primary;
-
-	strong, small {
-	    color: $primary;
-	}
-    }
-
-    strong {
-	color: $black-bis;
-	font-size: 1.15em;
-	display: block;
-	line-height: 1rem;
-	margin-top: 0.75rem;
-    }
-
-    small {
-	color: $grey;
-	font-size: 0.85em;
-    }
-
-    @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
-	strong { color: $grey-lighter; }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @media (max-width: 768px) {
-    position: static;
-    max-width: calc(100vw - 2rem);
-
-    .table-of-contents-item {
-	display: flex;
-	flex-direction: row-reverse;
-	justify-content: start;
-	
-	strong {
-	    display: inline;
-	    margin: 0 0 0 0.75rem;
-	}
-    }
-  }
-}

guide/style/general.scss

@@ -7,18 +7,9 @@ code { color: #{$grey-dark}; }
     }
 }
 
-a{
-    &[target=_blank]::after {
-        content: "⇗";
-        margin-left: 0.25em;
-    }
-    & > code {
-        border-bottom: 1px solid $primary;
-        &:hover {
-            background-color: $primary;
-            color: $white;
-        }
-    }
+a[target=_blank]::after {
+    content: "⇗";
+    margin-left: 0.25em;
 }
 h1 a.anchor,
 h2 a.anchor,
@@ -58,8 +49,4 @@ p + p { margin-top: 1rem; }
     h2 { margin-left: 0; }
     article { margin-left: 0; }
 }
-@media screen and (min-width: $widescreen) {
-    .section {
-	padding: 3rem 0rem;
-    }
-}
+

guide/style/index.scss

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-$body-size: 24px;
+$body-size: 18px;
 
 
 

guide/style/menu.scss

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ $menu-width: 360px;
     hr { background-color: var(--menu-divider); }
 
     .is-anchor {
-        font-size: 0.75em;
+        font-size: 0.85em;
         & a::before {
             content: '# ';
             color: var(--menu-contrast);
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ $menu-width: 360px;
     }
     .menu-label { margin-bottom: 1rem; }
     li.is-group > a {
-	font-size: 0.85rem;
         &::after {
             content: '';
             position: relative;
@@ -120,14 +119,3 @@ $menu-width: 360px;
     }
     .burger { display: block; }
 }
-
-.menu-list li ul {
-    margin: 0;
-    padding-left: 0;
-}
-.menu-list ul li:not(.is-anchor) {
-    margin-left: 0.75em;
-}
-.menu-list .menu-list li a {
-    font-size: 0.85em;
-}

guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/footer.py

@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@ def do_footer(builder: Builder, request: Request) -> None:
 
 
 def _pagination(request: Request) -> Builder:
-    return E.div(
-        _pagination_left(request), _pagination_right(request), class_="level"
-    )
+    return E.div(_pagination_left(request), _pagination_right(request), class_="level")
 
 
 def _pagination_left(request: Request) -> Builder:
@@ -64,9 +62,7 @@ def _content() -> Builder:
             href="https://github.com/sanic-org/sanic/blob/master/LICENSE",
             target="_blank",
             rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer",
-        ).br()(
-            E.small(f"Copyright © 2018-{year} Sanic Community Organization")
-        ),
+        ).br()(E.small(f"Copyright © 2018-{year} Sanic Community Organization")),
     )
     return E.div(
         inner,

guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/navbar.py

@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
-from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
-
 from html5tagger import Builder, E  # type: ignore
 from sanic import Request
 
+from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
+
 
 def do_navbar(builder: Builder, request: Request) -> None:
     navbar_items = [
-        _render_navbar_item(item, request)
-        for item in request.app.config.NAVBAR
+        _render_navbar_item(item, request) for item in request.app.config.NAVBAR
     ]
-    container = E.div(
-        _search_form(request), *navbar_items, class_="navbar-end"
-    )
+    container = E.div(_search_form(request), *navbar_items, class_="navbar-end")
 
     builder.nav(
         E.div(container, class_="navbar-menu"),
@@ -46,10 +43,7 @@ def _render_navbar_item(item: MenuItem, request: Request) -> Builder:
         return E.div(
             E.a(item.label, class_="navbar-link"),
             E.div(
-                *(
-                    _render_navbar_item(subitem, request)
-                    for subitem in item.items
-                ),
+                *(_render_navbar_item(subitem, request) for subitem in item.items),
                 class_="navbar-dropdown",
             ),
             class_="navbar-item has-dropdown is-hoverable",

guide/webapp/display/layouts/elements/sidebar.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
-from webapp.display.text import slugify
-
 from html5tagger import Builder, E  # type: ignore
 from sanic import Request
 
+from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
+from webapp.display.text import slugify
+
 
 def do_sidebar(builder: Builder, request: Request) -> None:
     builder.a(class_="burger")(E.span().span().span().span())
@@ -15,9 +15,7 @@ def _menu_items(request: Request) -> list[Builder]:
         _sanic_logo(request),
         *_sidebar_items(request),
         E.hr(),
-        E.p("Current with version ").strong(
-            request.app.config.GENERAL.current_version
-        ),
+        E.p("Current with version ").strong(request.app.config.GENERAL.current_version),
         E.hr(),
         E.p("Want more? ").a(
             "sanicbook.com", href="https://sanicbook.com", target="_blank"
@@ -73,9 +71,7 @@ def _single_sidebar_item(item: MenuItem, request: Request) -> Builder:
     kwargs = {}
     classes: list[str] = []
     li_classes = "menu-item"
-    _, page, _ = request.app.ctx.get_page(
-        request.ctx.language, item.path or ""
-    )
+    _, page, _ = request.app.ctx.get_page(request.ctx.language, item.path or "")
     if request.path == path:
         classes.append("is-active")
     if item.href:

guide/webapp/display/layouts/main.py

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from typing import Generator
 
+from sanic import Request
+
 from webapp.display.layouts.elements.footer import do_footer
 from webapp.display.layouts.elements.navbar import do_navbar
 from webapp.display.layouts.elements.sidebar import do_sidebar
 
-from sanic import Request
-
 from .base import BaseLayout
 
 

guide/webapp/display/markdown.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import re
 from textwrap import dedent
 
+from html5tagger import HTML, Builder, E  # type: ignore
 from mistune import HTMLRenderer, create_markdown, escape
 from mistune.directives import RSTDirective, TableOfContents
 from mistune.util import safe_entity
@@ -8,8 +9,6 @@ from pygments import highlight
 from pygments.formatters import html
 from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name
 
-from html5tagger import HTML, Builder, E  # type: ignore
-
 from .code_style import SanicCodeStyle
 from .plugins.attrs import Attributes
 from .plugins.columns import Column
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ from .plugins.hook import Hook
 from .plugins.mermaid import Mermaid
 from .plugins.notification import Notification
 from .plugins.span import span
-from .plugins.inline_directive import inline_directive
 from .plugins.tabs import Tabs
 from .text import slugify
 
@@ -38,9 +36,9 @@ class DocsRenderer(HTMLRenderer):
                     class_="code-block__copy",
                     onclick="copyCode(this)",
                 ):
-                    builder.div(
-                        class_="code-block__rectangle code-block__filled"
-                    ).div(class_="code-block__rectangle code-block__outlined")
+                    builder.div(class_="code-block__rectangle code-block__filled").div(
+                        class_="code-block__rectangle code-block__outlined"
+                    )
             else:
                 builder.pre(E.code(escape(code)))
         return str(builder)
@@ -48,20 +46,16 @@ class DocsRenderer(HTMLRenderer):
     def heading(self, text: str, level: int, **attrs) -> str:
         ident = slugify(text)
         if level > 1:
-            text += self._make_tag(
-                "a", {"href": f"#{ident}", "class": "anchor"}, "#"
-            )
+            text += self._make_tag("a", {"href": f"#{ident}", "class": "anchor"}, "#")
         return self._make_tag(
             f"h{level}", {"id": ident, "class": f"is-size-{level}"}, text
         )
 
     def link(self, text: str, url: str, title: str | None = None) -> str:
-        url = self.safe_url(url).replace(".md", ".html")
-        url, anchor = url.split("#", 1) if "#" in url else (url, None)
-        if not url.endswith("/") and not url.endswith(".html"):
+        url = self.safe_url(url).removesuffix(".md")
+        if not url.endswith("/"):
             url += ".html"
-        if anchor:
-            url += f"#{anchor}"
+
         attributes: dict[str, str] = {"href": url}
         if title:
             attributes["title"] = safe_entity(title)
@@ -93,28 +87,10 @@ class DocsRenderer(HTMLRenderer):
         attrs["class"] = "table is-fullwidth is-bordered"
         return self._make_tag("table", attrs, text)
 
-    def inline_directive(self, text: str, **attrs) -> str:
-        num_dots = text.count(".")
-        display = self.codespan(text)
-
-        if num_dots <= 1:
-            return display
-
-        module, *_ = text.rsplit(".", num_dots - 1)
-        href = f"/api/{module}.html"
-        return self._make_tag(
-            "a",
-            {"href": href, "class": "inline-directive"},
-            display,
-        )
-            
-
     def _make_tag(
         self, tag: str, attributes: dict[str, str], text: str | None = None
     ) -> str:
-        attrs = " ".join(
-            f'{key}="{value}"' for key, value in attributes.items()
-        )
+        attrs = " ".join(f'{key}="{value}"' for key, value in attributes.items())
         if text is None:
             return f"<{tag} {attrs} />"
         return f"<{tag} {attrs}>{text}</{tag}>"
@@ -145,7 +121,6 @@ _render_markdown = create_markdown(
         "mark",
         "table",
         span,
-        inline_directive,
     ],
 )
 

guide/webapp/display/page/docobject.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from html import escape
 from docstring_parser import Docstring, DocstringParam, DocstringRaises
 from docstring_parser import parse as parse_docstring
 from docstring_parser.common import DocstringExample
-
 from html5tagger import HTML, Builder, E  # type: ignore
 
 from ..markdown import render_markdown, slugify
@@ -108,38 +107,19 @@ def _get_object_type(obj) -> str:
 def organize_docobjects(package_name: str) -> dict[str, str]:
     page_content: defaultdict[str, str] = defaultdict(str)
     docobjects = _extract_docobjects(package_name)
-    page_registry: defaultdict[str, list[str]] = defaultdict(list)
     for module, docobject in docobjects.items():
         builder = Builder(name="Partial")
         _docobject_to_html(docobject, builder)
         ref = module.rsplit(".", module.count(".") - 1)[0]
-        page_registry[ref].append(module)
         page_content[f"/api/{ref}.md"] += str(builder)
-    for ref, objects in page_registry.items():
-        page_content[f"/api/{ref}.md"] = _table_of_contents(objects) + page_content[f"/api/{ref}.md"]
     return page_content
 
-def _table_of_contents(objects: list[str]) -> str:
-    builder = Builder(name="Partial")
-    with builder.div(class_="table-of-contents"):
-        builder.h3("Table of Contents", class_="is-size-4")
-        for obj in objects:
-            module, name = obj.rsplit(".", 1)
-            builder.a(
-                E.strong(name), E.small(module),
-                href=f"#{slugify(obj.replace('.', '-'))}",
-                class_="table-of-contents-item",
-            )
-    return str(builder)
-
 
 def _extract_docobjects(package_name: str) -> dict[str, DocObject]:
     docstrings = {}
     package = importlib.import_module(package_name)
 
-    for _, name, _ in pkgutil.walk_packages(
-        package.__path__, package_name + "."
-    ):
+    for _, name, _ in pkgutil.walk_packages(package.__path__, package_name + "."):
         module = importlib.import_module(name)
         for obj_name, obj in inspect.getmembers(module):
             if (
@@ -173,9 +153,7 @@ def _docobject_to_html(
 ) -> None:
     anchor_id = slugify(docobject.full_name.replace(".", "-"))
     anchor = E.a("#", class_="anchor", href=f"#{anchor_id}")
-    class_name, heading = _define_heading_and_class(
-        docobject, anchor, as_method
-    )
+    class_name, heading = _define_heading_and_class(docobject, anchor, as_method)
 
     with builder.div(class_=class_name):
         builder(heading)
@@ -229,9 +207,7 @@ def _docobject_to_html(
 
         if docobject.docstring.params:
             with builder.div(class_="box mt-5"):
-                builder.h5(
-                    "Parameters", class_="is-size-5 has-text-weight-bold"
-                )
+                builder.h5("Parameters", class_="is-size-5 has-text-weight-bold")
                 _render_params(builder, docobject.docstring.params)
 
         if docobject.docstring.returns:
@@ -256,9 +232,7 @@ def _signature_to_html(
     parts = []
     parts.append("<span class='function-signature'>")
     for decorator in decorators:
-        parts.append(
-            f"<span class='function-decorator'>@{decorator}</span><br>"
-        )
+        parts.append(f"<span class='function-decorator'>@{decorator}</span><br>")
     parts.append(
         f"<span class='is-italic'>{object_type}</span> "
         f"<span class='has-text-weight-bold'>{name}</span>("
@@ -272,9 +246,7 @@ def _signature_to_html(
         annotation = ""
         if param.annotation != inspect.Parameter.empty:
             annotation = escape(str(param.annotation))
-            parts.append(
-                f": <span class='param-annotation'>{annotation}</span>"
-            )
+            parts.append(f": <span class='param-annotation'>{annotation}</span>")
         if param.default != inspect.Parameter.empty:
             default = escape(str(param.default))
             if annotation == "str":
@@ -285,9 +257,7 @@ def _signature_to_html(
     parts.append(")")
     if signature.return_annotation != inspect.Signature.empty:
         return_annotation = escape(str(signature.return_annotation))
-        parts.append(
-            f": -> <span class='return-annotation'>{return_annotation}</span>"
-        )
+        parts.append(f": -> <span class='return-annotation'>{return_annotation}</span>")
     parts.append("</span>")
     return "".join(parts)
 
@@ -327,10 +297,7 @@ def _render_params(builder: Builder, params: list[DocstringParam]) -> None:
                     E.br(),
                     E.span(
                         param.type_name,
-                        class_=(
-                            "has-text-weight-normal has-text-purple "
-                            "is-size-7 ml-2"
-                        ),
+                        class_="has-text-weight-normal has-text-purple ml-2",
                     ),
                 ]
                 dt_args.extend(parts)
@@ -338,10 +305,7 @@ def _render_params(builder: Builder, params: list[DocstringParam]) -> None:
             builder.dd(
                 HTML(
                     render_markdown(
-                        param.description
-                        or param.arg_name
-                        or param.type_name
-                        or ""
+                        param.description or param.arg_name or param.type_name or ""
                     )
                 )
             )
@@ -354,11 +318,7 @@ def _render_raises(builder: Builder, raises: list[DocstringRaises]) -> None:
             with builder.dl(class_="mt-2"):
                 builder.dt(raise_.type_name, class_="is-family-monospace")
                 builder.dd(
-                    HTML(
-                        render_markdown(
-                            raise_.description or raise_.type_name or ""
-                        )
-                    )
+                    HTML(render_markdown(raise_.description or raise_.type_name or ""))
                 )
 
 
@@ -374,11 +334,7 @@ def _render_returns(builder: Builder, docobject: DocObject) -> None:
         if not return_type or return_type == inspect.Signature.empty:
             return_type = "N/A"
 
-        term = (
-            "Return"
-            if not docobject.docstring.returns.is_generator
-            else "Yields"
-        )
+        term = "Return" if not docobject.docstring.returns.is_generator else "Yields"
         builder.h5(term, class_="is-size-5 has-text-weight-bold")
         with builder.dl(class_="mt-2"):
             builder.dt(return_type, class_="is-family-monospace")
@@ -393,17 +349,11 @@ def _render_returns(builder: Builder, docobject: DocObject) -> None:
             )
 
 
-def _render_examples(
-    builder: Builder, examples: list[DocstringExample]
-) -> None:
+def _render_examples(builder: Builder, examples: list[DocstringExample]) -> None:
     with builder.div(class_="box mt-5"):
         builder.h5("Examples", class_="is-size-5 has-text-weight-bold")
         for example in examples:
             with builder.div(class_="mt-2"):
                 builder(
-                    HTML(
-                        render_markdown(
-                            example.description or example.snippet or ""
-                        )
-                    )
+                    HTML(render_markdown(example.description or example.snippet or ""))
                 )

guide/webapp/display/page/page.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Type
 
 from frontmatter import parse
 
@@ -12,10 +11,8 @@ from ..layouts.main import MainLayout
 from ..markdown import render_markdown
 from .docobject import organize_docobjects
 
-_PAGE_CACHE: dict[
-    str, dict[str, tuple[Page | None, Page | None, Page | None]]
-] = {}
-_LAYOUTS_CACHE: dict[str, Type[BaseLayout]] = {
+_PAGE_CACHE: dict[str, dict[str, tuple[Page | None, Page | None, Page | None]]] = {}
+_LAYOUTS_CACHE: dict[str, type[BaseLayout]] = {
     "home": HomeLayout,
     "main": MainLayout,
 }
@@ -43,7 +40,7 @@ class Page:
 
     DEFAULT_LANGUAGE = _DEFAULT
 
-    def get_layout(self) -> Type[BaseLayout]:
+    def get_layout(self) -> type[BaseLayout]:
         return _LAYOUTS_CACHE[self.meta.layout]
 
     @property

guide/webapp/display/page/renderer.py

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
-from typing import Type
-
-from webapp.display.base import BaseRenderer
 
 from html5tagger import HTML, Builder  # type: ignore
 from sanic import Request
 
+from webapp.display.base import BaseRenderer
+
 from ..layouts.base import BaseLayout
 from .page import Page
 
@@ -21,13 +20,9 @@ class PageRenderer(BaseRenderer):
         self._body(request, builder, language, path)
         return builder
 
-    def _body(
-        self, request: Request, builder: Builder, language: str, path: str
-    ):
+    def _body(self, request: Request, builder: Builder, language: str, path: str):
         prev_page, current_page, next_page = Page.get(language, path)
-        request.ctx.language = (
-            Page.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE if language == "api" else language
-        )
+        request.ctx.language = Page.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE if language == "api" else language
         request.ctx.current_page = current_page
         request.ctx.previous_page = prev_page
         request.ctx.next_page = next_page
@@ -39,9 +34,7 @@ class PageRenderer(BaseRenderer):
 
     @contextmanager
     def _base(self, request: Request, builder: Builder, page: Page | None):
-        layout_type: Type[BaseLayout] = (
-            page.get_layout() if page else BaseLayout
-        )
+        layout_type: type[BaseLayout] = page.get_layout() if page else BaseLayout
         layout = layout_type(builder)
         with layout(request, builder.full):
             yield

guide/webapp/display/plugins/attrs.py

@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ from re import Match
 from textwrap import dedent
 from typing import Any
 
+from html5tagger import HTML, E
 from mistune.block_parser import BlockParser
 from mistune.core import BlockState
 from mistune.directives import DirectivePlugin
 
-from html5tagger import HTML, E
-
 
 class Attributes(DirectivePlugin):
     def __call__(self, directive, md):
@@ -16,9 +15,7 @@ class Attributes(DirectivePlugin):
         if md.renderer.NAME == "html":
             md.renderer.register("attrs", self._render)
 
-    def parse(
-        self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def parse(self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState) -> dict[str, Any]:
         info = m.groupdict()
         options = dict(self.parse_options(m))
         new_state = block.state_cls()

guide/webapp/display/plugins/columns.py

@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ from mistune.markdown import Markdown
 
 
 class Column(DirectivePlugin):
-    def parse(
-        self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def parse(self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState) -> dict[str, Any]:
         info = m.groupdict()
 
         new_state = block.state_cls()
@@ -36,9 +34,7 @@ class Column(DirectivePlugin):
 
     def _render_column(self, renderer: HTMLRenderer, text: str, **attrs):
         start = (
-            '<div class="columns mt-3 is-multiline">\n'
-            if attrs.get("first")
-            else ""
+            '<div class="columns mt-3 is-multiline">\n' if attrs.get("first") else ""
         )
         end = "</div>\n" if attrs.get("last") else ""
         col = f'<div class="column is-half">{text}</div>\n'

guide/webapp/display/plugins/hook.py

@@ -16,16 +16,12 @@ class Hook(DirectivePlugin):
             for type_ in ("column", "tab"):
                 if token["type"] == type_:
                     maybe_next = (
-                        state.tokens[idx + 1]
-                        if idx + 1 < len(state.tokens)
-                        else None
+                        state.tokens[idx + 1] if idx + 1 < len(state.tokens) else None
                     )
                     token.setdefault("attrs", {})
                     if prev and prev["type"] != type_:
                         token["attrs"]["first"] = True
-                    if (
-                        maybe_next and maybe_next["type"] != type_
-                    ) or not maybe_next:
+                    if (maybe_next and maybe_next["type"] != type_) or not maybe_next:
                         token["attrs"]["last"] = True
 
             prev = token

guide/webapp/display/plugins/inline_directive.py

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-import re
-
-from mistune.markdown import Markdown
-
-DIRECTIVE_PATTERN = r":(?:class|func|meth|attr|exc|mod|data|const|obj|keyword|option|cmdoption|envvar):`(?P<ref>sanic\.[^`]+)`"  # noqa: E501
-
-def _parse_inline_directive(inline, m: re.Match, state):
-    state.append_token(
-        {
-            "type": "inline_directive",
-            "attrs": {},
-            "raw": m.group("ref"),
-        }
-    )
-    return m.end()
-
-def inline_directive(md: Markdown):
-    md.inline.register("inline_directive", DIRECTIVE_PATTERN, _parse_inline_directive, before="escape",)

guide/webapp/display/plugins/mermaid.py

@@ -3,19 +3,16 @@ from re import Match
 from textwrap import dedent
 from typing import Any
 
+from html5tagger import HTML, E
 from mistune import HTMLRenderer
 from mistune.block_parser import BlockParser
 from mistune.core import BlockState
 from mistune.directives import DirectivePlugin, RSTDirective
 from mistune.markdown import Markdown
 
-from html5tagger import HTML, E
-
 
 class Mermaid(DirectivePlugin):
-    def parse(
-        self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def parse(self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState) -> dict[str, Any]:
         info = m.groupdict()
 
         new_state = block.state_cls()

guide/webapp/display/plugins/notification.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-from mistune.directives import Admonition
-
 from html5tagger import HTML, E
+from mistune.directives import Admonition
 
 
 class Notification(Admonition):
@@ -20,12 +19,8 @@ class Notification(Admonition):
 
         if md.renderer.NAME == "html":
             md.renderer.register("admonition", self._render_admonition)
-            md.renderer.register(
-                "admonition_title", self._render_admonition_title
-            )
-            md.renderer.register(
-                "admonition_content", self._render_admonition_content
-            )
+            md.renderer.register("admonition_title", self._render_admonition_title)
+            md.renderer.register("admonition_content", self._render_admonition_content)
 
     def _render_admonition(self, _, text, name, **attrs) -> str:
         return str(

guide/webapp/display/plugins/tabs.py

@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ from mistune.markdown import Markdown
 
 
 class Tabs(DirectivePlugin):
-    def parse(
-        self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState
-    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    def parse(self, block: BlockParser, m: Match, state: BlockState) -> dict[str, Any]:
         info = m.groupdict()
 
         new_state = block.state_cls()
@@ -41,9 +39,7 @@ class Tabs(DirectivePlugin):
     def _render_tab(self, renderer: HTMLRenderer, text: str, **attrs):
         start = '<div class="tabs mt-6"><ul>\n' if attrs.get("first") else ""
         end = (
-            '</ul></div><div class="tab-display"></div>\n'
-            if attrs.get("last")
-            else ""
+            '</ul></div><div class="tab-display"></div>\n' if attrs.get("last") else ""
         )
         content = f'<div class="tab-content">{text}</div>\n'
         tab = f'<li><a>{attrs["title"]}</a>{content}</li>\n'

guide/webapp/display/search/renderer.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
-from webapp.display.search.search import Searcher
-
 from html5tagger import Builder, E  # type: ignore
 from sanic import Request
 
+from webapp.display.search.search import Searcher
+
 from ..base import BaseRenderer
 from ..layouts.main import MainLayout
 

guide/webapp/display/search/search.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from typing import ClassVar
 
 from msgspec import Struct
+
 from webapp.display.page import Page
 
 
@@ -91,9 +92,7 @@ def _inverse_document_frequency(docs: list[Document]) -> dict[str, float]:
     return {word: num_docs / count for word, count in word_count.items()}
 
 
-def _tf_idf_vector(
-    document: Document, idf: dict[str, float]
-) -> dict[str, float]:
+def _tf_idf_vector(document: Document, idf: dict[str, float]) -> dict[str, float]:
     """Calculate the TF-IDF vector for a document."""
     return {
         word: tf * idf[word]
@@ -102,9 +101,7 @@ def _tf_idf_vector(
     }
 
 
-def _cosine_similarity(
-    vec1: dict[str, float], vec2: dict[str, float]
-) -> float:
+def _cosine_similarity(vec1: dict[str, float], vec2: dict[str, float]) -> float:
     """Calculate the cosine similarity between two vectors."""
     if not vec1 or not vec2:
         return 0.0
@@ -126,9 +123,7 @@ def _search(
     tf_idf_query = _tf_idf_vector(
         Document(page=dummy_page, language=language).process(stemmer), idf
     )
-    similarities = [
-        _cosine_similarity(tf_idf_query, vector) for vector in vectors
-    ]
+    similarities = [_cosine_similarity(tf_idf_query, vector) for vector in vectors]
     return [
         (similarity, document)
         for similarity, document in sorted(
@@ -155,16 +150,13 @@ class Searcher:
         }
         self._vectors = {
             language: [
-                _tf_idf_vector(document, self._idf[language])
-                for document in documents
+                _tf_idf_vector(document, self._idf[language]) for document in documents
             ]
             for language, documents in self._documents.items()
         }
         self._stemmer = stemmer
 
-    def search(
-        self, query: str, language: str
-    ) -> list[tuple[float, Document]]:
+    def search(self, query: str, language: str) -> list[tuple[float, Document]]:
         return _search(
             query,
             language,

guide/webapp/endpoint/search.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # from urllib.parse import unquote
 
+from sanic import Blueprint, Request, Sanic, html
+
 from webapp.display.page import Page
 from webapp.display.search.renderer import SearchRenderer
 from webapp.display.search.search import Document, Searcher, Stemmer
 
-from sanic import Blueprint, Request, Sanic, html
-
 bp = Blueprint("search", url_prefix="/<language>/search")
 
 

guide/webapp/worker/config.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from msgspec import yaml
+
 from webapp.display.layouts.models import GeneralConfig, MenuItem
 
 

guide/webapp/worker/factory.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
+from sanic import Request, Sanic, html, redirect
+
 from webapp.display.layouts.models import MenuItem
 from webapp.display.page import Page, PageRenderer
 from webapp.endpoint.view import bp
@@ -7,8 +9,6 @@ from webapp.worker.config import load_config, load_menu
 from webapp.worker.reload import setup_livereload
 from webapp.worker.style import setup_style
 
-from sanic import Request, Sanic, html, redirect
-
 
 def _compile_sidebar_order(items: list[MenuItem]) -> list[str]:
     order = []
@@ -28,13 +28,9 @@ def create_app(root: Path) -> Sanic:
     app.config.STYLE_DIR = root / "style"
     app.config.NODE_MODULES_DIR = root / "node_modules"
     app.config.LANGUAGES = ["en"]
-    app.config.SIDEBAR = load_menu(
-        app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "sidebar.yaml"
-    )
+    app.config.SIDEBAR = load_menu(app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "sidebar.yaml")
     app.config.NAVBAR = load_menu(app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "navbar.yaml")
-    app.config.GENERAL = load_config(
-        app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "general.yaml"
-    )
+    app.config.GENERAL = load_config(app.config.CONFIG_DIR / "en" / "general.yaml")
 
     setup_livereload(app)
     setup_style(app)
@@ -62,15 +58,10 @@ def create_app(root: Path) -> Sanic:
         language: str,
         path: str = "",
     ):
-        return html(
-            page_renderer.render(request, language, path),
-            headers={"vary": "hx-request"},
-        )
+        return html(page_renderer.render(request, language, path))
 
     @app.on_request
     async def set_language(request: Request):
-        request.ctx.language = request.match_info.get(
-            "language", Page.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE
-        )
+        request.ctx.language = request.match_info.get("language", Page.DEFAULT_LANGUAGE)
 
     return app

guide/webapp/worker/reload.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from queue import Empty, Queue
 from typing import Any
 
 import ujson
-
 from sanic import Request, Sanic, Websocket
 
 
@@ -54,16 +53,12 @@ class Livereload:
         "serverName": SERVER_NAME,
     }
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, reload_queue: Queue, debug: bool, state: dict[str, Any]
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, reload_queue: Queue, debug: bool, state: dict[str, Any]):
         self.reload_queue = reload_queue
         self.app = Sanic(self.SERVER_NAME)
         self.debug = debug
         self.state = state
-        self.app.static(
-            "/livereload.js", Path(__file__).parent / "livereload.js"
-        )
+        self.app.static("/livereload.js", Path(__file__).parent / "livereload.js")
         self.app.add_websocket_route(
             self.livereload_handler, "/livereload", name="livereload"
         )
@@ -109,7 +104,5 @@ class Livereload:
                 break
 
 
-def _run_reload_server(
-    reload_queue: Queue, debug: bool, state: dict[str, Any]
-):
+def _run_reload_server(reload_queue: Queue, debug: bool, state: dict[str, Any]):
     Livereload(reload_queue, debug, state).run()

guide/webapp/worker/style.py

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 # from scss.compiler import compile_string
 
 from pygments.formatters import html
-from sass import compile as compile_scss
-from webapp.display.code_style import SanicCodeStyle
-
 from sanic import Sanic
+from sass import compile as compile_scss
+
+from webapp.display.code_style import SanicCodeStyle
 
 
 def setup_style(app: Sanic) -> None:

pyproject.toml

@@ -2,20 +2,28 @@
 requires = ["setuptools", "wheel"]
 build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
-[tool.black]
-line-length = 79
+[tool.ruff]
+extend-select = ["I", "W", "UP", "C4", "ISC"]
+# Worth selecting but still too broken: ASYNC, S, B, DTZ, FA
+ignore = [
+	"D100",
+	"D101",
+	"D102",
+	"D103",
+	"E402",
+	"E741",
+	"F811",
+	"F821",
+	# ruff format complains about these:
+	"ISC001",
+	"W191",
+]
+show-source = true
+show-fixes = true
 
-[tool.isort]
-atomic = true
-default_section = "THIRDPARTY"
-include_trailing_comma = true
-known_first_party = "sanic"
-known_third_party = "pytest"
-line_length = 79
-lines_after_imports = 2
-lines_between_types = 1
-multi_line_output = 3
-profile = "black"
+[tool.ruff.isort]
+known-first-party = ["sanic"]
+known-third-party = ["pytest"]
 
 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
 module = [

sanic/__init__.py

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ from sanic.response import (
 )
 from sanic.server.websockets.impl import WebsocketImplProtocol as Websocket
 
-
 DefaultSanic: TypeAlias = "Sanic[Config, SimpleNamespace]"
 """
 A type alias for a Sanic app with a default config and namespace.

sanic/__main__.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from sanic.cli.app import SanicCLI
 from sanic.compat import OS_IS_WINDOWS, enable_windows_color_support
 
-
 if OS_IS_WINDOWS:
     enable_windows_color_support()
 

sanic/app.py

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import logging
 import logging.config
 import re
 import sys
-
 from asyncio import (
     AbstractEventLoop,
     CancelledError,
@@ -32,19 +31,12 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     ClassVar,
     Coroutine,
-    Deque,
-    Dict,
     Generic,
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
-    List,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
     Type,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
     cast,
     overload,
 )
@@ -96,7 +88,6 @@ from sanic.worker.inspector import Inspector
 from sanic.worker.loader import CertLoader
 from sanic.worker.manager import WorkerManager
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     try:
         from sanic_ext import Extend  # type: ignore
@@ -119,59 +110,8 @@ class Sanic(
     StartupMixin,
     metaclass=TouchUpMeta,
 ):
-    """The main application instance
-
-    You will create an instance of this class and use it to register
-    routes, listeners, middleware, blueprints, error handlers, etc.
-
-    By convention, it is often called `app`. It must be named using
-    the `name` parameter and is roughly constrained to the same
-    restrictions as a Python module name, however, it can contain
-    hyphens (`-`).
-
-    ```python
-    # will cause an error because it contains spaces
-    Sanic("This is not legal")
-    ```
-
-    ```python
-    # this is legal
-    Sanic("Hyphens-are-legal_or_also_underscores")
-    ```
-
-    Args:
-        name (str): The name of the application. Must be a valid
-            Python module name (including hyphens).
-        config (Optional[config_type]): The configuration to use for
-            the application. Defaults to `None`.
-        ctx (Optional[ctx_type]): The context to use for the
-            application. Defaults to `None`.
-        router (Optional[Router]): The router to use for the
-            application. Defaults to `None`.
-        signal_router (Optional[SignalRouter]): The signal router to
-            use for the application. Defaults to `None`.
-        error_handler (Optional[ErrorHandler]): The error handler to
-            use for the application. Defaults to `None`.
-        env_prefix (Optional[str]): The prefix to use for environment
-            variables. Defaults to `SANIC_`.
-        request_class (Optional[Type[Request]]): The request class to
-            use for the application. Defaults to `Request`.
-        strict_slashes (bool): Whether to enforce strict slashes.
-            Defaults to `False`.
-        log_config (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]): The logging configuration
-            to use for the application. Defaults to `None`.
-        configure_logging (bool): Whether to configure logging.
-            Defaults to `True`.
-        dumps (Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]]): The function to use
-            for serializing JSON. Defaults to `None`.
-        loads (Optional[Callable[..., Any]]): The function to use
-            for deserializing JSON. Defaults to `None`.
-        inspector (bool): Whether to enable the inspector. Defaults
-            to `False`.
-        inspector_class (Optional[Type[Inspector]]): The inspector
-            class to use for the application. Defaults to `None`.
-        certloader_class (Optional[Type[CertLoader]]): The certloader
-            class to use for the application. Defaults to `None`.
+    """
+    The main application instance
     """
 
     __touchup__ = (
@@ -224,7 +164,7 @@ class Sanic(
         "websocket_tasks",
     )
 
-    _app_registry: ClassVar[Dict[str, "Sanic"]] = {}
+    _app_registry: ClassVar[dict[str, Sanic]] = {}
     test_mode: ClassVar[bool] = False
 
     @overload
@@ -233,19 +173,19 @@ class Sanic(
         name: str,
         config: None = None,
         ctx: None = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         ...
 
@@ -253,21 +193,21 @@ class Sanic(
     def __init__(
         self: Sanic[config_type, SimpleNamespace],
         name: str,
-        config: Optional[config_type] = None,
+        config: config_type | None = None,
         ctx: None = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         ...
 
@@ -276,20 +216,20 @@ class Sanic(
         self: Sanic[Config, ctx_type],
         name: str,
         config: None = None,
-        ctx: Optional[ctx_type] = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        ctx: ctx_type | None = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         ...
 
@@ -297,42 +237,42 @@ class Sanic(
     def __init__(
         self: Sanic[config_type, ctx_type],
         name: str,
-        config: Optional[config_type] = None,
-        ctx: Optional[ctx_type] = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        config: config_type | None = None,
+        ctx: ctx_type | None = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         ...
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        config: Optional[config_type] = None,
-        ctx: Optional[ctx_type] = None,
-        router: Optional[Router] = None,
-        signal_router: Optional[SignalRouter] = None,
-        error_handler: Optional[ErrorHandler] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        request_class: Optional[Type[Request]] = None,
+        config: config_type | None = None,
+        ctx: ctx_type | None = None,
+        router: Router | None = None,
+        signal_router: SignalRouter | None = None,
+        error_handler: ErrorHandler | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        request_class: type[Request] | None = None,
         strict_slashes: bool = False,
-        log_config: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         configure_logging: bool = True,
-        dumps: Optional[Callable[..., AnyStr]] = None,
-        loads: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        dumps: Callable[..., AnyStr] | None = None,
+        loads: Callable[..., Any] | None = None,
         inspector: bool = False,
-        inspector_class: Optional[Type[Inspector]] = None,
-        certloader_class: Optional[Type[CertLoader]] = None,
+        inspector_class: type[Inspector] | None = None,
+        certloader_class: type[CertLoader] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(name=name)
         # logging
@@ -354,41 +294,39 @@ class Sanic(
             self.config.INSPECTOR = inspector
 
         # Then we can do the rest
-        self._asgi_app: Optional[ASGIApp] = None
-        self._asgi_lifespan: Optional[Lifespan] = None
+        self._asgi_app: ASGIApp | None = None
+        self._asgi_lifespan: Lifespan | None = None
         self._asgi_client: Any = None
-        self._blueprint_order: List[Blueprint] = []
-        self._delayed_tasks: List[str] = []
+        self._blueprint_order: list[Blueprint] = []
+        self._delayed_tasks: list[str] = []
         self._future_registry: FutureRegistry = FutureRegistry()
-        self._inspector: Optional[Inspector] = None
-        self._manager: Optional[WorkerManager] = None
+        self._inspector: Inspector | None = None
+        self._manager: WorkerManager | None = None
         self._state: ApplicationState = ApplicationState(app=self)
-        self._task_registry: Dict[str, Union[Task, None]] = {}
+        self._task_registry: dict[str, Task | None] = {}
         self._test_client: Any = None
         self._test_manager: Any = None
         self.asgi = False
         self.auto_reload = False
-        self.blueprints: Dict[str, Blueprint] = {}
-        self.certloader_class: Type[CertLoader] = (
-            certloader_class or CertLoader
-        )
+        self.blueprints: dict[str, Blueprint] = {}
+        self.certloader_class: type[CertLoader] = certloader_class or CertLoader
         self.configure_logging: bool = configure_logging
         self.ctx: ctx_type = cast(ctx_type, ctx or SimpleNamespace())
         self.error_handler: ErrorHandler = error_handler or ErrorHandler()
-        self.inspector_class: Type[Inspector] = inspector_class or Inspector
-        self.listeners: Dict[str, List[ListenerType[Any]]] = defaultdict(list)
-        self.named_request_middleware: Dict[str, Deque[Middleware]] = {}
-        self.named_response_middleware: Dict[str, Deque[Middleware]] = {}
-        self.request_class: Type[Request] = request_class or Request
-        self.request_middleware: Deque[Middleware] = deque()
-        self.response_middleware: Deque[Middleware] = deque()
+        self.inspector_class: type[Inspector] = inspector_class or Inspector
+        self.listeners: dict[str, list[ListenerType[Any]]] = defaultdict(list)
+        self.named_request_middleware: dict[str, deque[Middleware]] = {}
+        self.named_response_middleware: dict[str, deque[Middleware]] = {}
+        self.request_class: type[Request] = request_class or Request
+        self.request_middleware: deque[Middleware] = deque()
+        self.response_middleware: deque[Middleware] = deque()
         self.router: Router = router or Router()
         self.shared_ctx: SharedContext = SharedContext()
         self.signal_router: SignalRouter = signal_router or SignalRouter()
-        self.sock: Optional[socket] = None
+        self.sock: socket | None = None
         self.strict_slashes: bool = strict_slashes
         self.websocket_enabled: bool = False
-        self.websocket_tasks: Set[Future[Any]] = set()
+        self.websocket_tasks: set[Future[Any]] = set()
 
         # Register alternative method names
         self.go_fast = self.run
@@ -447,15 +385,11 @@ class Sanic(
         try:
             _event = ListenerEvent[event.upper()]
         except (ValueError, AttributeError):
-            valid = ", ".join(
-                map(lambda x: x.lower(), ListenerEvent.__members__.keys())
-            )
+            valid = ", ".join(x.lower() for x in ListenerEvent.__members__.keys())
             raise BadRequest(f"Invalid event: {event}. Use one of: {valid}")
 
         if "." in _event:
-            self.signal(_event.value)(
-                partial(self._listener, listener=listener)
-            )
+            self.signal(_event.value)(partial(self._listener, listener=listener))
         else:
             self.listeners[_event.value].append(listener)
 
@@ -463,11 +397,11 @@ class Sanic(
 
     def register_middleware(
         self,
-        middleware: Union[MiddlewareType, Middleware],
+        middleware: MiddlewareType | Middleware,
         attach_to: str = "request",
         *,
-        priority: Union[Default, int] = _default,
-    ) -> Union[MiddlewareType, Middleware]:
+        priority: Default | int = _default,
+    ) -> MiddlewareType | Middleware:
         """Register a middleware to be called before a request is handled.
 
         Args:
@@ -512,7 +446,7 @@ class Sanic(
         route_names: Iterable[str],
         attach_to: str = "request",
         *,
-        priority: Union[Default, int] = _default,
+        priority: Default | int = _default,
     ):
         """Used to register named middleqare (middleware typically on blueprints)
 
@@ -563,7 +497,7 @@ class Sanic(
     def _apply_exception_handler(
         self,
         handler: FutureException,
-        route_names: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        route_names: list[str] | None = None,
     ):
         """Decorate a function to be registered as a handler for exceptions
 
@@ -582,9 +516,7 @@ class Sanic(
     def _apply_listener(self, listener: FutureListener):
         return self.register_listener(listener.listener, listener.event)
 
-    def _apply_route(
-        self, route: FutureRoute, overwrite: bool = False
-    ) -> List[Route]:
+    def _apply_route(self, route: FutureRoute, overwrite: bool = False) -> list[Route]:
         params = route._asdict()
         params["overwrite"] = overwrite
         websocket = params.pop("websocket", False)
@@ -618,7 +550,7 @@ class Sanic(
     def _apply_middleware(
         self,
         middleware: FutureMiddleware,
-        route_names: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        route_names: list[str] | None = None,
     ):
         with self.amend():
             if route_names:
@@ -639,8 +571,8 @@ class Sanic(
         self,
         event: str,
         *,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-        context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         fail_not_found: bool = True,
         inline: Literal[True],
         reverse: bool = False,
@@ -652,8 +584,8 @@ class Sanic(
         self,
         event: str,
         *,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-        context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         fail_not_found: bool = True,
         inline: Literal[False] = False,
         reverse: bool = False,
@@ -664,12 +596,12 @@ class Sanic(
         self,
         event: str,
         *,
-        condition: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
-        context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        condition: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         fail_not_found: bool = True,
         inline: bool = False,
         reverse: bool = False,
-    ) -> Coroutine[Any, Any, Awaitable[Union[Task, Any]]]:
+    ) -> Coroutine[Any, Any, Awaitable[Task | Any]]:
         """Dispatches an event to the signal router.
 
         Args:
@@ -713,9 +645,7 @@ class Sanic(
             fail_not_found=fail_not_found,
         )
 
-    async def event(
-        self, event: str, timeout: Optional[Union[int, float]] = None
-    ) -> None:
+    async def event(self, event: str, timeout: int | float | None = None) -> None:
         """Wait for a specific event to be triggered.
 
         This method waits for a named event to be triggered and can be used
@@ -800,9 +730,7 @@ class Sanic(
         async def report(exception: Exception) -> None:
             await handler(self, exception)
 
-        self.add_signal(
-            handler=report, event=Event.SERVER_EXCEPTION_REPORT.value
-        )
+        self.add_signal(handler=report, event=Event.SERVER_EXCEPTION_REPORT.value)
 
         return report
 
@@ -831,13 +759,13 @@ class Sanic(
 
     def blueprint(
         self,
-        blueprint: Union[Blueprint, Iterable[Blueprint], BlueprintGroup],
+        blueprint: Blueprint | (Iterable[Blueprint] | BlueprintGroup),
         *,
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, float, str]] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
-        version_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        name_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        version: int | float | str | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
+        version_prefix: str | None = None,
+        name_prefix: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Register a blueprint on the application.
 
@@ -863,7 +791,7 @@ class Sanic(
             app.blueprint(bp, url_prefix='/blueprint')
             ```
         """  # noqa: E501
-        options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        options: dict[str, Any] = {}
         if url_prefix is not None:
             options["url_prefix"] = url_prefix
         if version is not None:
@@ -876,7 +804,7 @@ class Sanic(
             options["name_prefix"] = name_prefix
         if isinstance(blueprint, (Iterable, BlueprintGroup)):
             for item in blueprint:
-                params: Dict[str, Any] = {**options}
+                params: dict[str, Any] = {**options}
                 if isinstance(blueprint, BlueprintGroup):
                     merge_from = [
                         options.get("url_prefix", ""),
@@ -891,14 +819,12 @@ class Sanic(
 
                     for _attr in ["version", "strict_slashes"]:
                         if getattr(item, _attr) is None:
-                            params[_attr] = getattr(
-                                blueprint, _attr
-                            ) or options.get(_attr)
+                            params[_attr] = getattr(blueprint, _attr) or options.get(
+                                _attr
+                            )
                     if item.version_prefix == "/v":
                         if blueprint.version_prefix == "/v":
-                            params["version_prefix"] = options.get(
-                                "version_prefix"
-                            )
+                            params["version_prefix"] = options.get("version_prefix")
                         else:
                             params["version_prefix"] = blueprint.version_prefix
                     name_prefix = getattr(blueprint, "name_prefix", None)
@@ -908,17 +834,14 @@ class Sanic(
             return
         if blueprint.name in self.blueprints:
             assert self.blueprints[blueprint.name] is blueprint, (
-                'A blueprint with the name "%s" is already registered.  '
-                "Blueprint names must be unique." % (blueprint.name,)
+                f'A blueprint with the name "{blueprint.name}" is already registered.  '
+                "Blueprint names must be unique."
             )
         else:
             self.blueprints[blueprint.name] = blueprint
             self._blueprint_order.append(blueprint)
 
-        if (
-            self.strict_slashes is not None
-            and blueprint.strict_slashes is None
-        ):
+        if self.strict_slashes is not None and blueprint.strict_slashes is None:
             blueprint.strict_slashes = self.strict_slashes
         blueprint.register(self, options)
 
@@ -974,7 +897,7 @@ class Sanic(
             # http://subdomain.example.com/view-name
         """  # noqa: E501
         # find the route by the supplied view name
-        kw: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        kw: dict[str, str] = {}
         # special static files url_for
 
         if "." not in view_name:
@@ -988,9 +911,7 @@ class Sanic(
 
         route = self.router.find_route_by_view_name(view_name, **kw)
         if not route:
-            raise URLBuildError(
-                f"Endpoint with name `{view_name}` was not found"
-            )
+            raise URLBuildError(f"Endpoint with name `{view_name}` was not found")
 
         uri = route.path
 
@@ -1029,9 +950,7 @@ class Sanic(
         scheme = kwargs.pop("_scheme", "")
         if route.extra.hosts and external:
             if not host and len(route.extra.hosts) > 1:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Host is ambiguous: {', '.join(route.extra.hosts)}"
-                )
+                raise ValueError(f"Host is ambiguous: {', '.join(route.extra.hosts)}")
             elif host and host not in route.extra.hosts:
                 raise ValueError(
                     f"Requested host ({host}) is not available for this "
@@ -1147,10 +1066,7 @@ class Sanic(
             context={"request": request, "exception": exception},
         )
 
-        if (
-            request.stream is not None
-            and request.stream.stage is not Stage.HANDLER
-        ):
+        if request.stream is not None and request.stream.stage is not Stage.HANDLER:
             error_logger.exception(exception, exc_info=True)
             logger.error(
                 "The error response will not be sent to the client for "
@@ -1197,10 +1113,7 @@ class Sanic(
                     response = self.error_handler.default(request, e)
                 elif self.debug:
                     response = HTTPResponse(
-                        (
-                            f"Error while handling error: {e}\n"
-                            f"Stack: {format_exc()}"
-                        ),
+                        (f"Error while handling error: {e}\n" f"Stack: {format_exc()}"),
                         status=500,
                     )
                 else:
@@ -1245,9 +1158,7 @@ class Sanic(
             )
             await response.eof()
         else:
-            raise ServerError(
-                f"Invalid response type {response!r} (need HTTPResponse)"
-            )
+            raise ServerError(f"Invalid response type {response!r} (need HTTPResponse)")
 
     async def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> None:  # no cov
         """Handles a request by dispatching it to the appropriate handler.
@@ -1272,13 +1183,11 @@ class Sanic(
 
         # Define `response` var here to remove warnings about
         # allocation before assignment below.
-        response: Optional[
-            Union[
-                BaseHTTPResponse,
-                Coroutine[Any, Any, Optional[BaseHTTPResponse]],
-                ResponseStream,
-            ]
-        ] = None
+        response: (
+            BaseHTTPResponse
+            | (Coroutine[Any, Any, BaseHTTPResponse | None] | ResponseStream)
+            | None
+        ) = None
         run_middleware = True
         try:
             await self.dispatch(
@@ -1336,10 +1245,8 @@ class Sanic(
 
                 if handler is None:
                     raise ServerError(
-                        (
-                            "'None' was returned while requesting a "
-                            "handler from the router"
-                        )
+                        "'None' was returned while requesting a "
+                        "handler from the router"
                     )
 
                 # Run response handler
@@ -1398,17 +1305,14 @@ class Sanic(
             else:
                 if not hasattr(handler, "is_websocket"):
                     raise ServerError(
-                        f"Invalid response type {response!r} "
-                        "(need HTTPResponse)"
+                        f"Invalid response type {response!r} " "(need HTTPResponse)"
                     )
 
         except CancelledError:  # type: ignore
             raise
         except Exception as e:
             # Response Generation Failed
-            await self.handle_exception(
-                request, e, run_middleware=run_middleware
-            )
+            await self.handle_exception(request, e, run_middleware=run_middleware)
 
     async def _websocket_handler(
         self, handler, request, *args, subprotocols=None, **kwargs
@@ -1487,9 +1391,7 @@ class Sanic(
     # Execution
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 
-    async def _run_request_middleware(
-        self, request, middleware_collection
-    ):  # no cov
+    async def _run_request_middleware(self, request, middleware_collection):  # no cov
         request._request_middleware_started = True
 
         for middleware in middleware_collection:
@@ -1566,9 +1468,7 @@ class Sanic(
             task.cancel()
 
     @staticmethod
-    async def _listener(
-        app: Sanic, loop: AbstractEventLoop, listener: ListenerType
-    ):
+    async def _listener(app: Sanic, loop: AbstractEventLoop, listener: ListenerType):
         try:
             maybe_coro = listener(app)  # type: ignore
         except TypeError:
@@ -1597,9 +1497,7 @@ class Sanic(
                 if isawaitable(task):
                     await task
             except CancelledError:
-                error_logger.warning(
-                    f"Task {task} was cancelled before it completed."
-                )
+                error_logger.warning(f"Task {task} was cancelled before it completed.")
                 raise
             except Exception as e:
                 await app.dispatch(
@@ -1617,7 +1515,7 @@ class Sanic(
         app,
         loop,
         *,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         register: bool = True,
     ) -> Task:
         if not isinstance(task, Future):
@@ -1679,11 +1577,11 @@ class Sanic(
 
     def add_task(
         self,
-        task: Union[Future[Any], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any], Awaitable[Any]],
+        task: Future[Any] | (Coroutine[Any, Any, Any] | Awaitable[Any]),
         *,
-        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
         register: bool = True,
-    ) -> Optional[Task[Any]]:
+    ) -> Task[Any] | None:
         """Schedule a task to run later, after the loop has started.
 
         While this is somewhat similar to `asyncio.create_task`, it can be
@@ -1708,18 +1606,14 @@ class Sanic(
         """  # noqa: E501
         try:
             loop = self.loop  # Will raise SanicError if loop is not started
-            return self._loop_add_task(
-                task, self, loop, name=name, register=register
-            )
+            return self._loop_add_task(task, self, loop, name=name, register=register)
         except SanicException:
             task_name = f"sanic.delayed_task.{hash(task)}"
             if not self._delayed_tasks:
                 self.after_server_start(partial(self.dispatch_delayed_tasks))
 
             if name:
-                raise RuntimeError(
-                    "Cannot name task outside of a running application"
-                )
+                raise RuntimeError("Cannot name task outside of a running application")
 
             self.signal(task_name)(partial(self.run_delayed_task, task=task))
             self._delayed_tasks.append(task_name)
@@ -1730,18 +1624,14 @@ class Sanic(
         ...
 
     @overload
-    def get_task(
-        self, name: str, *, raise_exception: Literal[False]
-    ) -> Optional[Task]:
+    def get_task(self, name: str, *, raise_exception: Literal[False]) -> Task | None:
         ...
 
     @overload
-    def get_task(self, name: str, *, raise_exception: bool) -> Optional[Task]:
+    def get_task(self, name: str, *, raise_exception: bool) -> Task | None:
         ...
 
-    def get_task(
-        self, name: str, *, raise_exception: bool = True
-    ) -> Optional[Task]:
+    def get_task(self, name: str, *, raise_exception: bool = True) -> Task | None:
         """Get a named task.
 
         This method is used to get a task by its name. Optionally, you can
@@ -1759,15 +1649,13 @@ class Sanic(
             return self._task_registry[name]
         except KeyError:
             if raise_exception:
-                raise SanicException(
-                    f'Registered task named "{name}" not found.'
-                )
+                raise SanicException(f'Registered task named "{name}" not found.')
             return None
 
     async def cancel_task(
         self,
         name: str,
-        msg: Optional[str] = None,
+        msg: str | None = None,
         *,
         raise_exception: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
@@ -1802,7 +1690,7 @@ class Sanic(
         """  # noqa: E501
         task = self.get_task(name, raise_exception=raise_exception)
         if task and not task.cancelled():
-            args: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+            args: tuple[str, ...] = ()
             if msg:
                 if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
                     args = (msg,)
@@ -1835,7 +1723,7 @@ class Sanic(
         }
 
     def shutdown_tasks(
-        self, timeout: Optional[float] = None, increment: float = 0.1
+        self, timeout: float | None = None, increment: float = 0.1
     ) -> None:
         """Cancel all tasks except the server task.
 
@@ -1873,11 +1761,7 @@ class Sanic(
             Iterable[Task[Any]]: The tasks that are currently registered with
                 the application.
         """
-        return (
-            task
-            for task in iter(self._task_registry.values())
-            if task is not None
-        )
+        return (task for task in iter(self._task_registry.values()) if task is not None)
 
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------- #
     # ASGI
@@ -1904,7 +1788,7 @@ class Sanic(
     # Configuration
     # -------------------------------------------------------------------- #
 
-    def update_config(self, config: Union[bytes, str, dict, Any]) -> None:
+    def update_config(self, config: Any) -> None:
         """Update the application configuration.
 
         This method is used to update the application configuration. It can
@@ -1914,7 +1798,7 @@ class Sanic(
         See [Configuration](/en/guide/deployment/configuration) for details.
 
         Args:
-            config (Union[bytes, str, dict, Any]): The configuration object,
+            config (bytes | str | dict | Any): The configuration object,
                 dictionary, or path to a configuration file.
         """
 
@@ -1954,7 +1838,7 @@ class Sanic(
         return self._state
 
     @property
-    def reload_dirs(self) -> Set[Path]:
+    def reload_dirs(self) -> set[Path]:
         """The directories that are monitored for auto-reload.
 
         Returns:
@@ -1999,9 +1883,9 @@ class Sanic(
     def extend(
         self,
         *,
-        extensions: Optional[List[Type[Extension]]] = None,
+        extensions: list[type[Extension]] | None = None,
         built_in_extensions: bool = True,
-        config: Optional[Union[Config, Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        config: Config | dict[str, Any] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> Extend:
         """Extend Sanic with additional functionality using Sanic Extensions.
@@ -2119,9 +2003,7 @@ class Sanic(
             del cls._app_registry[name]
 
     @classmethod
-    def get_app(
-        cls, name: Optional[str] = None, *, force_create: bool = False
-    ) -> Sanic:
+    def get_app(cls, name: str | None = None, *, force_create: bool = False) -> Sanic:
         """Retrieve an instantiated Sanic instance by name.
 
         This method is best used when needing to get access to an already
@@ -2328,9 +2210,7 @@ class Sanic(
         self.finalize()
 
         route_names = [route.extra.ident for route in self.router.routes]
-        duplicates = {
-            name for name in route_names if route_names.count(name) > 1
-        }
+        duplicates = {name for name in route_names if route_names.count(name) > 1}
         if duplicates:
             names = ", ".join(duplicates)
             message = (
@@ -2367,7 +2247,7 @@ class Sanic(
         self,
         concern: str,
         action: str,
-        loop: Optional[AbstractEventLoop] = None,
+        loop: AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         event = f"server.{concern}.{action}"
         if action not in ("before", "after") or concern not in (
@@ -2375,9 +2255,7 @@ class Sanic(
             "shutdown",
         ):
             raise SanicException(f"Invalid server event: {event}")
-        logger.debug(
-            f"Triggering server events: {event}", extra={"verbosity": 1}
-        )
+        logger.debug(f"Triggering server events: {event}", extra={"verbosity": 1})
         reverse = concern == "shutdown"
         if loop is None:
             loop = self.loop
@@ -2398,7 +2276,7 @@ class Sanic(
 
     def refresh(
         self,
-        passthru: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        passthru: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Sanic:
         """Refresh the application instance. **This is used internally by Sanic**.
 
@@ -2443,9 +2321,7 @@ class Sanic(
             Inspector: An instance of Inspector.
         """
         if environ.get("SANIC_WORKER_PROCESS") or not self._inspector:
-            raise SanicException(
-                "Can only access the inspector from the main process"
-            )
+            raise SanicException("Can only access the inspector from the main process")
         return self._inspector
 
     @property
@@ -2478,7 +2354,5 @@ class Sanic(
         """
 
         if environ.get("SANIC_WORKER_PROCESS") or not self._manager:
-            raise SanicException(
-                "Can only access the manager from the main process"
-            )
+            raise SanicException("Can only access the manager from the main process")
         return self._manager

sanic/application/ext.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from contextlib import suppress
 from importlib import import_module
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 

sanic/application/logo.py

@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 import re
 import sys
-
 from os import environ
 
 from sanic.helpers import is_atty
 
-
 BASE_LOGO = """
 
                  Sanic
@@ -63,10 +61,7 @@ def get_logo(full: bool = False, coffee: bool = False) -> str:
         else BASE_LOGO
     )
 
-    if (
-        sys.platform == "darwin"
-        and environ.get("TERM_PROGRAM") == "Apple_Terminal"
-    ):
+    if sys.platform == "darwin" and environ.get("TERM_PROGRAM") == "Apple_Terminal":
         logo = ansi_pattern.sub("", logo)
 
     return logo

sanic/application/motd.py

@@ -79,9 +79,7 @@ class MOTDTTY(MOTD):
     def set_variables(self):  # no  cov
         """Set the variables used for display."""
         fallback = (108, 24)
-        terminal_width = max(
-            get_terminal_size(fallback=fallback).columns, fallback[0]
-        )
+        terminal_width = max(get_terminal_size(fallback=fallback).columns, fallback[0])
         self.max_value_width = terminal_width - fallback[0] + 36
 
         self.key_width = 4

sanic/application/spinner.py

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import os
 import sys
 import time
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from queue import Queue
 from threading import Thread
 
-
 if os.name == "nt":  # noqa
     import ctypes  # noqa
 
@@ -47,21 +45,16 @@ class Spinner:  # noqa
     @staticmethod
     def cursor():
         while True:
-            for cursor in "|/-\\":
-                yield cursor
+            yield from "|/-\\"
 
     @staticmethod
     def hide():
         if os.name == "nt":
             ci = _CursorInfo()
             handle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle(-11)
-            ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo(
-                handle, ctypes.byref(ci)
-            )
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(ci))
             ci.visible = False
-            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo(
-                handle, ctypes.byref(ci)
-            )
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(ci))
         elif os.name == "posix":
             sys.stdout.write("\033[?25l")
             sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -71,13 +64,9 @@ class Spinner:  # noqa
         if os.name == "nt":
             ci = _CursorInfo()
             handle = ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle(-11)
-            ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo(
-                handle, ctypes.byref(ci)
-            )
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(ci))
             ci.visible = True
-            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo(
-                handle, ctypes.byref(ci)
-            )
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo(handle, ctypes.byref(ci))
         elif os.name == "posix":
             sys.stdout.write("\033[?25h")
             sys.stdout.flush()

sanic/application/state.py

@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import logging
-
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from pathlib import Path
 from socket import socket
 from ssl import SSLContext
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 from sanic.application.constants import Mode, Server, ServerStage
 from sanic.log import VerbosityFilter, logger
 from sanic.server.async_server import AsyncioServer
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
@@ -21,9 +19,9 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 class ApplicationServerInfo:
     """Information about a server instance."""
 
-    settings: Dict[str, Any]
+    settings: dict[str, Any]
     stage: ServerStage = field(default=ServerStage.STOPPED)
-    server: Optional[AsyncioServer] = field(default=None)
+    server: AsyncioServer | None = field(default=None)
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -40,11 +38,11 @@ class ApplicationState:
     fast: bool = field(default=False)
     host: str = field(default="")
     port: int = field(default=0)
-    ssl: Optional[SSLContext] = field(default=None)
-    sock: Optional[socket] = field(default=None)
-    unix: Optional[str] = field(default=None)
+    ssl: SSLContext | None = field(default=None)
+    sock: socket | None = field(default=None)
+    unix: str | None = field(default=None)
     mode: Mode = field(default=Mode.PRODUCTION)
-    reload_dirs: Set[Path] = field(default_factory=set)
+    reload_dirs: set[Path] = field(default_factory=set)
     auto_reload: bool = field(default=False)
     server: Server = field(default=Server.SANIC)
     is_running: bool = field(default=False)
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ class ApplicationState:
     verbosity: int = field(default=0)
     workers: int = field(default=0)
     primary: bool = field(default=True)
-    server_info: List[ApplicationServerInfo] = field(default_factory=list)
+    server_info: list[ApplicationServerInfo] = field(default_factory=list)
 
     # This property relates to the ApplicationState instance and should
     # not be changed except in the __post_init__ method
@@ -64,14 +62,12 @@ class ApplicationState:
 
     def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
         if self._init and name == "_init":
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Cannot change the value of _init after instantiation"
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot change the value of _init after instantiation")
         super().__setattr__(name, value)
         if self._init and hasattr(self, f"set_{name}"):
             getattr(self, f"set_{name}")(value)
 
-    def set_mode(self, value: Union[str, Mode]):
+    def set_mode(self, value: str | Mode):
         if hasattr(self.app, "error_handler"):
             self.app.error_handler.debug = self.app.debug
         if getattr(self.app, "configure_logging", False) and self.app.debug:
@@ -107,9 +103,7 @@ class ApplicationState:
 
         if all(info.stage is ServerStage.SERVING for info in self.server_info):
             return ServerStage.SERVING
-        elif any(
-            info.stage is ServerStage.SERVING for info in self.server_info
-        ):
+        elif any(info.stage is ServerStage.SERVING for info in self.server_info):
             return ServerStage.PARTIAL
 
         return ServerStage.STOPPED

sanic/asgi.py

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import warnings
-
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.compat import Header
 from sanic.exceptions import BadRequest, ServerError
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ from sanic.response import BaseHTTPResponse
 from sanic.server import ConnInfo
 from sanic.server.websockets.connection import WebSocketConnection
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
@@ -109,9 +107,9 @@ class ASGIApp:
     request: Request
     transport: MockTransport
     lifespan: Lifespan
-    ws: Optional[WebSocketConnection]
+    ws: WebSocketConnection | None
     stage: Stage
-    response: Optional[BaseHTTPResponse]
+    response: BaseHTTPResponse | None
 
     @classmethod
     async def create(
@@ -142,9 +140,7 @@ class ASGIApp:
                 ]
             )
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            raise BadRequest(
-                "Header names can only contain US-ASCII characters"
-            )
+            raise BadRequest("Header names can only contain US-ASCII characters")
 
         if scope["type"] == "http":
             version = scope["http_version"]
@@ -153,9 +149,7 @@ class ASGIApp:
             version = "1.1"
             method = "GET"
 
-            instance.ws = instance.transport.create_websocket_connection(
-                send, receive
-            )
+            instance.ws = instance.transport.create_websocket_connection(send, receive)
         else:
             raise ServerError("Received unknown ASGI scope")
 
@@ -189,7 +183,7 @@ class ASGIApp:
 
         return instance
 
-    async def read(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
+    async def read(self) -> bytes | None:
         """
         Read and stream the body in chunks from an incoming ASGI message.
         """

sanic/base/root.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import re
-
 from typing import Any, Optional
 
 from sanic.base.meta import SanicMeta
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ from sanic.mixins.routes import RouteMixin
 from sanic.mixins.signals import SignalMixin
 from sanic.mixins.static import StaticMixin
 
-
 VALID_NAME = re.compile(r"^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_\-]*$")
 
 
@@ -26,9 +24,7 @@ class BaseSanic(
 ):
     __slots__ = ("name",)
 
-    def __init__(
-        self, name: Optional[str] = None, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
-    ) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, name: Optional[str] = None, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
         class_name = self.__class__.__name__
 
         if name is None:

sanic/blueprint_group.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 from .blueprints import BlueprintGroup
 
-
 __all__ = ["BlueprintGroup"]  # noqa: F405

sanic/blueprints.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
 import sys
-
 from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import MutableSequence
 from copy import deepcopy
@@ -14,15 +13,9 @@ from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Callable,
-    Dict,
     Iterable,
     Iterator,
-    List,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
-    Set,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
     overload,
 )
 
@@ -39,7 +32,6 @@ from sanic.models.handler_types import (
     RouteHandler,
 )
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Sanic
 
@@ -122,10 +114,10 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        host: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, str, float]] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        host: list[str] | str | None = None,
+        version: int | str | float | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
     ):
         super().__init__(name=name)
@@ -136,9 +128,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         self.host = host
         self.strict_slashes = strict_slashes
         self.url_prefix = (
-            url_prefix[:-1]
-            if url_prefix and url_prefix.endswith("/")
-            else url_prefix
+            url_prefix[:-1] if url_prefix and url_prefix.endswith("/") else url_prefix
         )
         self.version = version
         self.version_prefix = version_prefix
@@ -161,7 +151,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         return f"Blueprint({args})"
 
     @property
-    def apps(self) -> Set[Sanic]:
+    def apps(self) -> set[Sanic]:
         """Get the set of apps that this blueprint is registered to.
 
         Returns:
@@ -172,9 +162,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
                 an app.
         """
         if not self._apps:
-            raise SanicException(
-                f"{self} has not yet been registered to an app"
-            )
+            raise SanicException(f"{self} has not yet been registered to an app")
         return self._apps
 
     @property
@@ -196,23 +184,23 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
 
     def reset(self) -> None:
         """Reset the blueprint to its initial state."""
-        self._apps: Set[Sanic] = set()
+        self._apps: set[Sanic] = set()
         self._allow_route_overwrite = False
-        self.exceptions: List[RouteHandler] = []
-        self.listeners: Dict[str, List[ListenerType[Any]]] = {}
-        self.middlewares: List[MiddlewareType] = []
-        self.routes: List[Route] = []
-        self.statics: List[RouteHandler] = []
-        self.websocket_routes: List[Route] = []
+        self.exceptions: list[RouteHandler] = []
+        self.listeners: dict[str, list[ListenerType[Any]]] = {}
+        self.middlewares: list[MiddlewareType] = []
+        self.routes: list[Route] = []
+        self.statics: list[RouteHandler] = []
+        self.websocket_routes: list[Route] = []
 
     def copy(
         self,
         name: str,
-        url_prefix: Optional[Union[str, Default]] = _default,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, str, float, Default]] = _default,
-        version_prefix: Union[str, Default] = _default,
-        allow_route_overwrite: Union[bool, Default] = _default,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[Union[bool, Default]] = _default,
+        url_prefix: str | Default | None = _default,
+        version: int | str | float | Default | None = _default,
+        version_prefix: str | Default = _default,
+        allow_route_overwrite: bool | Default = _default,
+        strict_slashes: bool | Default | None = _default,
         with_registration: bool = True,
         with_ctx: bool = False,
     ):
@@ -277,12 +265,12 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
 
     @staticmethod
     def group(
-        *blueprints: Union[Blueprint, BlueprintGroup],
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, str, float]] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
+        *blueprints: Blueprint | BlueprintGroup,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        version: int | str | float | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
-        name_prefix: Optional[str] = "",
+        name_prefix: str | None = "",
     ) -> BlueprintGroup:
         """Group multiple blueprints (or other blueprint groups) together.
 
@@ -353,9 +341,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         opt_strict_slashes = options.get("strict_slashes", None)
         opt_version_prefix = options.get("version_prefix", self.version_prefix)
         opt_name_prefix = options.get("name_prefix", None)
-        error_format = options.get(
-            "error_format", app.config.FALLBACK_ERROR_FORMAT
-        )
+        error_format = options.get("error_format", app.config.FALLBACK_ERROR_FORMAT)
 
         routes = []
         middleware = []
@@ -381,9 +367,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
                     version_prefix = prefix
                     break
 
-            version = self._extract_value(
-                future.version, opt_version, self.version
-            )
+            version = self._extract_value(future.version, opt_version, self.version)
             strict_slashes = self._extract_value(
                 future.strict_slashes, opt_strict_slashes, self.strict_slashes
             )
@@ -419,22 +403,16 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
                 continue
 
             registered.add(apply_route)
-            route = app._apply_route(
-                apply_route, overwrite=self._allow_route_overwrite
-            )
+            route = app._apply_route(apply_route, overwrite=self._allow_route_overwrite)
 
             # If it is a copied BP, then make sure all of the names of routes
             # matchup with the new BP name
             if self.copied_from:
                 for r in route:
                     r.name = r.name.replace(self.copied_from, self.name)
-                    r.extra.ident = r.extra.ident.replace(
-                        self.copied_from, self.name
-                    )
+                    r.extra.ident = r.extra.ident.replace(self.copied_from, self.name)
 
-            operation = (
-                routes.extend if isinstance(route, list) else routes.append
-            )
+            operation = routes.extend if isinstance(route, list) else routes.append
             operation(route)
 
         # Static Files
@@ -479,7 +457,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
                 continue
             future.condition.update({"__blueprint__": self.name})
             # Force exclusive to be False
-            app._apply_signal(tuple((*future[:-1], False)))
+            app._apply_signal((*future[:-1], False))
 
         self.routes += [route for route in routes if isinstance(route, Route)]
         self.websocket_routes += [
@@ -512,11 +490,9 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         condition = kwargs.pop("condition", {})
         condition.update({"__blueprint__": self.name})
         kwargs["condition"] = condition
-        await asyncio.gather(
-            *[app.dispatch(*args, **kwargs) for app in self.apps]
-        )
+        await asyncio.gather(*[app.dispatch(*args, **kwargs) for app in self.apps])
 
-    def event(self, event: str, timeout: Optional[Union[int, float]] = None):
+    def event(self, event: str, timeout: int | float | None = None):
         """Wait for a signal event to be dispatched.
 
         Args:
@@ -550,7 +526,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         return value
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _setup_uri(base: str, prefix: Optional[str]):
+    def _setup_uri(base: str, prefix: str | None):
         uri = base
         if prefix:
             uri = prefix
@@ -563,7 +539,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
 
     @staticmethod
     def register_futures(
-        apps: Set[Sanic], bp: Blueprint, futures: Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+        apps: set[Sanic], bp: Blueprint, futures: Sequence[tuple[Any, ...]]
     ):
         """Register futures to the apps.
 
@@ -575,7 +551,7 @@ class Blueprint(BaseSanic):
         """
 
         for app in apps:
-            app._future_registry.update(set((bp, item) for item in futures))
+            app._future_registry.update({(bp, item) for item in futures})
 
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
@@ -667,13 +643,13 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        url_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
-        version: Optional[Union[int, str, float]] = None,
-        strict_slashes: Optional[bool] = None,
+        url_prefix: str | None = None,
+        version: int | str | float | None = None,
+        strict_slashes: bool | None = None,
         version_prefix: str = "/v",
-        name_prefix: Optional[str] = "",
+        name_prefix: str | None = "",
     ):
-        self._blueprints: List[Blueprint] = []
+        self._blueprints: list[Blueprint] = []
         self._url_prefix = url_prefix
         self._version = version
         self._version_prefix = version_prefix
@@ -681,7 +657,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         self._name_prefix = name_prefix
 
     @property
-    def url_prefix(self) -> Optional[Union[int, str, float]]:
+    def url_prefix(self) -> int | str | float | None:
         """The URL prefix for the Blueprint Group.
 
         Returns:
@@ -691,7 +667,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         return self._url_prefix
 
     @property
-    def blueprints(self) -> List[Blueprint]:
+    def blueprints(self) -> list[Blueprint]:
         """A list of all the available blueprints under this group.
 
         Returns:
@@ -701,7 +677,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         return self._blueprints
 
     @property
-    def version(self) -> Optional[Union[str, int, float]]:
+    def version(self) -> str | int | float | None:
         """API Version for the Blueprint Group, if any.
 
         Returns:
@@ -710,7 +686,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         return self._version
 
     @property
-    def strict_slashes(self) -> Optional[bool]:
+    def strict_slashes(self) -> bool | None:
         """Whether to enforce strict slashes for the Blueprint Group.
 
         Returns:
@@ -728,7 +704,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
         return self._version_prefix
 
     @property
-    def name_prefix(self) -> Optional[str]:
+    def name_prefix(self) -> str | None:
         """Name prefix for the Blueprint Group.
 
         This is mainly needed when blueprints are copied in order to
@@ -755,9 +731,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
     def __getitem__(self, item: slice) -> MutableSequence[Blueprint]:
         ...
 
-    def __getitem__(
-        self, item: Union[int, slice]
-    ) -> Union[Blueprint, MutableSequence[Blueprint]]:
+    def __getitem__(self, item: int | slice) -> Blueprint | MutableSequence[Blueprint]:
         """Get the Blueprint object at the specified index.
 
         This method returns a blueprint inside the group specified by
@@ -785,8 +759,8 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
 
     def __setitem__(
         self,
-        index: Union[int, slice],
-        item: Union[Blueprint, Iterable[Blueprint]],
+        index: int | slice,
+        item: Blueprint | Iterable[Blueprint],
     ) -> None:
         """Set the Blueprint object at the specified index.
 
@@ -824,7 +798,7 @@ class BlueprintGroup(bpg_base):
     def __delitem__(self, index: slice) -> None:
         ...
 
-    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> None:
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int | slice) -> None:
         """Delete the Blueprint object at the specified index.
 
         Abstract method implemented to turn the `BlueprintGroup` class

sanic/cli/app.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
-
 from argparse import Namespace
 from functools import partial
 from textwrap import indent
@@ -57,9 +56,7 @@ Or, a path to a directory to run as a simple HTTP server:
         )
         self.parser._positionals.title = "Required\n========\n  Positional"
         self.parser._optionals.title = "Optional\n========\n  General"
-        self.main_process = (
-            os.environ.get("SANIC_RELOADER_PROCESS", "") != "true"
-        )
+        self.main_process = os.environ.get("SANIC_RELOADER_PROCESS", "") != "true"
         self.args: Namespace = Namespace()
         self.groups: List[Group] = []
         self.inspecting = False
@@ -127,11 +124,7 @@ Or, a path to a directory to run as a simple HTTP server:
                         key = key.lstrip("-")
                     except ValueError:
                         value = False if arg.startswith("--no-") else True
-                        key = (
-                            arg.replace("--no-", "")
-                            .lstrip("-")
-                            .replace("-", "_")
-                        )
+                        key = arg.replace("--no-", "").lstrip("-").replace("-", "_")
                     setattr(self.args, key, value)
 
         kwargs = {**self.args.__dict__}
@@ -181,8 +174,7 @@ Or, a path to a directory to run as a simple HTTP server:
                     "  Example Module: project.sanic_server.app"
                 )
                 error_logger.error(
-                    "\nThe error below might have caused the above one:\n"
-                    f"{e.msg}"
+                    "\nThe error below might have caused the above one:\n" f"{e.msg}"
                 )
                 sys.exit(1)
             else:
@@ -196,7 +188,7 @@ Or, a path to a directory to run as a simple HTTP server:
         if self.args.tlshost:
             ssl.append(None)
         if self.args.cert is not None or self.args.key is not None:
-            ssl.append(dict(cert=self.args.cert, key=self.args.key))
+            ssl.append({"cert": self.args.cert, "key": self.args.key})
         if self.args.tls:
             ssl += self.args.tls
         if not ssl:

sanic/cli/arguments.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from argparse import ArgumentParser, _ArgumentGroup
-from typing import List, Optional, Type, Union
 
 from sanic_routing import __version__ as __routing_version__
 
@@ -10,14 +9,14 @@ from sanic.http.constants import HTTP
 
 
 class Group:
-    name: Optional[str]
-    container: Union[ArgumentParser, _ArgumentGroup]
-    _registry: List[Type[Group]] = []
+    name: str | None
+    container: ArgumentParser | _ArgumentGroup
+    _registry: list[type[Group]] = []
 
     def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
         Group._registry.append(cls)
 
-    def __init__(self, parser: ArgumentParser, title: Optional[str]):
+    def __init__(self, parser: ArgumentParser, title: str | None):
         self.parser = parser
 
         if title:
@@ -245,10 +244,7 @@ class DevelopmentGroup(Group):
             "--auto-reload",
             dest="auto_reload",
             action="store_true",
-            help=(
-                "Watch source directory for file changes and reload on "
-                "changes"
-            ),
+            help=("Watch source directory for file changes and reload on " "changes"),
         )
         self.container.add_argument(
             "-R",

sanic/cli/inspector_client.py

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
-
 from http.client import RemoteDisconnected
 from textwrap import indent
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+from typing import Any
 from urllib.error import URLError
 from urllib.request import Request as URequest
 from urllib.request import urlopen
@@ -13,7 +12,6 @@ from sanic.application.logo import get_logo
 from sanic.application.motd import MOTDTTY
 from sanic.log import Colors
 
-
 try:  # no cov
     from ujson import dumps, loads
 except ModuleNotFoundError:  # no cov
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ class InspectorClient:
         port: int,
         secure: bool,
         raw: bool,
-        api_key: Optional[str],
+        api_key: str | None,
     ) -> None:
         self.scheme = "https" if secure else "http"
         self.host = host
@@ -47,11 +45,7 @@ class InspectorClient:
             return
         result = self.request(action, **kwargs).get("result")
         if result:
-            out = (
-                dumps(result)
-                if isinstance(result, (list, dict))
-                else str(result)
-            )
+            out = dumps(result) if isinstance(result, (list, dict)) else str(result)
             sys.stdout.write(out + "\n")
 
     def info(self) -> None:
@@ -89,7 +83,7 @@ class InspectorClient:
 
     def request(self, action: str, method: str = "POST", **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
         url = f"{self.base_url}/{action}"
-        params: Dict[str, Any] = {"method": method, "headers": {}}
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {"method": method, "headers": {}}
         if kwargs:
             params["data"] = dumps(kwargs).encode()
             params["headers"]["content-type"] = "application/json"

sanic/compat.py

@@ -3,25 +3,16 @@ import os
 import platform
 import signal
 import sys
-
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from enum import Enum
-from typing import Awaitable, Union
+from typing import Awaitable, Literal, Union
 
 from multidict import CIMultiDict  # type: ignore
 
 from sanic.helpers import Default
 from sanic.log import error_logger
 
-
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):  # no cov
-    StartMethod = Union[Default, str]
-else:  # no cov
-    from typing import Literal
-
-    StartMethod = Union[
-        Default, Literal["fork"], Literal["forkserver"], Literal["spawn"]
-    ]
+StartMethod = Union[Default, Literal["fork"], Literal["forkserver"], Literal["spawn"]]
 
 OS_IS_WINDOWS = os.name == "nt"
 PYPY_IMPLEMENTATION = platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy"
@@ -142,7 +133,10 @@ if use_trio:  # pragma: no cover
         return trio.Path(path).stat()
 
     open_async = trio.open_file
-    CancelledErrors = tuple([asyncio.CancelledError, trio.Cancelled])
+    CancelledErrors: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (
+        asyncio.CancelledError,
+        trio.Cancelled,
+    )
 else:
     if PYPY_IMPLEMENTATION:
         pypy_os_module_patch()
@@ -156,7 +150,7 @@ else:
     async def open_async(file, mode="r", **kwargs):
         return aio_open(file, mode, **kwargs)
 
-    CancelledErrors = tuple([asyncio.CancelledError])
+    CancelledErrors = (asyncio.CancelledError,)
 
 
 def ctrlc_workaround_for_windows(app):

sanic/config.py

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import sys
-
 from abc import ABCMeta
 from inspect import getmembers, isclass, isdatadescriptor
 from os import environ
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, Sequence, Union
 from warnings import filterwarnings
 
 from sanic.constants import LocalCertCreator
@@ -16,20 +14,14 @@ from sanic.http import Http
 from sanic.log import error_logger
 from sanic.utils import load_module_from_file_location, str_to_bool
 
-
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
-    from typing import Literal
-
-    FilterWarningType = Union[
-        Literal["default"],
-        Literal["error"],
-        Literal["ignore"],
-        Literal["always"],
-        Literal["module"],
-        Literal["once"],
-    ]
-else:
-    FilterWarningType = str
+FilterWarningType = Union[
+    Literal["default"],
+    Literal["error"],
+    Literal["ignore"],
+    Literal["always"],
+    Literal["module"],
+    Literal["once"],
+]
 
 SANIC_PREFIX = "SANIC_"
 
@@ -100,25 +92,25 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
     EVENT_AUTOREGISTER: bool
     DEPRECATION_FILTER: FilterWarningType
     FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER: str
-    FORWARDED_SECRET: Optional[str]
+    FORWARDED_SECRET: str | None
     GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT: float
     INSPECTOR: bool
     INSPECTOR_HOST: str
     INSPECTOR_PORT: int
-    INSPECTOR_TLS_KEY: Union[Path, str, Default]
-    INSPECTOR_TLS_CERT: Union[Path, str, Default]
+    INSPECTOR_TLS_KEY: Path | str | Default
+    INSPECTOR_TLS_CERT: Path | str | Default
     INSPECTOR_API_KEY: str
     KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT: int
     KEEP_ALIVE: bool
-    LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR: Union[str, LocalCertCreator]
-    LOCAL_TLS_KEY: Union[Path, str, Default]
-    LOCAL_TLS_CERT: Union[Path, str, Default]
+    LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR: str | LocalCertCreator
+    LOCAL_TLS_KEY: Path | str | Default
+    LOCAL_TLS_CERT: Path | str | Default
     LOCALHOST: str
     MOTD: bool
-    MOTD_DISPLAY: Dict[str, str]
+    MOTD_DISPLAY: dict[str, str]
     NOISY_EXCEPTIONS: bool
-    PROXIES_COUNT: Optional[int]
-    REAL_IP_HEADER: Optional[str]
+    PROXIES_COUNT: int | None
+    REAL_IP_HEADER: str | None
     REQUEST_BUFFER_SIZE: int
     REQUEST_MAX_HEADER_SIZE: int
     REQUEST_ID_HEADER: str
@@ -127,21 +119,19 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
     RESPONSE_TIMEOUT: int
     SERVER_NAME: str
     TLS_CERT_PASSWORD: str
-    TOUCHUP: Union[Default, bool]
-    USE_UVLOOP: Union[Default, bool]
+    TOUCHUP: Default | bool
+    USE_UVLOOP: Default | bool
     WEBSOCKET_MAX_SIZE: int
     WEBSOCKET_PING_INTERVAL: int
     WEBSOCKET_PING_TIMEOUT: int
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        defaults: Optional[
-            Dict[str, Union[str, bool, int, float, None]]
-        ] = None,
-        env_prefix: Optional[str] = SANIC_PREFIX,
-        keep_alive: Optional[bool] = None,
+        defaults: dict[str, str | bool | int | float | None] | None = None,
+        env_prefix: str | None = SANIC_PREFIX,
+        keep_alive: bool | None = None,
         *,
-        converters: Optional[Sequence[Callable[[str], Any]]] = None,
+        converters: Sequence[Callable[[str], Any]] | None = None,
     ):
         defaults = defaults or {}
         super().__init__({**DEFAULT_CONFIG, **defaults})
@@ -209,7 +199,7 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
             ```
         """
         kwargs.update({k: v for item in other for k, v in dict(item).items()})
-        setters: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        setters: dict[str, Any] = {
             k: kwargs.pop(k)
             for k in {**kwargs}.keys()
             if k in self.__class__.__setters__
@@ -237,9 +227,7 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
         if attr == "LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR" and not isinstance(
             self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR, LocalCertCreator
         ):
-            self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR = LocalCertCreator[
-                self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR.upper()
-            ]
+            self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR = LocalCertCreator[self.LOCAL_CERT_CREATOR.upper()]
         elif attr == "DEPRECATION_FILTER":
             self._configure_warnings()
 
@@ -276,7 +264,7 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
             module=r"sanic.*",
         )
 
-    def _check_error_format(self, format: Optional[str] = None):
+    def _check_error_format(self, format: str | None = None):
         check_error_format(format or self.FALLBACK_ERROR_FORMAT)
 
     def load_environment_vars(self, prefix=SANIC_PREFIX):
@@ -332,7 +320,7 @@ class Config(dict, metaclass=DescriptorMeta):
                 except ValueError:
                     pass
 
-    def update_config(self, config: Union[bytes, str, dict, Any]):
+    def update_config(self, config: bytes | str | dict | Any):
         """Update app.config.
 
         .. note::

sanic/cookies/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 from .response import Cookie, CookieJar
 
-
 __all__ = ("Cookie", "CookieJar")

sanic/cookies/request.py

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import re
-
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
 from sanic.cookies.response import Cookie
 from sanic.log import deprecation
 from sanic.request.parameters import RequestParameters
 
-
 COOKIE_NAME_RESERVED_CHARS = re.compile(
     '[\x00-\x1F\x7F-\xFF()<>@,;:\\\\"/[\\]?={} \x09]'
 )
@@ -149,9 +147,7 @@ class CookieRequestParameters(RequestParameters):
         except KeyError:
             return super().get(name, default)
 
-    def getlist(
-        self, name: str, default: Optional[Any] = None
-    ) -> Optional[Any]:
+    def getlist(self, name: str, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> Optional[Any]:
         try:
             return self._get_prefixed_cookie(name)
         except KeyError:

sanic/cookies/response.py

@@ -2,31 +2,25 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
 import string
-import sys
-
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
 
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.log import deprecation
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.compat import Header
 
-if sys.version_info < (3, 8):  # no cov
-    SameSite = str
-else:  # no cov
-    from typing import Literal
+from typing import Literal
 
-    SameSite = Union[
-        Literal["Strict"],
-        Literal["Lax"],
-        Literal["None"],
-        Literal["strict"],
-        Literal["lax"],
-        Literal["none"],
-    ]
+SameSite = Union[
+    Literal["Strict"],
+    Literal["Lax"],
+    Literal["None"],
+    Literal["strict"],
+    Literal["lax"],
+    Literal["none"],
+]
 
 DEFAULT_MAX_AGE = 0
 SAMESITE_VALUES = ("strict", "lax", "none")
@@ -180,7 +174,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         return CookieJar.HEADER_KEY
 
     @property
-    def cookie_headers(self) -> Dict[str, str]:  # no cov
+    def cookie_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:  # no cov
         """Deprecated in v24.3"""
         deprecation(
             "The CookieJar.coookie_headers property has been deprecated "
@@ -191,7 +185,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         return {key: self.header_key for key in self}
 
     @property
-    def cookies(self) -> List[Cookie]:
+    def cookies(self) -> list[Cookie]:
         """A list of cookies in the CookieJar.
 
         Returns:
@@ -203,10 +197,10 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         self,
         key: str,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
-    ) -> Optional[Cookie]:
+    ) -> Cookie | None:
         """Fetch a cookie from the CookieJar.
 
         Args:
@@ -236,7 +230,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         self,
         key: str,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> bool:
@@ -271,14 +265,14 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         value: str,
         *,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         secure: bool = True,
-        max_age: Optional[int] = None,
-        expires: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        max_age: int | None = None,
+        expires: datetime | None = None,
         httponly: bool = False,
-        samesite: Optional[SameSite] = "Lax",
+        samesite: SameSite | None = "Lax",
         partitioned: bool = False,
-        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        comment: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> Cookie:
@@ -362,7 +356,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         key: str,
         *,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ) -> None:
@@ -390,7 +384,7 @@ class CookieJar(dict):
         :type secure_prefix: bool
         """
         # remove it from header
-        cookies: List[Cookie] = self.headers.popall(self.HEADER_KEY, [])
+        cookies: list[Cookie] = self.headers.popall(self.HEADER_KEY, [])
         for cookie in cookies:
             if (
                 cookie.key != Cookie.make_key(key, host_prefix, secure_prefix)
@@ -481,14 +475,14 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         value: str,
         *,
         path: str = "/",
-        domain: Optional[str] = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
         secure: bool = True,
-        max_age: Optional[int] = None,
-        expires: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        max_age: int | None = None,
+        expires: datetime | None = None,
         httponly: bool = False,
-        samesite: Optional[SameSite] = "Lax",
+        samesite: SameSite | None = "Lax",
         partitioned: bool = False,
-        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        comment: str | None = None,
         host_prefix: bool = False,
         secure_prefix: bool = False,
     ):
@@ -502,9 +496,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
                     "Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie without secure=True"
                 )
             if path != "/":
-                raise ServerError(
-                    "Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie unless path='/'"
-                )
+                raise ServerError("Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie unless path='/'")
             if domain:
                 raise ServerError(
                     "Cannot set host_prefix on a cookie with a defined domain"
@@ -561,7 +553,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
     # in v24.3 when this is no longer a dict
     def _set_value(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
         if key not in self._keys:
-            raise KeyError("Unknown cookie property: %s=%s" % (key, value))
+            raise KeyError(f"Unknown cookie property: {key}={value}")
 
         if value is not None:
             if key.lower() == "max-age" and not str(value).isdigit():
@@ -604,21 +596,18 @@ class Cookie(dict):
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Format as a Set-Cookie header value."""
-        output = ["%s=%s" % (self.key, _quote(self.value))]
+        output = [f"{self.key}={_quote(self.value)}"]
         key_index = list(self._keys)
-        for key, value in sorted(
-            self.items(), key=lambda x: key_index.index(x[0])
-        ):
+        for key, value in sorted(self.items(), key=lambda x: key_index.index(x[0])):
             if value is not None and value is not False:
                 if key == "max-age":
                     try:
                         output.append("%s=%d" % (self._keys[key], value))
                     except TypeError:
-                        output.append("%s=%s" % (self._keys[key], value))
+                        output.append(f"{self._keys[key]}={value}")
                 elif key == "expires":
                     output.append(
-                        "%s=%s"
-                        % (
+                        "{}={}".format(
                             self._keys[key],
                             value.strftime("%a, %d-%b-%Y %T GMT"),
                         )
@@ -626,7 +615,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
                 elif key in self._flags:
                     output.append(self._keys[key])
                 else:
-                    output.append("%s=%s" % (self._keys[key], value))
+                    output.append(f"{self._keys[key]}={value}")
 
         return "; ".join(output)
 
@@ -640,7 +629,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("path", value)
 
     @property
-    def expires(self) -> Optional[datetime]:  # no cov
+    def expires(self) -> datetime | None:  # no cov
         """The expiration date of the cookie. Defaults to `None`."""
         return self.get("expires")
 
@@ -649,7 +638,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("expires", value)
 
     @property
-    def comment(self) -> Optional[str]:  # no cov
+    def comment(self) -> str | None:  # no cov
         """A comment for the cookie. Defaults to `None`."""
         return self.get("comment")
 
@@ -658,7 +647,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("comment", value)
 
     @property
-    def domain(self) -> Optional[str]:  # no cov
+    def domain(self) -> str | None:  # no cov
         """The domain of the cookie. Defaults to `None`."""
         return self.get("domain")
 
@@ -667,7 +656,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("domain", value)
 
     @property
-    def max_age(self) -> Optional[int]:  # no cov
+    def max_age(self) -> int | None:  # no cov
         """The maximum age of the cookie in seconds. Defaults to `None`."""
         return self.get("max-age")
 
@@ -694,7 +683,7 @@ class Cookie(dict):
         self._set_value("httponly", value)
 
     @property
-    def samesite(self) -> Optional[SameSite]:  # no cov
+    def samesite(self) -> SameSite | None:  # no cov
         """The SameSite attribute for the cookie. Defaults to `"Lax"`."""
         return self.get("samesite")
 

sanic/errorpages.py

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
 import typing as t
-
 from functools import partial
 from traceback import extract_tb
 
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ from sanic.log import deprecation, logger
 from sanic.pages.error import ErrorPage
 from sanic.response import html, json, text
 
-
 dumps: t.Callable[..., str]
 try:
     from ujson import dumps
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ class BaseRenderer:
         self.debug = debug
 
     @property
-    def headers(self) -> t.Dict[str, str]:
+    def headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
         """The headers to be used for the response."""
         if isinstance(self.exception, SanicException):
             return getattr(self.exception, "headers", {})
@@ -192,8 +190,7 @@ class TextRenderer(BaseRenderer):
             lines += [
                 f"{self.exception.__class__.__name__}: {self.exception} while "
                 f"handling path {self.request.path}",
-                f"Traceback of {self.request.app.name} "
-                "(most recent call last):\n",
+                f"Traceback of {self.request.app.name} " "(most recent call last):\n",
             ]
 
             while exc_value:
@@ -326,8 +323,8 @@ def exception_response(
     exception: Exception,
     debug: bool,
     fallback: str,
-    base: t.Type[BaseRenderer],
-    renderer: t.Optional[t.Type[BaseRenderer]] = None,
+    base: type[BaseRenderer],
+    renderer: type[BaseRenderer] | None = None,
 ) -> HTTPResponse:
     """Render a response for the default FALLBACK exception handler."""
     if not renderer:
@@ -390,9 +387,7 @@ def guess_mime(req: Request, fallback: str) -> str:
     if m:
         format = CONFIG_BY_MIME[m.mime]
         source = formats[format]
-        logger.debug(
-            f"The client accepts {m.header}, using '{format}' from {source}"
-        )
+        logger.debug(f"The client accepts {m.header}, using '{format}' from {source}")
     else:
         logger.debug(f"No format found, the client accepts {req.accept!r}")
     return m.mime

sanic/exceptions.py

@@ -69,9 +69,7 @@ class SanicException(Exception):
     ) -> None:
         self.context = context
         self.extra = extra
-        status_code = status_code or getattr(
-            self.__class__, "status_code", None
-        )
+        status_code = status_code or getattr(self.__class__, "status_code", None)
         quiet = quiet or getattr(self.__class__, "quiet", None)
         headers = headers or getattr(self.__class__, "headers", {})
         if message is None:
@@ -621,9 +619,7 @@ class Unauthorized(HTTPException):
 
         # if auth-scheme is specified, set "WWW-Authenticate" header
         if scheme is not None:
-            values = [
-                '{!s}="{!s}"'.format(k, v) for k, v in challenges.items()
-            ]
+            values = [f'{k!s}="{v!s}"' for k, v in challenges.items()]
             challenge = ", ".join(values)
 
             self.headers = {

sanic/handlers/__init__.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ from .content_range import ContentRangeHandler
 from .directory import DirectoryHandler
 from .error import ErrorHandler
 
-
 __all__ = (
     "ContentRangeHandler",
     "DirectoryHandler",

sanic/handlers/content_range.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
-
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from sanic.exceptions import (
@@ -11,7 +10,6 @@ from sanic.exceptions import (
 )
 from sanic.models.protocol_types import Range
 
-
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic import Request
 
@@ -33,27 +31,19 @@ class ContentRangeHandler(Range):
             raise HeaderNotFound("Range Header Not Found")
         unit, _, value = tuple(map(str.strip, _range.partition("=")))
         if unit != "bytes":
-            raise InvalidRangeType(
-                "%s is not a valid Range Type" % (unit,), self
-            )
+            raise InvalidRangeType(f"{unit} is not a valid Range Type", self)
         start_b, _, end_b = tuple(map(str.strip, value.partition("-")))
         try:
             self.start = int(start_b) if start_b else None
         except ValueError:
-            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(
-                "'%s' is invalid for Content Range" % (start_b,), self
-            )
+            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(f"'{start_b}' is invalid for Content Range", self)
         try:
             self.end = int(end_b) if end_b else None
         except ValueError:
-            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(
-                "'%s' is invalid for Content Range" % (end_b,), self
-            )
+            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(f"'{end_b}' is invalid for Content Range", self)
         if self.end is None:
             if self.start is None:
-                raise RangeNotSatisfiable(
-                    "Invalid for Content Range parameters", self
-                )
+                raise RangeNotSatisfiable("Invalid for Content Range parameters", self)
             else:
                 # this case represents `Content-Range: bytes 5-`
                 self.end = self.total - 1
@@ -63,14 +53,9 @@ class ContentRangeHandler(Range):
                 self.start = self.total - self.end
                 self.end = self.total - 1
         if self.start >= self.end:
-            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(
-                "Invalid for Content Range parameters", self
-            )
+            raise RangeNotSatisfiable("Invalid for Content Range parameters", self)
         self.size = self.end - self.start + 1
-        self.headers = {
-            "Content-Range": "bytes %s-%s/%s"
-            % (self.start, self.end, self.total)
-        }
+        self.headers = {"Content-Range": f"bytes {self.start}-{self.end}/{self.total}"}
 
     def __bool__(self):
         return hasattr(self, "size") and self.size > 0

sanic/handlers/directory.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from datetime import datetime
 from operator import itemgetter
 from pathlib import Path
 from stat import S_ISDIR
-from typing import Dict, Iterable, Optional, Sequence, Union, cast
+from typing import Iterable, Sequence, cast
 
 from sanic.exceptions import NotFound
 from sanic.pages.directory_page import DirectoryPage, FileInfo
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
         uri: str,
         directory: Path,
         directory_view: bool = False,
-        index: Optional[Union[str, Sequence[str]]] = None,
+        index: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if isinstance(index, str):
             index = [index]
@@ -60,9 +60,7 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
                 return await file(index_file)
 
         if self.directory_view:
-            return self._index(
-                self.directory / current, path, request.app.debug
-            )
+            return self._index(self.directory / current, path, request.app.debug)
 
         if self.index:
             raise NotFound("File not found")
@@ -72,20 +70,16 @@ class DirectoryHandler:
     def _index(self, location: Path, path: str, debug: bool):
         # Remove empty path elements, append slash
         if "//" in path or not path.endswith("/"):
-            return redirect(
-                "/" + "".join([f"{p}/" for p in path.split("/") if p])
-            )
+            return redirect("/" + "".join([f"{p}/" for p in path.split("/") if p]))
 
         # Render file browser
         page = DirectoryPage(self._iter_files(location), path, debug)
         return html(page.render())
 
-    def _prepare_file(self, path: Path) -> Dict[str, Union[int, str]]:
+    def _prepare_file(self, path: Path) -> dict[str, int | str]:
         stat = path.stat()
         modified = (
-            datetime.fromtimestamp(stat.st_mtime)
-            .isoformat()[:19]
-            .replace("T", " ")
+            datetime.fromtimestamp(stat.st_mtime).isoformat()[:19].replace("T", " ")
         )
         is_dir = S_ISDIR(stat.st_mode)
         icon = "📁" if is_dir else "📄"

sanic/handlers/error.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type
-
 from sanic.errorpages import BaseRenderer, TextRenderer, exception_response
 from sanic.exceptions import ServerError
 from sanic.log import error_logger
@@ -25,20 +23,20 @@ class ErrorHandler:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        base: Type[BaseRenderer] = TextRenderer,
+        base: type[BaseRenderer] = TextRenderer,
     ):
-        self.cached_handlers: Dict[
-            Tuple[Type[BaseException], Optional[str]], Optional[RouteHandler]
+        self.cached_handlers: dict[
+            tuple[type[BaseException], str | None], RouteHandler | None
         ] = {}
         self.debug = False
         self.base = base
 
-    def _full_lookup(self, exception, route_name: Optional[str] = None):
+    def _full_lookup(self, exception, route_name: str | None = None):
         return self.lookup(exception, route_name)
 
     def _add(
         self,
-        key: Tuple[Type[BaseException], Optional[str]],
+        key: tuple[type[BaseException], str | None],
         handler: RouteHandler,
     ) -> None:
         if key in self.cached_handlers:
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ class ErrorHandler:
             raise ServerError(message)
         self.cached_handlers[key] = handler
 
-    def add(self, exception, handler, route_names: Optional[List[str]] = None):
+    def add(self, exception, handler, route_names: list[str] | None = None):
         """Add a new exception handler to an already existing handler object.
 
         Args:
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ class ErrorHandler:
         else:
             self._add((exception, None), handler)
 
-    def lookup(self, exception, route_name: Optional[str] = None):
+    def lookup(self, exception, route_name: str | None = None):
         """Lookup the existing instance of `ErrorHandler` and fetch the registered handler for a specific type of exception.
 
         This method leverages a dict lookup to speedup the retrieval process.
@@ -98,9 +96,7 @@ class ErrorHandler:
                 exception_key = (ancestor, name)
                 if exception_key in self.cached_handlers:
                     handler = self.cached_handlers[exception_key]
-                    self.cached_handlers[
-                        (exception_class, route_name)
-                    ] = handler
+                    self.cached_handlers[(exception_class, route_name)] = handler
                     return handler
 
                 if ancestor is BaseException:
@@ -135,13 +131,11 @@ class ErrorHandler:
                 url = repr(request.url)
             except AttributeError:  # no cov
                 url = "unknown"
-            response_message = (
-                "Exception raised in exception handler " '"%s" for uri: %s'
-            )
-            error_logger.exception(response_message, handler.__name__, url)
+            response_message = f'Exception raised in exception handler "{handler.__name__}" for uri: {url}'
+            error_logger.exception(response_message)
 
             if self.debug:
-                return text(response_message % (handler.__name__, url), 500)
+                return text(response_message, 500)
             else:
                 return text("An error occurred while handling an error", 500)
         return response
@@ -200,6 +194,4 @@ class ErrorHandler:
             except AttributeError:  # no cov
                 url = "unknown"
 
-            error_logger.exception(
-                "Exception occurred while handling uri: %s", url
-            )
+            error_logger.exception("Exception occurred while handling uri: %s", url)

sanic/headers.py

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import re
-
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Tuple, Union
 from urllib.parse import unquote
 
 from sanic.exceptions import InvalidHeader
 from sanic.helpers import STATUS_CODES
 
-
 # TODO:
 # - the Options object should be a typed object to allow for less casting
 #   across the application (in request.py for example)
@@ -21,9 +19,7 @@ _token, _quoted = r"([\w!#$%&'*+\-.^_`|~]+)", r'"([^"]*)"'
 _param = re.compile(rf";\s*{_token}=(?:{_token}|{_quoted})", re.ASCII)
 _ipv6 = "(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{0,4}:){2,7}[0-9A-Fa-f]{0,4}"
 _ipv6_re = re.compile(_ipv6)
-_host_re = re.compile(
-    r"((?:\[" + _ipv6 + r"\])|[a-zA-Z0-9.\-]{1,253})(?::(\d{1,5}))?"
-)
+_host_re = re.compile(r"((?:\[" + _ipv6 + r"\])|[a-zA-Z0-9.\-]{1,253})(?::(\d{1,5}))?")
 
 # RFC's quoted-pair escapes are mostly ignored by browsers. Chrome, Firefox and
 # curl all have different escaping, that we try to handle as well as possible,
@@ -85,8 +81,8 @@ class MediaType:
 
     def match(
         self,
-        mime_with_params: Union[str, MediaType],
-    ) -> Optional[MediaType]:
+        mime_with_params: str | MediaType,
+    ) -> MediaType | None:
         """Match this media type against another media type.
 
         Check if this media type matches the given mime type/subtype.
@@ -124,9 +120,7 @@ class MediaType:
                     or mt.subtype == "*"
                 )
                 # Type match
-                and (
-                    self.type == mt.type or self.type == "*" or mt.type == "*"
-                )
+                and (self.type == mt.type or self.type == "*" or mt.type == "*")
             )
             else None
         )
@@ -141,7 +135,7 @@ class MediaType:
         return any(part == "*" for part in (self.subtype, self.type))
 
     @classmethod
-    def _parse(cls, mime_with_params: str) -> Optional[MediaType]:
+    def _parse(cls, mime_with_params: str) -> MediaType | None:
         mtype = mime_with_params.strip()
         if "/" not in mime_with_params:
             return None
@@ -151,12 +145,10 @@ class MediaType:
         if not type_ or not subtype:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid media type: {mtype}")
 
-        params = dict(
-            [
-                (key.strip(), value.strip())
-                for key, value in (param.split("=", 1) for param in raw_params)
-            ]
-        )
+        params = {
+            key.strip(): value.strip()
+            for key, value in (param.split("=", 1) for param in raw_params)
+        }
 
         return cls(type_.lstrip(), subtype.rstrip(), **params)
 
@@ -173,7 +165,7 @@ class Matched:
         header (MediaType): The header to match against, if any.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, mime: str, header: Optional[MediaType]):
+    def __init__(self, mime: str, header: MediaType | None):
         self.mime = mime
         self.header = header
 
@@ -200,7 +192,7 @@ class Matched:
             )
         )
 
-    def _compare(self, other) -> Tuple[bool, Matched]:
+    def _compare(self, other) -> tuple[bool, Matched]:
         if isinstance(other, str):
             parsed = Matched.parse(other)
             if self.mime == other:
@@ -215,7 +207,7 @@ class Matched:
             f"mime types of '{self.mime}' and '{other}'"
         )
 
-    def match(self, other: Union[str, Matched]) -> Optional[Matched]:
+    def match(self, other: str | Matched) -> Matched | None:
         """Match this MIME string against another MIME string.
 
         Check if this MIME string matches the given MIME string. Wildcards are supported both ways on both type and subtype.
@@ -296,7 +288,7 @@ class AcceptList(list):
         return ", ".join(str(m) for m in self)
 
 
-def parse_accept(accept: Optional[str]) -> AcceptList:
+def parse_accept(accept: str | None) -> AcceptList:
     """Parse an Accept header and order the acceptable media types according to RFC 7231, s. 5.3.2
 
     https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.3.2
@@ -316,9 +308,7 @@ def parse_accept(accept: Optional[str]) -> AcceptList:
         accept = "*/*"  # No header means that all types are accepted
     try:
         a = [
-            mt
-            for mt in [MediaType._parse(mtype) for mtype in accept.split(",")]
-            if mt
+            mt for mt in [MediaType._parse(mtype) for mtype in accept.split(",")] if mt
         ]
         if not a:
             raise ValueError
@@ -327,7 +317,7 @@ def parse_accept(accept: Optional[str]) -> AcceptList:
         raise InvalidHeader(f"Invalid header value in Accept: {accept}")
 
 
-def parse_content_header(value: str) -> Tuple[str, Options]:
+def parse_content_header(value: str) -> tuple[str, Options]:
     """Parse content-type and content-disposition header values.
 
     E.g. `form-data; name=upload; filename="file.txt"` to
@@ -346,11 +336,10 @@ def parse_content_header(value: str) -> Tuple[str, Options]:
     """
     pos = value.find(";")
     if pos == -1:
-        options: Dict[str, Union[int, str]] = {}
+        options: dict[str, int | str] = {}
     else:
         options = {
-            m.group(1)
-            .lower(): (m.group(2) or m.group(3))
+            m.group(1).lower(): (m.group(2) or m.group(3))
             .replace("%22", '"')
             .replace("%0D%0A", "\n")
             for m in _param.finditer(value[pos:])
@@ -367,7 +356,7 @@ def parse_content_header(value: str) -> Tuple[str, Options]:
 _rparam = re.compile(f"(?:{_token}|{_quoted})={_token}\\s*($|[;,])", re.ASCII)
 
 
-def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
+def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Options | None:
     """Parse RFC 7239 Forwarded headers.
     The value of `by` or `secret` must match `config.FORWARDED_SECRET`
     :return: dict with keys and values, or None if nothing matched
@@ -381,7 +370,7 @@ def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
         return None
     # Loop over <separator><key>=<value> elements from right to left
     sep = pos = None
-    options: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
+    options: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
     found = False
     for m in _rparam.finditer(header[::-1]):
         # Start of new element? (on parser skips and non-semicolon right sep)
@@ -405,7 +394,7 @@ def parse_forwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
     return fwd_normalize(reversed(options)) if found else None
 
 
-def parse_xforwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
+def parse_xforwarded(headers, config) -> Options | None:
     """Parse traditional proxy headers."""
     real_ip_header = config.REAL_IP_HEADER
     proxies_count = config.PROXIES_COUNT
@@ -416,11 +405,7 @@ def parse_xforwarded(headers, config) -> Optional[Options]:
             # Combine, split and filter multiple headers' entries
             forwarded_for = headers.getall(config.FORWARDED_FOR_HEADER)
             proxies = [
-                p
-                for p in (
-                    p.strip() for h in forwarded_for for p in h.split(",")
-                )
-                if p
+                p for p in (p.strip() for h in forwarded_for for p in h.split(",")) if p
             ]
             addr = proxies[-proxies_count]
         except (KeyError, IndexError):
@@ -452,7 +437,7 @@ def fwd_normalize(fwd: OptionsIterable) -> Options:
     Returns:
         Options: A dict of normalized key-value pairs.
     """
-    ret: Dict[str, Union[int, str]] = {}
+    ret: dict[str, int | str] = {}
     for key, val in fwd:
         if val is not None:
             try:
@@ -489,7 +474,7 @@ def fwd_normalize_address(addr: str) -> str:
     return addr.lower()
 
 
-def parse_host(host: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int]]:
+def parse_host(host: str) -> tuple[str | None, int | None]:
     """Split host:port into hostname and port.
 
     Args:
@@ -531,9 +516,9 @@ def format_http1_response(status: int, headers: HeaderBytesIterable) -> bytes:
 
 
 def parse_credentials(
-    header: Optional[str],
-    prefixes: Optional[Union[List, Tuple, Set]] = None,
-) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]:
+    header: str | None,
+    prefixes: list | tuple | set | None = None,
+) -> tuple[str | None, str | None]:
     """Parses any header with the aim to retrieve any credentials from it.
 
     Args:

sanic/helpers.py

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 """Defines basics of HTTP standard."""
 
 import sys
-
 from importlib import import_module
 from inspect import ismodule
 from typing import Dict
 
-
 STATUS_CODES: Dict[int, bytes] = {
     100: b"Continue",
     101: b"Switching Protocols",
@@ -132,7 +130,7 @@ def remove_entity_headers(headers, allowed=("content-location", "expires")):
 
     returns the headers without the entity headers
     """
-    allowed = set([h.lower() for h in allowed])
+    allowed = {h.lower() for h in allowed}
     headers = {
         header: value
         for header, value in headers.items()

sanic/http/__init__.py

@@ -2,5 +2,4 @@ from .constants import Stage
 from .http1 import Http
 from .http3 import Http3
 
-
 __all__ = ("Http", "Stage", "Http3")

sanic/http/http1.py

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
-
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from sanic.request import Request
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ from sanic.http.stream import Stream
 from sanic.log import access_logger, error_logger, logger
 from sanic.touchup import TouchUpMeta
 
-
 HTTP_CONTINUE = b"HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n"
 
 
@@ -363,26 +361,20 @@ class Http(Stream, metaclass=TouchUpMeta):
             self.response_func = None
             self.stage = Stage.IDLE
 
-    async def http1_response_chunked(
-        self, data: bytes, end_stream: bool
-    ) -> None:
+    async def http1_response_chunked(self, data: bytes, end_stream: bool) -> None:
         """Format a part of response body in chunked encoding."""
         # Chunked encoding
         size = len(data)
         if end_stream:
             await self._send(
-                b"%x\r\n%b\r\n0\r\n\r\n" % (size, data)
-                if size
-                else b"0\r\n\r\n"
+                b"%x\r\n%b\r\n0\r\n\r\n" % (size, data) if size else b"0\r\n\r\n"
             )
             self.response_func = None
             self.stage = Stage.IDLE
         elif size:
             await self._send(b"%x\r\n%b\r\n" % (size, data))
 
-    async def http1_response_normal(
-        self, data: bytes, end_stream: bool
-    ) -> None:
+    async def http1_response_normal(self, data: bytes, end_stream: bool) -> None:
         """Format / keep track of non-chunked response."""
         bytes_left = self.response_bytes_left - len(data)
         if bytes_left <= 0:
@@ -420,9 +412,7 @@ class Http(Stream, metaclass=TouchUpMeta):
                 exception, (ServiceUnavailable, RequestCancelled)
             )
             try:
-                await app.handle_exception(
-                    self.request, exception, request_middleware
-                )
+                await app.handle_exception(self.request, exception, request_middleware)
             except Exception as e:
                 await app.handle_exception(self.request, e, False)
 
@@ -481,7 +471,7 @@ class Http(Stream, metaclass=TouchUpMeta):
             if data:
                 yield data
 
-    async def read(self) -> Optional[bytes]:  # no cov
+    async def read(self) -> bytes | None:  # no cov
         """Read some bytes of request body."""
 
         # Send a 100-continue if needed

sanic/http/http3.py

@@ -1,17 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import asyncio
-
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from ssl import SSLContext
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Callable,
-    Dict,
-    List,
-    Optional,
-    Tuple,
     Union,
     cast,
 )
@@ -32,7 +27,6 @@ from sanic.log import Colors, logger
 from sanic.models.protocol_types import TransportProtocol
 from sanic.models.server_types import ConnInfo
 
-
 try:
     from aioquic.h0.connection import H0_ALPN, H0Connection
     from aioquic.h3.connection import H3_ALPN, H3Connection
@@ -71,10 +65,7 @@ class HTTP3Transport(TransportProtocol):
         return self._protocol
 
     def get_extra_info(self, info: str, default: Any = None) -> Any:
-        if (
-            info in ("socket", "sockname", "peername")
-            and self._protocol._transport
-        ):
+        if info in ("socket", "sockname", "peername") and self._protocol._transport:
             return self._protocol._transport.get_extra_info(info, default)
         elif info == "network_paths":
             return self._protocol._quic._network_paths
@@ -109,19 +100,18 @@ class HTTPReceiver(Receiver, Stream):
         self.request_body = None
         self.stage = Stage.IDLE
         self.headers_sent = False
-        self.response: Optional[BaseHTTPResponse] = None
+        self.response: BaseHTTPResponse | None = None
         self.request_max_size = self.protocol.request_max_size
         self.request_bytes = 0
 
-    async def run(self, exception: Optional[Exception] = None):
+    async def run(self, exception: Exception | None = None):
         """Handle the request and response cycle."""
         self.stage = Stage.HANDLER
         self.head_only = self.request.method.upper() == "HEAD"
 
         if exception:
             logger.info(  # no cov
-                f"{Colors.BLUE}[exception]: "
-                f"{Colors.RED}{exception}{Colors.END}",
+                f"{Colors.BLUE}[exception]: " f"{Colors.RED}{exception}{Colors.END}",
                 exc_info=True,
                 extra={"verbosity": 1},
             )
@@ -146,17 +136,13 @@ class HTTPReceiver(Receiver, Stream):
 
         await app.handle_exception(self.request, exception)
 
-    def _prepare_headers(
-        self, response: BaseHTTPResponse
-    ) -> List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+    def _prepare_headers(self, response: BaseHTTPResponse) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
         size = len(response.body) if response.body else 0
         headers = response.headers
         status = response.status
 
         if not has_message_body(status) and (
-            size
-            or "content-length" in headers
-            or "transfer-encoding" in headers
+            size or "content-length" in headers or "transfer-encoding" in headers
         ):
             headers.pop("content-length", None)
             headers.pop("transfer-encoding", None)
@@ -249,11 +235,7 @@ class HTTPReceiver(Receiver, Stream):
         ):
             size = len(data)
             if end_stream:
-                data = (
-                    b"%x\r\n%b\r\n0\r\n\r\n" % (size, data)
-                    if size
-                    else b"0\r\n\r\n"
-                )
+                data = b"%x\r\n%b\r\n0\r\n\r\n" % (size, data) if size else b"0\r\n\r\n"
             elif size:
                 data = b"%x\r\n%b\r\n" % (size, data)
 
@@ -304,7 +286,7 @@ class Http3:
     ) -> None:
         self.protocol = protocol
         self.transmit = transmit
-        self.receivers: Dict[int, Receiver] = {}
+        self.receivers: dict[int, Receiver] = {}
 
     def http_event_received(self, event: H3Event) -> None:
         logger.debug(  # no cov
@@ -330,11 +312,8 @@ class Http3:
                 extra={"verbosity": 2},
             )
 
-    def get_or_make_receiver(self, event: H3Event) -> Tuple[Receiver, bool]:
-        if (
-            isinstance(event, HeadersReceived)
-            and event.stream_id not in self.receivers
-        ):
+    def get_or_make_receiver(self, event: H3Event) -> tuple[Receiver, bool]:
+        if isinstance(event, HeadersReceived) and event.stream_id not in self.receivers:
             request = self._make_request(event)
             receiver = HTTPReceiver(self.transmit, self.protocol, request)
             request.stream = receiver
@@ -357,9 +336,7 @@ class Http3:
                 )
             )
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            raise BadRequest(
-                "Header names may only contain US-ASCII characters."
-            )
+            raise BadRequest("Header names may only contain US-ASCII characters.")
         method = headers[":method"]
         path = headers[":path"]
         scheme = headers.pop(":scheme", "")
@@ -396,18 +373,16 @@ class SessionTicketStore:
     """
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.tickets: Dict[bytes, SessionTicket] = {}
+        self.tickets: dict[bytes, SessionTicket] = {}
 
     def add(self, ticket: SessionTicket) -> None:
         self.tickets[ticket.ticket] = ticket
 
-    def pop(self, label: bytes) -> Optional[SessionTicket]:
+    def pop(self, label: bytes) -> SessionTicket | None:
         return self.tickets.pop(label, None)
 
 
-def get_config(
-    app: Sanic, ssl: Union[SanicSSLContext, CertSelector, SSLContext]
-):
+def get_config(app: Sanic, ssl: SanicSSLContext | CertSelector | SSLContext):
     # TODO:
     # - proper selection needed if service with multiple certs insted of
     #   just taking the first
@@ -430,8 +405,6 @@ def get_config(
     )
     password = app.config.TLS_CERT_PASSWORD or None
 
-    config.load_cert_chain(
-        ssl.sanic["cert"], ssl.sanic["key"], password=password
-    )
+    config.load_cert_chain(ssl.sanic["cert"], ssl.sanic["key"], password=password)
 
     return config